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Small FruitsThe Health Benefits of Color
Britt Burton-Freeman, PhDDirector, Center for Nutrition Research
Institute for Food Safety and HealthAssociate Professor, Food Science and Nutrition
Illinois Institute of [email protected]
Small Fruits ConferenceWashington 2015
Center for Nutrition Research
mailto:[email protected]
What are we going to talk about?
• Business• Consumers• Berry Chemistry – What makes these small
fruits special?• Berry Bio- chemistry – What do these small
fruits do in our body when we eat them: HEALTH BENEFITS
The Business Challenge
From a Nutrition and Public Health standpointGetting people to eat more Berries
From a Produce Grower, Packer, Buyer/Seller standpoint
Getting people to eat more Berries!!
Center for Nutrition Research
Requires more than just the offering these days...
Need to Motivate Purchase… Motivate Consumption
Good NEWS Health is a driver … more so than ever
Center for Nutrition Research
Getting People to Eat more Berries
Healthfulness as a driver of food and beverages purchases 58% 71%
http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2014%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey%20Full%20Report.pdf
People are thinking a lot about the healthfulness of the food they buy: 9 out 10 people
http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2014%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey%20Full%20Report.pdf
People are thinking about and making efforts to buy Fruits and Vegetables
http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2014%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey%20Full%20Report.pdf
Attracting Consumers to Berries
Center for Nutrition Research
What will it take to get consumers to choose berries more often?
CONSUMERS NEED EVIDENCE
Consumer Demands
• Consumers want more from their food and they want to know more about it.
‘what’ food(s) to eat ‘what’ benefit(s) they deliver ‘how’ the food does what it claims
Center for Nutrition Research
Meeting Consumer Demands
• Research provides the knowledge to deliver on consumer (and regulatory) demands. Knowledge for Decision-making
consumer, industry, regulators
Basis of communications and marketing platforms---- informs, awareness, attention
Center for Nutrition Research
Health Concern Mayo Clinic US DH&HS Cleveland ClinicCardiovascular Disease #1 #1 #2
Diabetes #5 #5 #5
Alzheimer’s #7 #10 Only 7 Polled
11
• Cardiovascular, Diabetes & Alzheimer’s
Top Consumer Health Concerns
ABC 2013 Poll of over 5,000 diverse participants from around world: CVD, Obesity, Diabetes
Risk factors of CVD & Alzheimer’s Disease
Hypertension
Obesity
Hyperinsulinemia
Type 2 Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Endothelial dysfunction
Hypercoagulability
InsulinResistance
CVD
Many of the risk factors are precipitated by insulin resistance
Slides source: Lipids online, modified
Alz Dis
Plant components with Biological activity
Color of Fruits and Vegetables
Color Phytochemical Fruits and vegetables
Green Glucosinolates Broccoli, kale
Orange α- and β-carotene Carrot, mango, pumpkin, melon
Red Lycopene Tomato, watermelon
Red-Purple Anthocyanins Berries, Grapes, radishes, cabbage
WhiteYellowOrange- Flavonoids Onion, peach, papaya, orange, tangerine
YellowGreen Lutein and Zeaxanthin Spinach, corn, avocado, melon
Heber and Bowerman, 2001
Phytochemicals PolyphenolsFlavonoidsAnthocyanidins Colors
Anthocyanidin R5’ R3’Pelargonidin H HCyandin H OHPeondin H OMeDelphinidin OH OHPetunidin OH OMeMalvidin OMe OMe
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=Op8aQ2kOA8BLEM&tbnid=3CDz0iZ41mze5M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-mediterranean-genetic-code-grapevine-and-olive%2Fproduction-of-anthocyanins-in-grape-cell-cultures-a-potential-source-of-raw-material-for-pharmaceuti&ei=_mqXU8S8CZCwyATe1YKQBQ&bvm=bv.68693194,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNGL_R_mtqsUKUi9npI1naY1QbgooQ&ust=1402518637557717http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=Op8aQ2kOA8BLEM&tbnid=3CDz0iZ41mze5M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-mediterranean-genetic-code-grapevine-and-olive%2Fproduction-of-anthocyanins-in-grape-cell-cultures-a-potential-source-of-raw-material-for-pharmaceuti&ei=_mqXU8S8CZCwyATe1YKQBQ&bvm=bv.68693194,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNGL_R_mtqsUKUi9npI1naY1QbgooQ&ust=1402518637557717http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zwITuaK9FHJrdM&tbnid=2NpAdKQh3jnjtM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micro-ox.com%2Fchem_antho.htm&ei=KWmXU_IN1bbIBKebgqgG&psig=AFQjCNEXrQ6Z27FvVHRb2Qq4XXD2b2jRKQ&ust=1402518185107090http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zwITuaK9FHJrdM&tbnid=2NpAdKQh3jnjtM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micro-ox.com%2Fchem_antho.htm&ei=KWmXU_IN1bbIBKebgqgG&psig=AFQjCNEXrQ6Z27FvVHRb2Qq4XXD2b2jRKQ&ust=1402518185107090
Dietary Sources of Anthocyanins
R- substitutions: -H, -OH, -OCH3Primarily observed as 3-glycosides
Example:-3-Glucoside-3-DiGlucoside-3-Rutinoside-3-malonylglucoside, etc
PeonidinCyanidin
Predominate Anthocyanidins in Select Berries
Cyanidin CyanidinPelargonidin
PelargonidinCyanidin
MalvidinDelphinidinPetunidinPeonidinCyanidin
Anthocyanidin R5’ R3’Pelargonidin H HCyandin H OHDelphinidin OH OHPeondin H OMePetunidin OH OMeMalvidin OMe OMe
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zwITuaK9FHJrdM&tbnid=2NpAdKQh3jnjtM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micro-ox.com%2Fchem_antho.htm&ei=KWmXU_IN1bbIBKebgqgG&psig=AFQjCNEXrQ6Z27FvVHRb2Qq4XXD2b2jRKQ&ust=1402518185107090http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zwITuaK9FHJrdM&tbnid=2NpAdKQh3jnjtM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micro-ox.com%2Fchem_antho.htm&ei=KWmXU_IN1bbIBKebgqgG&psig=AFQjCNEXrQ6Z27FvVHRb2Qq4XXD2b2jRKQ&ust=1402518185107090https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753
Uniqueness of Raspberries and Blueberries
CyanidinPelargonidin
MalvidinDelphinidinPetunidinPeonidinCyanidinEllagitannins
Ellagic AcidChlorogenic Acid
Fiber
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UZOOWCd8q1RS4M&tbnid=CRCvyCPtsj42CM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanguiin_H-6.PNG&ei=Bz9kU575F8KBogSoyYKICA&psig=AFQjCNH85Lr7fyAMcPFKGf_yIY9XcY3PbQ&ust=1399165031781024http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UZOOWCd8q1RS4M&tbnid=CRCvyCPtsj42CM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanguiin_H-6.PNG&ei=Bz9kU575F8KBogSoyYKICA&psig=AFQjCNH85Lr7fyAMcPFKGf_yIY9XcY3PbQ&ust=1399165031781024http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=idpHzdtzcrBm1M&tbnid=C4bNf_kRxy35xM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html&ei=ST9kU4CoOML0oASxwoKAAQ&psig=AFQjCNE7qC2xbbEotEIVrGg2YeiX711aTg&ust=1399165116660299http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=idpHzdtzcrBm1M&tbnid=C4bNf_kRxy35xM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html&ei=ST9kU4CoOML0oASxwoKAAQ&psig=AFQjCNE7qC2xbbEotEIVrGg2YeiX711aTg&ust=1399165116660299
Health Promoting Constituents
Vitamins
Phenolicacids
Hydrolysable and Condensed
tannins
Minerals
Hydroxybenzoic acidsP-hydrobenzoic acidProtocatechuic acid
Vanillic acidSyringic acid
Gallic acid
Hydroxycinnamic acidsCoumaric acid
Caffeic acidFerrulic acidSinapic acid
Caffeoylquinic acid
Fiber Anthocyanins
Flavonols
• Whole food – Raw– Processed
• juice, concentrate, formulation
• Extracts– Grape seed– Tomato– Spices– Essential oils
• Purified compounds– Resveratrol– Anthocyanins– Curcumin– Lycopene
Studying Food …and its components
• Cell culture
• Animal models
• Human – Epidemiology– Clinical
– Safety/tolerability– Bioavailability– Efficacy
5x10
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
Blood
HEALTH ENDPOINT
Nutritional Chemistry
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 30 60 90 120 180 240 300 360
0g
10g
20g
40g
Time (min.)
