SLOVENIASlovenia VARS Competent authority Monitoring program preparing Collect data in animals, food and feed Epidemiological investigation National report preparing Contact point

SLOVENIA

The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC

TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS

including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobialresistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenicmicrobiological agents

IN 2006

INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEMCountry: SloveniaReporting Year: 2006Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring:Laboratory name Description ContributionHealthInspectorate of theRepublic ofSloveniaHIRS

Competent authority Monitoring programpreparingCollect data in foodEpidemiological investigation

Institute of PublicHealth of theRepublic ofSlovenia IPHRS

Researches Laboratory Monitoring programpreparing Collect data in humans Scientific advice and supportAnalysis and testing

NationalVeterinaryInstituteNVI

ResearchesLaboratory

Scientific advice and supportAnalysis and testing

VeterinaryAdministration ofthe Republic ofSloveniaVARS

Competent authority Monitoring programpreparingCollect data in animals, food and feedEpidemiological investigationNational reportpreparingContact point with EC

Slovenia 2006 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses

Slovenia 2006

PREFACEThis report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Slovenia during theyear 2006. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffsand in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in somezoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborneoutbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole EuropeanCommunity as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in thecountry. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the CommunityLegislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of theepidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given.Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans isevaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that ispublished each year by EFSA.

1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring ofzoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325,17.11.2003, p. 31


Slovenia 2006

LIST OF CONTENTS1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 32.1. SALMONELLOSIS 42.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 42.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 62.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 222.1.4. Salmonella in animals 382.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 622.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 672.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 722.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 1642.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1642.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 1652.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 1702.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 1782.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 1812.3. LISTERIOSIS 1892.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1892.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 1902.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 1932.3.4. Listeria in animals 1972.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 1982.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1982.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans 1992.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 2032.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 2072.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 2102.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2102.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans 2112.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 2152.6. BRUCELLOSIS 2192.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2192.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 2202.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 2222.6.4. Brucella in animals 2222.7. YERSINIOSIS 2312.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2312.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 2322.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 2362.7.4. Yersinia in animals 2392.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 2402.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2402.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 2412.8.3. Trichinella in animals 245


Slovenia 2006

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 2532.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2532.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 2542.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 2572.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 2632.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2632.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 2642.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 2672.11. RABIES 2682.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2682.11.2. Rabies in humans 2702.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 2722.12. QFEVER 2742.12.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2742.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals 274

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE

275

3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC 2763.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2763.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates 277

4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS 2974.1. HISTAMINE 2984.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2984.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs 2994.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII 3014.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 3014.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs 3024.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS 3044.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 3044.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs 305

5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 306


Slovenia 2006

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS

The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of theanimal population in the country.

A. Information on susceptible animal population

Sources of information:

Source:Livestock numbers and number of holdings: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia

Dates the figures relate to and the content of the figures:

Reference date for year 2005 is 1 June 2005.Reference day for year 2006 is 1 December 2006.Livestock numbers and number of holdings: Reference date is the date the obtained data refer to. Number of slaughtered animals: The number of slaughtered animals in 2006.

Definitions used for different types of animals, herds, flocks and holdings as well as thetypes covered by the information:

Definitions and other explanationsAgricultural holding is a single unit, both organisational and operating, of agricultural area utilised,forests, buildings, equipment and labour force, which has a single management and which is engagedin agricultural production.

Additional information

METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONSThe purpose of the surveyThe Farm Structure Survey (FSS) is one of the basic statistical surveys in the field of agriculture. Inaccordance with EU regulation it is conducted as a census every 10 years. Between censuses it can beconducted as a sample survey.Observation unitsObservation units are agricultural holdings satisfying the criteria of EU comparable threshold and allagricultural enterprises and cooperatives.Data on agricultural enterprises and cooperatives were collected by questionnaire by post.


Slovenia 2006 1

Table Susceptible animal populations

* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of

animalsLivestock numbers(live animals)

Number ofslaughtered animals

Number of holdings Number of herds orflocks

Year* Year* Year* Year*Cattle (bovineanimals)

young cattle (12years)

120813 30628 2005

adult cattle over 2years

196604 37921 2005

calves (under 1year)

136617 33535 2005

in total 454033 140430 43675 2005Ducks in total 12535 2582 2005Gallus gallus(fowl)

broilers 1566749 24189983 4355 2005

laying hens 1119666 402881 43818 2005Geese in total 1904 868 2005Goats in total 27798 315 4108 2005Pigs breeding animals 53645 6151 2005

fattening pigs 241327 25886 2005in total 575116 428007 33945 2005

Sheep in total 131