Conc
entr
atio
n (n
mol
/L)
**##&&$$
http://www.trc-canada.com/Structures/P218515.pnghttp://www.trc-canada.com/Structures/P218515.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cyanidin_3-O-glucoside.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cyanidin_3-O-glucoside.svghttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Gguk5FCeS4Ck8M&tbnid=0z6ixwqU4heYeM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.gch.org/About-Us/News-Events/News/GCH-Offers-Community-Heart-Health-Events-in-March.aspx&ei=vAsEU9CBPM7eoASIlQE&bvm=bv.61535280,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNHzVzBhAnXvlOj1mPTSGVKKXFJHeA&ust=1392860374389628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Gguk5FCeS4Ck8M&tbnid=0z6ixwqU4heYeM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.menopausemaniac.com/&ei=-QsEU-zhBcqBogTerYCoCA&bvm=bv.61535280,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNHzVzBhAnXvlOj1mPTSGVKKXFJHeA&ust=1392860374389628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Gguk5FCeS4Ck8M&tbnid=0z6ixwqU4heYeM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.menopausemaniac.com/&ei=-QsEU-zhBcqBogTerYCoCA&bvm=bv.61535280,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNHzVzBhAnXvlOj1mPTSGVKKXFJHeA&ust=1392860374389628Chart1
000000000000
303030303.14686471373.14686471376.89543615686.895436156820.345655243920.3456552439
6060606029.200586655229.200586655224.750625769524.750625769532.068198085132.0681980851
9090909027.165424876927.165424876911.508327740411.508327740419.023811054219.0238110542
12012012012022.534602970122.534602970117.414313491717.414313491721.051887674821.0518876748
1801801801804.31852710894.318527108918.033531284718.033531284736.67370043136.673700431
24024024024017.412208946917.412208946927.080866534927.080866534935.704677035335.7046770353
3003003003004.14006180214.140061802115.760532219115.760532219116.632395597516.6323955975
3603603603609.43144043569.43144043567.6406003047.64060030411.326075666411.3260756664
Time (min.)
Concentration (nmol/L)
**
##
&&
$$
0g
10g
20g
40g
0
0
0
0
0
12.2927436698
23.940019043
41.4759522202
0
54.3120178547
70.9951214184
86.9286451277
0
81.3187401974
123.7561948992
157.9502195451
0
92.9132961405
165.3282700952
195.3490631268
0
77.3559903063
143.9604120408
226.7354
0
51.4039239237
106.7636875415
134.3948003666
0
32.9413800541
84.0652090785
98.9188481464
0
21.2228899453
65.6096322067
80.8394891496
Summary
SubjectDietTimePlg-glucoside nmole/LPlg-glucuronide nmole/LPlg-glucoside AUCPlg-glucoside AUC Sum3L AUC TotalPlg-glucuronide AUCPlg-glucuronide AUC Sum3L AUC TotalCy-glucosideCy-glucoside *dilCyanidin-glucoside AUCCyanidin-glucoside AUC Sum3L AUC Total
5101000.0000.0000.0000.000
51010300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51010600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51010900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510101200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510101800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510102400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510103000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510103600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51011000.0000.0001.3732.746
510110306.10617.4341.5264.3581.4942.9891.434
510110607.26864.6763.34320.5281.6273.2531.561
510110907.79284.4063.76537.2711.6663.3331.647
5101101208.49079.9204.07141.0821.5753.1501.621
5101101808.36472.8838.42776.4021.4232.8462.998
5101102407.57668.3897.97070.6361.3652.7302.788
5101103007.41828.9567.49748.6731.3212.6422.686
5101103607.4616.9757.44044.039233.05417.966316.9151677.1121.2452.4902.56617.29991.548
51012000.0000.0000.0000.000
510120305.31822.1631.3295.5411.4622.9250.731
510120606.29285.8072.90326.9931.7663.5311.614
510120908.033136.9453.58155.6882.1054.2101.935
5101201209.547150.4264.39571.8431.9283.8552.016
5101201808.775137.1199.161143.7721.8973.7933.824
5101202406.987125.7287.881131.4231.7563.5123.653
5101203005.74289.9176.364107.8231.5363.0723.292
5101203605.02068.3205.38140.996216.94879.119622.2013292.6881.3652.7302.90119.966105.661
51014000.0000.0000.0000.000
510140306.13127.9811.5336.9951.3152.6300.658
510140607.90161.9453.50822.4811.8013.6021.558
510140907.890142.7623.94851.1772.3824.7642.092
51014012010.539176.5524.60779.8293.5727.1442.977
5101401809.028180.4889.783178.5203.1496.2976.720
5101402407.937138.0948.482159.2912.8485.6955.996
5101403007.524126.4257.731132.2592.6115.2225.459
5101403607.816100.3687.67047.263250.114113.396743.9493936.9782.2894.5794.90030.360160.665
5102000.0000.0000.0000.000
51020300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51020600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51020900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510201200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510201800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510202400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510203000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510203600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51021000.0000.0000.0000.000
510210308.9079.4492.2272.3621.4942.9870.747
5102106013.51636.0635.60611.3781.5113.0231.503
5102109016.20467.2057.43025.8171.6863.3721.599
51021012016.98280.1298.29636.8332.1314.2621.909
51021018016.58579.32816.78379.7281.6663.3323.797
51021024016.92171.59416.75375.4611.6533.3053.319
51021030012.42935.92314.67553.7591.4542.9083.107
5102103608.61021.92010.51982.289305.12928.921314.2601165.2751.4282.8562.88218.86169.938
51022000.0000.0000.0000.000
5102203010.56330.0712.6417.5182.0734.1461.036
5102206019.32068.7387.47124.7022.7865.5722.430
5102209020.683122.00110.00147.6852.8665.7312.826
51022012024.153148.51011.20967.6282.9355.8702.900
51022018019.339154.32721.746151.4182.8895.7785.824
51022024018.438106.84718.888130.5872.6825.3645.571
51022030013.550101.65715.994104.2522.1294.2574.810
5102203609.03473.78911.29299.241367.98787.723621.5132304.5692.0274.0554.15629.553109.584
51024000.0000.0000.0000.000
5102403015.05466.0563.76316.5141.5353.0710.768
5102406026.42095.14310.36940.3002.1184.2361.827
5102409029.315144.95713.93460.0252.4394.8782.279
51024012032.076183.90215.34882.2152.9305.8612.685
51024018031.689194.94531.883189.4242.8715.7425.801
51024024023.145172.99927.417183.9722.7575.5155.628
51024030018.96492.14721.054132.5732.4174.8345.174
51024036014.19079.57116.577140.345520.40085.859790.8812932.5862.4164.8334.83328.995107.512
5104000.0000.0000.0000.000
51040300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51040600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51040900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510401200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510401800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510402400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510403000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510403600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51041000.0000.0000.000
510410305.99612.3751.4993.0941.3242.6490.662
510410608.35516.4503.5887.2061.4152.8301.370
510410908.04542.6124.10014.7661.5083.0171.462
5104101208.32770.1664.09328.1941.6313.2631.570
5104101806.54472.5007.43571.3331.3172.6332.948
5104102405.17133.0325.85752.7661.3132.6252.629
5104103004.90729.7925.03931.4121.3062.6122.619
5104103604.95218.2974.93036.541166.77224.045232.8161062.5701.2952.5902.60115.86072.385
51042000.0000.0000.0000.000
510420308.57831.3252.1447.8311.3902.7800.695
510420609.20898.0694.44632.3481.5453.0891.467
510420909.399128.0274.65256.5241.6073.2141.576
5104201209.523191.1484.73079.7941.6323.2641.620
5104201808.881146.4559.202168.8011.5043.0083.136
5104202406.627140.7427.754143.5981.4102.8192.914
5104203006.05593.8896.341117.3151.3982.7952.807
5104203604.03670.7935.04544.314202.25182.341688.5533142.5561.3332.6652.73016.94477.334
51044000.0000.0000.0000.000
510440309.35261.2832.33815.3211.3002.6010.650
5104406010.69966.3695.01331.9131.4752.9501.388
5104409012.572152.1335.81854.6251.5853.1701.530
51044012013.071225.9136.41194.5121.7673.5351.676
51044018010.519259.91311.795242.9131.7733.5463.541
5104402406.922164.8488.720212.3801.5213.0413.294
5104403006.348102.3546.635133.6011.5203.0403.041
5104403606.36578.0046.35653.086242.28690.179875.4443995.5241.5043.0083.02418.14382.805
5105000.0000.0000.0000.000
51050300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51050600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51050900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510501200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510501800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510502400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510503000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510503600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51051000.0000.0000.0000.000
510510304.96112.1661.2403.0411.4082.8170.704
510510606.38192.8442.83526.2521.6113.2221.510
510510909.349104.1653.93249.2521.6133.2271.612
51051012011.896115.7305.31154.9741.7743.5471.693
51051018011.36981.20911.63298.4691.6133.2263.387
5105102407.45843.0649.41462.1371.4802.9603.093
5105103006.99338.5717.22640.8181.4522.9032.932
5105103606.82231.4646.90748.498214.55535.018369.9611637.4471.3032.6062.75517.68678.276
51052000.0000.0000.0000.000
510520309.57714.4652.3943.6161.4272.8540.713
510520609.72132.3704.82411.7091.6573.3151.542
5105209011.091105.6285.20334.5001.7943.5871.726
51052012011.190171.7455.57069.3431.7843.5681.789
51052018010.325164.63910.758168.1921.9683.9363.752
5105202407.23782.8468.781123.7421.9283.8553.896
5105203006.87467.4497.05575.1471.7713.5433.699
5105203604.19758.8455.53550.121221.73663.147549.3962431.6271.7673.5333.53820.65591.418
51054005.0000.0000.0000.000
510540309.30325.8913.5766.4731.3582.7160.679
5105406011.177139.5235.12041.3531.7363.4721.547
5105409013.120160.1806.07474.9262.6085.2162.172
51054012018.545208.4967.91692.1692.8555.7092.731
51054018017.415257.02117.980232.7582.6665.3325.521
5105402408.68594.76013.050175.8902.4554.9095.121
5105403008.54386.4698.61490.6141.9993.9974.453
5105403607.68774.3818.11570.446311.65480.425794.6083516.9361.7443.4893.74325.967114.931
5106000.0000.0000.0000.000
51060300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51060600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51060900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510601200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510601800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510602400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510603000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
510603600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
51061000.0000.0000.0000.000
510610307.03810.0411.7592.5101.7413.4830.871
510610608.87561.5273.97817.8921.9663.9321.854
510610908.482108.2064.33942.4332.1304.2592.048
5106101207.150118.6223.90856.7072.1714.3422.150
5106101806.49080.8606.82099.7412.0114.0224.182
5106102405.90640.9396.19860.9001.9043.8093.915
5106103004.99931.4645.45336.2021.7953.5913.700
5106103604.50927.4584.75437.210137.97429.461345.8461282.3991.4542.9083.24921.96981.461
51062000.0000.0000.0000.000
510620307.65221.6761.9135.4191.4612.9220.730
510620608.86569.9924.12922.9172.1574.3131.809
510620907.866126.1814.18349.0432.4934.9862.325
5106201207.122164.8133.74772.7482.4864.9722.489
5106201806.298117.2636.710141.0382.0824.1644.568
5106202405.39377.6565.84697.4591.7483.4963.830
5106203005.08667.4145.24072.5351.5443.0873.291
5106203604.54356.3024.81436.582135.64661.858523.0171939.3481.4732.9473.01722.05981.796
51064000.0000.0000.0000.000
510640306.27226.1691.5686.5421.4442.8880.722
510640607.88571.6643.53924.4582.1064.2121.775
510640907.651189.7203.88465.3464.6609.3213.383
5106401206.525181.8823.54492.9005.41110.8215.035
5106401805.336241.3105.930211.5965.07810.15510.488
5106402404.722101.2745.029171.2924.1728.3459.250
5106403004.53387.2004.62794.2373.3116.6227.483
5106403604.55071.8734.54132.664121.11679.537745.9082765.8293.5467.0926.85744.994166.838
min±
PG Tmax14830.980.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
P3G Tmax10824.8440.054211.966316.9151677.11217.09991.548
Cy Tmax12226.5137.055196.096623.7013300.62619.966105.661
PG Cmaxnmol/L±43.021227.669745.4493944.91630.360160.665
10g93.3821.960.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
20g166.4916.1673.913274.069314.2601165.27518.86169.938
40g226.7436.6789.797332.969621.5132304.56929.553109.584
126.637469.569790.8812932.58628.995107.512
P3G Cmaxnmol/L±0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
10g10.913.6933.612153.405232.8161062.57015.86072.385
20g12.666.4840.438184.557688.5533142.55616.94477.334
40g16.429.6048.726222.386875.4443995.52418.14382.805
0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Cy Cmaxnmol/L±43.791193.732369.9611637.44717.68678.276
10g3.750.5245.731202.312549.3962431.62720.65591.418
20g4.451.0063.921282.787794.6083516.93625.967114.931
40g6.622.680.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
34.111126.483345.8461282.39921.96981.461
33.659124.807523.0171939.34822.05981.796
30.149111.793745.9082765.82944.994166.838
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5113100
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5113200
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511320120
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5113400
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511700
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512520360
5125400
51254030
51254060
51254090
512540120
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512540240
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Treatments
Strawberry fresh2x dilutionStrawberry FD2x dilutionOld powder2x dilutionPlacebo2x dilution10mg2x dilution20mg2x dilution40mg2x dilution
Compound NamePrecursor IonProduct Ionng/gng/gng/20mgng/20mgng/20mgng/20mgng/mlng/mlng/mlng/mlng/mlng/mlng/mlng/ml
cyanidin diglucoside611287100.9558213201.911642668.46799136.9359875.01181150.02362NA72.67571145.3514299.2086198.4172136.3239272.6478
plg-diglucoside59527161.86241123.7248266.15513132.3102641.6837883.36756NA33.1919966.3839858.7828117.5656109.8185219.637
plg-rutinoside5792717397.921514795.8432006.071594012.143183173.8376347.674NA1920.3033840.6063976.7947953.5886925.19113850.382
pelargonidin-3-malonylglucoside51927148609.0292597218.0585220.754996441.5099921568.4653136.93NA764.33831528.67661703.7223407.4444831.9339663.866
plg-malonylrhamnoside503271548.157571096.31514156.206219312.412438264.53967529.07934NA160.4391320.8782350.3996700.7992973.72161947.4432
cyanidin glucoside44928720382.240764.44538.29076.45223.310446.639.478.82482.74965.465441308815130.830261.6
plg-glucuronide447271116.41259232.8251836.0832772.1665426.801153.6022NA15.9301731.8603427.2952354.5904640.9984281.99684
plg-glucoside433271213284.4426568.888275.6176551.290524.2181048.424.448.852081.5104163108164.8216329.6189240.9378481.8
plg27112121262.0314742524.062948724.477817448.95569167.25718334.5145.2664310.532864912.8159825.6310638.5721277.1418818.8337637.66
Sum311762.9706113623525.9412226104092.016995208184.03399110065.09536220130.1907269.06643138.1328662443.89327124887.78654131563.57223263127.14446236208.51642472417.03284
Anthos total mg0.048070235342.212071850587.8844662496154.4803697387
Plg-glu mg0.016982435.20709472.2540864123.7635486
Plg-based mg0.020647835340.484637870683.4468029048144.4956707081
Cy-glucoside0.02742241.67830524.3713929.8955432
Placebo10mg20mg40mg
Compound Nameng/gnmoles/gng/mlnmoles/gnmole/shakeng/mlnmoles/gnmole/shakeng/mlnmoles/gnmole/shake
cyanidin diglucoside6110145.351420.237891031180.4071685106198.41720.3247417349108.4637394435272.64780.4462320786145.917889689
plg-diglucoside595066.383980.111569714337.7105634286117.56560.197589243765.994807395219.6370.3691378151120.7080655462
plg-rutinoside57903840.6066.63317098452242.01179274617953.58813.73676683944588.080124352313850.38223.92121243527822.2364663212
pelargonidin-3-malonylglucoside51901528.67662.945426975995.55431753373407.4446.56540269752192.84450096349663.86618.62016570336088.7941849711
plg-malonylrhamnoside5030320.87820.637928827215.6199435388700.79921.3932389662465.34181471171947.44323.87165646121266.0316628231
cyanidin glucoside44978.80.175501113661.07438752784965.411.05879732743737.87349665921308829.149220499735.839643652630261.667.397772828522039.0717149221
plg-glucuronide447031.860340.071275928424.091263803154.590460.122126308740.790187114181.996840.183438120859.9842655034
plg-glucoside43348.80.112702078539.2203233256104163240.561200923881309.6859122402216329.6499.6064665127166868.559815242378481.8874.0919168591285828.056812933
plg27110.532860.038866642113.52559143919825.6336.256937269412254.84479704821277.1478.513431734326223.48619926237637.66138.884354243545415.1838376384
Total113.8203022926100897.799255508210289.400832137368785.984900347
0.113100.8977992555umole/10g of powder210.2894008321umole/20g powder368.7859849003umole/40g powder
Placebo10g Straw20g Straw40g Straw
Weight(g)348338334327Ref to Azzini paper
Total Pelgs0/control drinkTotal Pelgs10Total Pelgs20Total Pelgs40
52.7459147647nmol/shake97079.5185903385nmol/shake200445.097449041nmol/shake346600.995295736nmol/shake
Treatment plg-glucoside nmoleTreatment cyanidin-glucoside nmoleTreatment plg total nmoleTotal Cyan nmol
39.22061.07452.70061.0743875278
81309.6803737.87397079.5003818.2806651699
166868.5609735.840200445.1009844.3033830961
285828.06022039.072346601.00022184.9896046111
Bioavailability
SubjectTreatmentTreatment plg-glucoside nmoleTreatment cyanidin-glucoside nmoleTreatment cyanidin total nmolePlg-glucoside AUC/ 3L (nmol)Plg-glucuronide AUC/ 3LCyanidin-glucoside AUC/ 3L% bioavail plg-glucoside% bioavail plg-glucuronide from glucoside% bioavail total cya
5101039.22061.07461.0740.0000.0000.000000
51011081309.6803737.8733818.281211.9661677.11291.5480.26068973042.06262270662.4492114268
510120166868.5609735.8409844.303196.0963300.626105.6610.11751494861.97797965511.0852828196
510140285828.06022039.07222184.990227.6693944.916160.6650.07965247831.38017088690.7289989019
5102039.22061.0740.0000.0000.000000
51021081309.6803737.873274.0691165.27569.9380.33706826181.43313232711.8710558413
510220166868.5609735.840332.9692304.569109.5840.199539441.3810685241.1255732552
510240285828.06022039.072469.5692932.586107.5120.16428364171.0259965860.4878235925
5104039.22061.0740.0000.0000.0000.00000
51041081309.6803737.873153.4051062.57072.3850.18866738691.30681900221.9365238515
510420166868.5609735.840184.5573142.55677.3340.11060037521.8832523320.7943206547
510440285828.06022039.072222.3863995.52482.8050.07780416361.39787682450.3757195833
5105039.22061.0740.0000.0000.0000.00000
51051081309.6803737.873193.7321637.44778.2760.23826486282.01384031312.0941324812
510520166868.5609735.840202.3122431.62791.4180.12124043661.45721071530.9389880015
510540285828.06022039.072282.7873516.936114.9310.09893616431.23043763610.5214897097
5106039.22061.0740.0000.0000.0000.00000
51061081309.6803737.873126.4831282.39981.4610.15555700241.57717816312.1793322132
510620166868.5609735.840124.8071939.34881.7960.07479380351.16220075420.8401561467
510640285828.06022039.072111.7932765.829166.8380.03911187770.96765471590.7570101578
Average
10 g191.9311364.961Cyanidin bioavailability
20 g208.1482623.74510 g78.7222.06
40 g262.8413431.15820 g93.1590.95
40 g126.5500.57
AverageBioavailability of plg-glu from plg-glu
10g207.3150.25
20g258.9370.16
40g65.7100.02
AverageBioavailability of pel-glc from pel-glu
10g1364.9611.679
20g2623.7451.572
40g3431.1581.200
Sheet1
SubjectTreatmentP3G doseAUC PGAUC PG/doseCmax PGCmax PG/doseAUC P3GAUC P3G/dose P3GCmax P3GCmax/dose P3G% bioavail plg-glucoside as PG% bioavail plg-glucoside as P3G%bioavail Cy3G
510100.039220.0000.0000.00000.000012.4340000
51011081.30968316.9153.89879.9200.982906899340.0540.492610979515.6510.19248670852.06262270660.26068973042.4492114268
510120166.86856623.7013.738150.4260.901463175837.0550.222061505317.4340.10448004721.97797965510.11751494861.0852828196
510140285.82806745.4492.608180.4880.631456547743.0210.150514887319.9750.06988460791.38017088690.07965247830.7289989019
510200.0000.0000.00000.000012.6200000
510210314.2603.86580.1290.985477441173.9130.909029832118.9010.23246021961.43313232710.33706826181.8710558413
510220621.5133.725154.3270.924841683889.7970.538132254724.9850.14973152521.3810685240.199539441.1255732552
510240790.8812.767194.9450.6820359065126.6370.443051892430.0790.10523387831.0259965860.16428364170.4878235925
510400.0000.0000.00000.000011.3430000
510410232.8162.86372.5000.891652665733.6120.41338165412.9340.15907211731.30681900220.18866738691.9365238515
510420688.5534.126191.1481.14550016840.4380.242332110415.0600.09024911521.8832523320.11060037520.7943206547
510440875.4443.063259.9130.909333394348.7260.170473627617.2580.06038050211.39787682450.07780416360.3757195833
510500.0000.0000.00000.000012.5350000
510510369.9614.550115.7301.423326393243.7910.538573378817.7870.21875465512.01384031310.23826486282.0941324812
510520549.3963.292171.7451.029222490845.7310.274051619815.5560.09322064071.45721071530.12124043660.9389880015
510540794.6082.780257.0210.899215423463.9210.22363509120.4500.07154718511.23043763610.09893616430.5214897097
510600.0000.0000.00000.000011.4750000
510610345.8464.253118.6221.458885554634.1110.419517266413.4380.16526387441.57717816310.15555700242.1793322132
510620523.0173.134164.8130.987679837833.6590.201709286613.4410.08054675451.16220075420.07479380350.8401561467
510640745.9082.610241.3100.844248811730.1490.105479713213.1430.04598102890.96765471590.03911187770.7570101578
Averaged
00.0000.00000.000
10315.9593.88693.3801.148
20601.2363.603166.4920.998
40790.4582.766226.7350.793
Sheet2
0102040
0000
012.165792952722.163434632927.9808777013
092.843626163785.806958500261.9449914235
0104.1649974044136.9447215199142.7621645883
0115.7302135642150.4258620435176.5521033684
081.208740027137.1188964621180.488
043.0644276928125.7278552445138.0942761382
038.570714184989.9174871353126.4245550132
031.464376544668.3197943068100.3679836652
0000
010.040858658230.070977007366.0555200586
061.526971562368.73781416895.1427354003
0108.2058560627122.0005114822144.9567688596
0118.6215176041148.5099376797183.9022859277
080.8603901427154.327194.945
040.9394933984106.8472915138172.9989345482
031.4643765446101.656878237292.146926395
027.458352874873.788887490879.5714955707
0000
017.433631.325036590861.2831266433
064.676498.068874428666.3690349545
084.4062128.0269644811152.1327764768
079.919845455191.1479635218225.913281978
072.8831777915146.4546733622259.913
068.3894642836140.7417352592164.8475472548
028.956257377493.8886758167102.3535780059
06.975379676170.793078485578.0039210912
0000
09.448663854914.464902189225.8907783953
036.062595017732.3700862438139.522510664
067.2050746769105.6280669186160.1796588048
080.1288553856171.7448749646208.4957877615
079.3276506516164.6385373242257.021
071.594283219582.845984483494.7595505275
035.92325506467.44891959686.4688232804
021.919589713958.84467745374.3810822941
0000
012.374802883321.675744794926.1694583028
016.450496529969.991873751671.6639531964
042.6115728432126.1807100941189.7197289961
070.1660486937164.8127122664181.8818565986
072.4999929187117.2629530553241.31
033.031951024177.6555712068101.2736933645
029.792297099867.414084607587.2003580375
018.296750916956.301723297471.872963127
AverageStdev
00000000
30012.292743669823.94001904341.47595222023.14686471376.895436156820.3456552439
60054.312017854770.995121418486.928645127729.200586655224.750625769532.0681980851
90081.3187401974123.7561948992157.950219545127.165424876911.508327740419.0238110542
120092.9132961405165.3282700952195.349063126822.534602970117.414313491721.0518876748
180077.3559903063143.9604120408226.73544.318527108918.033531284736.673700431
240051.4039239237106.7636875415134.394800366617.412208946927.080866534935.7046770353
300032.941380054184.065209078598.91884814644.140061802115.760532219116.6323955975
360021.222889945365.609632206780.83948914969.43144043567.64060030411.3260756664
Sheet2
00000000
3.14686471373.14686471376.89543615686.895436156820.345655243920.3456552439
29.200586655229.200586655224.750625769524.750625769532.068198085132.0681980851
27.165424876927.165424876911.508327740411.508327740419.023811054219.0238110542
22.534602970122.534602970117.414313491717.414313491721.051887674821.0518876748
4.31852710894.318527108918.033531284718.033531284736.67370043136.673700431
17.412208946917.412208946927.080866534927.080866534935.704677035335.7046770353
4.14006180214.140061802115.760532219115.760532219116.632395597516.6323955975
9.43144043569.43144043567.6406003047.64060030411.326075666411.3260756664
Time (min.)
Concentration (nmol/L)
**
##
&&
$$
0g
10g
20g
40g
**
##
&&
$$
EVIDENCE…..
Whole Fruit Fruit product Fruit /Seed Extract Isolated Fruit compounds
What health benefits have been documented about
Blueberries and Raspberries?
How do these components work to promote health and disease risk
reduction?
Bulk of the ResearchRaspberries & Blueberries
Cognitive FunctionImproving memory and
Mobility tasks
Other effect of Blueberries?
Hypertension, diabetes
Anti-CancerCell culture studies
CVD and DiabetesBioavailability
Metabolic health
Anti-Oxidant Properties
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753
BlueberriesCognitive FunctionMemory Tasks in
Aging animals
YOUNG Morris Water MazeOLD
Shukitt-Hale and Joseph et al. Exp Gerontol. 1999;34:797-808.
DIET
0
12
24
36
48
60
LATE
NCY
TO
PLA
TFO
RM (s
ec)
TRIAL 1 vs TRIAL 2, DAYS 3-4
CONTROL BLUEBERRY
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
*=different than Trial 1
*
Morris Water Maze and Memory PerformanceBlueberry in diet of old rats improves memory
Slide courtesy of Shukitt-Hale
Older rats find the platform faster the second time when on BB diet
Older Adults Consuming Blueberry Juice
• Older adults with mild cognitive impairment
• Similar age, education, waist circumference and “clinical dementia rating.”
• Blueberry vs Placebo Juice12 weeks
Krikorian, R et al JAFC, 2010
Verbal Word List Recall Improves After Blueberry Juice
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Baseline Final
List recall
Verbal Memoryt(8) = 2.44, p = .04
Krikorian, R et al JAFC, 2010
Chart1
Baseline
Final
Baseline
List recall
Verbal Memoryt(8) = 2.44, p = .04
7.2
9.6
Sheet1
BaselineFinal
Baseline7.29.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Baseline Final
Paired Associate Learning
Verbal Memoryt(8) = 3.42, p = .009
Paired Association Learning Before and After Blueberry Juice
Krikorian, R et al JAFC, 2010
Chart1
Baseline
Final
Baseline
Paired Associate Learning
Verbal Memoryt(8) = 3.42, p = .009
9.3
13.2
Sheet1
BaselineFinal
Baseline9.313.2
Blueberries
Cognitive FunctionImproving memory and
Mobility tasks
Other effect of Blueberries?
HypertensionDiabetes
http://jrmcnd.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/blood-pressure-measuring.jpghttp://jrmcnd.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/blood-pressure-measuring.jpg
• Smoking• High blood pressure• High cholesterol (total or LDL)• Low HDL• High Triglycerides• Obesity• Diabetes, Insulin Resistance• Inactivity• Poor Diet• Stress
Traditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Adapted from Stampfer MJ et al. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl):IV3-IV5.
• Age (older)• Gender (male)• Family history/ genetics• Race
1.6 Billion will have high blood pressure worldwide - 2025
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=QNirQoi1JP9G0M&tbnid=ZYnFfqp2DCcHpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.123rf.com/photo_12395815_heart-attack-and-heart-beats-cardiogram-background.html&ei=O3fCUe7sMPS44APoqICIBg&bvm=bv.48175248,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFGYL9MmksZYYVens2dTSRB_LeMng&ust=1371785358674704http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=QNirQoi1JP9G0M&tbnid=ZYnFfqp2DCcHpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.123rf.com/photo_12395815_heart-attack-and-heart-beats-cardiogram-background.html&ei=O3fCUe7sMPS44APoqICIBg&bvm=bv.48175248,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFGYL9MmksZYYVens2dTSRB_LeMng&ust=1371785358674704
Blueberries and blood pressure after 8 weeks
* p
Blueberry and Blood PressureReduced in Post-Menopausal women after
8 week intervention
Johnson et al 2015 1 cup equivalent of BBN=48
Systolic Blood Pressure drops 7 mmHg
Diastolic Blood Pressure Drops 5 mmHg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wever.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/blueberries_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wever.wordpress.com/2008/04/&h=433&w=442&sz=44&tbnid=Q3L29ZfPyy7oZM::&tbnh=124&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=picture+of+blueberries&hl=en&usg=__MYcUpSGj3rLusfBNUVNpW3jslgc=&ei=g5a2SfavB4yeM9GPnNUK&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&cd=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wever.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/blueberries_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wever.wordpress.com/2008/04/&h=433&w=442&sz=44&tbnid=Q3L29ZfPyy7oZM::&tbnh=124&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=picture+of+blueberries&hl=en&usg=__MYcUpSGj3rLusfBNUVNpW3jslgc=&ei=g5a2SfavB4yeM9GPnNUK&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&cd=1
How could Blueberry or other Berries impact Blood Pressure?
• Maintaining a healthy Endothelium
Vessel relaxation/contractionNitric Oxide
How do you measure a “healthy” Endothelium?
Vasodilation: How well do your vessels expand and contract?
Ana Rodriguez-Mateos et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:1179-1191
Blueberries and Vessel Relaxation
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wever.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/blueberries_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wever.wordpress.com/2008/04/&h=433&w=442&sz=44&tbnid=Q3L29ZfPyy7oZM::&tbnh=124&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=picture+of+blueberries&hl=en&usg=__MYcUpSGj3rLusfBNUVNpW3jslgc=&ei=g5a2SfavB4yeM9GPnNUK&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&cd=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wever.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/blueberries_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wever.wordpress.com/2008/04/&h=433&w=442&sz=44&tbnid=Q3L29ZfPyy7oZM::&tbnh=124&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=picture+of+blueberries&hl=en&usg=__MYcUpSGj3rLusfBNUVNpW3jslgc=&ei=g5a2SfavB4yeM9GPnNUK&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&cd=1
Raspberries
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Maturity of ScienceRaspberry Health Benefits Research
just getting started
CVD and Diabetes
Body weight
Metabolic health
Anti-CancerCell culture studies
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753
What health benefits have been documented about Red Raspberries?
What have we learned so far about Red Raspberries?
Raspberries are an Excellent source of Fiber
Americans eat about ½ recommendation to support health
“Nutrient” of concernUS Dietary Guidelines
Raspberries 8.0 g / serving
12.5 g / 100 kcal high fiber cereals~ 6 g fiber/100 kcal
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More on fiberCommon
Fruit
Dietary fiber
g / 100 g portion g / 100 kcal
Red Raspberry 6.5 12.5
Banana 2.6 2.9
Apple 2.4 4.6
Melon 0.9 2.6
Table Grapes 0.9 1.3
Berries (category) 4.2 8.9
OPPORTUNITIES IN:
Heart and Metabolic HealthGut health
Satiety and Appetite controlBody weight control
5x10
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
Blood
HEALTH-RELATED ENDPOINT
Unique Fruit Chemistry
?Gonzalez-Barrio, Borges et al. 2010
http://www.trc-canada.com/Structures/P218515.pnghttp://www.trc-canada.com/Structures/P218515.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cyanidin_3-O-glucoside.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cyanidin_3-O-glucoside.svghttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Gguk5FCeS4Ck8M&tbnid=0z6ixwqU4heYeM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.gch.org/About-Us/News-Events/News/GCH-Offers-Community-Heart-Health-Events-in-March.aspx&ei=vAsEU9CBPM7eoASIlQE&bvm=bv.61535280,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNHzVzBhAnXvlOj1mPTSGVKKXFJHeA&ust=1392860374389628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UZOOWCd8q1RS4M&tbnid=CRCvyCPtsj42CM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanguiin_H-6.PNG&ei=Bz9kU575F8KBogSoyYKICA&psig=AFQjCNH85Lr7fyAMcPFKGf_yIY9XcY3PbQ&ust=1399165031781024http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=UZOOWCd8q1RS4M&tbnid=CRCvyCPtsj42CM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanguiin_H-6.PNG&ei=Bz9kU575F8KBogSoyYKICA&psig=AFQjCNH85Lr7fyAMcPFKGf_yIY9XcY3PbQ&ust=1399165031781024https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=https://fountaindaleasd.wordpress.com/tag/frozen-foods/&ei=ODNpVN-5IIOcyQTAroLACw&bvm=bv.79142246,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFwTN8TS2APo1qbYpHL07z2Kf3zsw&ust=1416266842413753http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=idpHzdtzcrBm1M&tbnid=C4bNf_kRxy35xM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html&ei=ST9kU4CoOML0oASxwoKAAQ&psig=AFQjCNE7qC2xbbEotEIVrGg2YeiX711aTg&ust=1399165116660299http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=idpHzdtzcrBm1M&tbnid=C4bNf_kRxy35xM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html&ei=ST9kU4CoOML0oASxwoKAAQ&psig=AFQjCNE7qC2xbbEotEIVrGg2YeiX711aTg&ust=1399165116660299
Unique Chemistry = Unique Metabolites in blood
at different times
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Hyperglycemia / Hyperlipidemia
↑ Insulin ResistantIRS-1
EndothelialDysfunction
EndothelialDysfunction
Insulin Resistance
Disease and Disease ComplicationsMetabolic Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, Hypertension, Stroke
insulin glucose ↓ NO↓ NO
↑ oxLDL
↑ glycated products
↑ oxLDL↑coaguability
↑coaguability
B-cell deterioration
Obesity, Western diet, Sedentary
↑ TG, FFA↑RL, sdLDL
OXIDATIVE STRESSand
INFLAMMATION
RED
RASPBERRIES
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Time (min)
Rel.
fluor
esce
nce
raspberry
blueberry
strawberry
blackberry
Fe+2
bilberry
elderberry
cranberry
tart cherry cv.Balatonsweet cherry
Anti-oxidant effects of Berry extractsOn lipids (in vitro, test tube)
Seeram et al; Phytomedicine, 2001.
Protected
Oxidized
Chart1
0000000000
1111111111
3333333333
6666666666
9999999999
12121212121212121212
15151515151515151515
18181818181818181818
21212121212121212121
raspberry
blueberry
strawberry
blackberry
Fe+2
bilberry
elderberry
cranberry
tart cherry cv. Balaton
sweet cherry
Time (min)
Rel. fluorescence
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.8636363636
0.875
0.95
1
0.9198717949
0.935483871
0.9347826087
0.5869565217
0.9076923077
0.9677419355
0.8333333333
0.7916666667
0.85
0.875
0.7980769231
0.7741935484
0.9347826087
0.5434782609
0.8769230769
0.9516129032
0.8181818182
0.7083333333
0.85
0.875
0.2019230769
0.7258064516
0.847826087
0.5
0.8461538462
0.9193548387
0.8181818182
0.7083333333
0.85
0.875
0.0512820513
0.6935483871
0.8043478261
0.4782608696
0.8461538462
0.8709677419
0.8181818182
0.7083333333
0.8
0.8125
0.0224358974
0.6774193548
0.8043478261
0.5217391304
0.8307692308
0.8548387097
0.8181818182
0.6666666667
0.85
0.875
0.0192307692
0.6774193548
0.7608695652
0.5217391304
0.8
0.8387096774
0.803030303
0.6666666667
0.85
0.8125
0.0128205128
0.6129032258
0.7391304348
0.5217391304
0.7692307692
0.8064516129
0.7878787879
0.625
0.85
0.8125
0.0128205128
0.5806451613
0.7391304348
0.5217391304
0.7384615385
0.7741935484
Sheet1
Antioxidant Assay for Anth powders
3/26/99
DMSO blankDMSO + Fe2+ blankBlueberry
RunRunaveragecorrectionRunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrected
Time12DMSO12Fe blankFe Blank12TBHQ (1.66 ppm)TBHQ (1.66 ppm)
0120122121115615615611212121
1119120119.50.9876033058135152143.50.9198717949101110.50.875
3116117116.50.9628099174120129124.50.79807692311099.50.7916666667
6115116115.50.9545454545352831.50.2019230769988.50.7083333333
91121141130.93388429759780.0512820513898.50.7083333333
12110113111.50.9214876033433.50.02243589747108.50.7083333333
15108111109.50.90495867773330.01923076927980.6666666667
18107108107.50.88842975212220.01282051287980.6666666667
21104105104.50.86363636362220.0128205128697.50.625
StrawberryBlackberryalpha-tocopherol
RunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrected
Time12BHT (2.2 ppm)BHT (2.2 ppm)12BHA (1.8 ppm)BHA (1.8 ppm)12Vit.-E (4.3 ppm)Vit.-E (4.3 ppm)
08121018881115116115.51
18119.50.9588811071051060.9177489177
37108.50.857770.875103991010.8744588745
67108.50.857770.8759690930.8051948052
97108.50.857770.875696667.50.5844155844
1261080.8676.50.81253030300.2597402597
157108.50.856870.875151414.50.1255411255
187108.50.85676.50.8125787.50.0649350649
217108.50.85676.50.8125565.50.0476190476
RunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrected
Time12cyanidinCyanidin (25 ppm)12anth2Anth 2 (125 ppm)12anth1Anth 1 (125 ppm)
0212121163636314343431
11717170.80952380954446450.71428571433133320.7441860465
31816170.8095238095434443.50.69047619052929290.6744186047
6181516.50.78571428574141410.65079365082626260.6046511628
91816170.8095238095403939.50.6269841272424240.5581395349
12181516.50.7857142857393838.50.61111111112323230.5348837209
15181516.50.78571428573937380.6031746032232222.50.523255814
18181516.50.78571428573937380.60317460322222220.511627907
21181516.50.78571428573937380.60317460322121210.488372093
bkd000
RunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrected
Time12CranberryCranberry12Balaton ChBalaton Ch.12RaspberryRaspberry
01816171353032.512145331
1141313.50.5869565217302929.50.9076923077174028.50.8636363636
3131212.50.5434782609292828.50.8769230769173827.50.8333333333
6121111.50.5282727.50.84615384621638270.8181818182
91111110.4782608696282727.50.84615384621737270.8181818182
121212120.52173913042826270.83076923081737270.8181818182
151212120.52173913042725260.81737270.8181818182
181212120.52173913042525250.7692307692173626.50.803030303
211212120.52173913042523240.73846153851735260.7878787879
bkd000
RunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrectedRunRunaveragecorrected
Time12bilberrySweet Ch.(100ppm)12elderberryelderberryTime12Sweet ch.(100ppm)Sweet Ch.(100ppm)
03032311232323103032311
12731290.935483871212221.50.934782608712931300.9677419355
32523240.7741935484212221.50.93478260873293029.50.9516129032
6232222.50.7258064516192019.50.8478260876273028.50.9193548387
9222121.50.6935483871181918.50.804347826192628270.8709677419
122220210.6774193548181918.50.804347826112262726.50.8548387097
152121210.6774193548171817.50.7608695652152527260.8387096774
181919190.61290322581717170.7391304348182426250.8064516129
211818180.58064516131717170.7391304348212325240.7741935484
00
RunRunaveragecorrected
Time12Sweet ch.(100ppm)Sweet Ch.(100ppm)
03032311
12931300.9677419355
3293029.50.9516129032
6273028.50.9193548387
92628270.8709677419
12262726.50.8548387097
152527260.8387096774
182426250.8064516129
212325240.7741935484
Sheet1
tart cherry cv. Balat.
sweet cherry
Fe Blank
tart cherry cv. Mont.
DMSO
Time (min)
Rel. fluorescence
Sheet2
DMSO
Fe Blank
TBHQ (1.66 ppm)
BHT (2.2 ppm)
BHA (1.8 ppm)
Vit.-E (4.3 ppm)
Time (minutes)
Fluorescence
AntiOxidant assay
Sheet3
DMSO
Fe +2
TBHQ (1.66 ppm)
BHT (2.2 ppm)
BHA (1.8 ppm)
Vit.-E (4.3 ppm)
Cyanidin
anthocyanin 1
anthocyanin 2
Time (min)
Rel. fluorescence
Fe Blank
Cyanidin (25 ppm)
Anth 2 (125 ppm)
Anth 1 (125 ppm)
tart cherry cv. Balaton
Time (min)
Rel. fluorescence
raspberry
blueberry
strawberry
blackberry
Fe+2
bilberry
elderberry
cranberry
tart cherry cv. Balaton
sweet cherry
Time (min)
Rel. fluorescence
SamplesAntioxidant activities (%)
TBHQ (1.66 ppm)90.57
BHT (2.2 ppm)93.61
BHA (1.8 ppm)99.65
Vit.-E (4.3 ppm)3.24
5 (100 ppm)4.18
6 & 7 (100 ppm)18.7
8 (100 ppm)10.76
9 (250 ppm)99.25
9 (125 ppm)66.89
9 (50 ppm)47.11
9 (25 ppm)19.95
9 (1 ppm)0.01
10 (250 ppm)69.07
10 (125 ppm)31.68
10 (50 ppm)13.12
10 (25 ppm)0
11 (100 ppm)4.28
Antioxidant activities (%)
Antioxidant Activities (%)
Antioxidant Activities (%)
IMPLICATIONSLDL (the “bad” cholesterol) is more harmful to your vessels
when oxidized; therefore protecting LDL from oxidation protects your vessels from damage
Anti-inflammatory effects of Red Raspberry
RRE = Red Raspberry ExtractJean-Gilles et al. 2012
Arthritis model
The blood pressure lowering effect of red raspberry fruit extract in hypertensive rats
Jia H et al. Pharmacogn Mag 2011 Jan;7(25):19-24.
A Role for Red Raspberries in Reducing Diabetes Risk and
Improving Metabolic Health?
Glycemic ControlInsulin Sensitivity
Red Raspberries and…
Goal: minimize glucose excursions and long residence time in blood
• Reduce glucose absorption
• Enhance uptake into cells - Improve insulin sensitivity
• Enhance insulin secretion from pancreas
Pre-clinical data suggest potential for red raspberries in glycemic control
Glycemic Control
Berries and High Fat diet in Mice:Effects on Insulin
Heyman et al 2014 13 week feeding
Metabolic variables
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) 4.1 ± 0.1
b 4.3 ± 0.1b 5.1 ± 0.1a 3.9 ± 0.2b 0.03 0.0005
Evidence is developing describing a role for Red Raspberries in health & disease risk reduction
Key areasMetabolic health
Antioxidant / Redox balance Anti-inflammatory
Cardiovascular and Brain health
↓Endothelial Dysfunction↓Hypertension↓Thrombosis
↓Metabolic Syndrome
↓Diabetes
Insulin Sensitivity
Burton-Freeman et al Adv Nutr. Submitted (responding to reviewers)
The Health Value of Color
Adding Red Raspberries and Blueberries regularly provides:
-Fruit Variety*
-Fiber “addressing the fiber gap”
-Unique BioactivesAnthocyanins EllagitanninsChlorogenic acid
- # of Essential Nutrients
To eat more berries
Every Meal is an Opportunity!
Blueprint to Successful AgingEntrance
ExitFresh
Fruits an
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Meats and Fish
Cookies
DairyIc
e Cr
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Chip
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Canned VeggiesPa
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Frozen Fru
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eggies
Soda
White Breads
You
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Nu
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Baked Goods
Whole G
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Slide courtesy of Jim Joseph
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Eat Simply and Effectively ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Indika EdirisingheTissa KappagodaEunyoung ParkYancui Huang
Di XiaoAman SandhuAnne Kurilich
Katie BanaszewskiJack Cappozzo
Nursing and Medic Staff
Illinois Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Food Safety & Health
University of California Davis
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Small Fruits�The Health Benefits of ColorWhat are we going to �talk about?The Business ChallengeSlide Number 4Slide Number 5People are thinking a lot about the healthfulness of the food they buy: 9 out 10 peopleSlide Number 7Attracting Consumers to �BerriesConsumer Demands Meeting Consumer �Demands Slide Number 11Risk factors of CVD & Alzheimer’s Disease� Plant components with �Biological activityColor of Fruits and VegetablesSlide Number 15Dietary Sources of AnthocyaninsSlide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Studying Food …�and its componentsSlide Number 21Evidence…..Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Older Adults Consuming �Blueberry JuiceVerbal Word List Recall �Improves After Blueberry JuiceSlide Number 29Slide Number 30Traditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseSlide Number 32Blueberry and Blood Pressure�Reduced in Post-Menopausal women after �8 week interventionHow could Blueberry or other �Berries impact Blood Pressure?�Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Maturity of Science�Raspberry Health Benefits Research just getting startedSlide Number 39Raspberries are an Excellent source of FiberMore on fiberSlide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45IMPLICATIONS�LDL (the “bad” cholesterol) is more harmful to your vessels when oxidized; therefore protecting LDL from oxidation protects your vessels from damageAnti-inflammatory effects of Red Raspberry The blood pressure lowering effect of red raspberry fruit extract in hypertensive rats������A Role for Red Raspberries in Reducing Diabetes Risk and �Improving Metabolic Health?��Glycemic Control�Insulin Sensitivity� Slide Number 50Berries and High Fat diet in Mice:�Effects on InsulinSlide Number 52Slide Number 53The Health Value of ColorTo eat more berriesSlide Number 56Slide Number 57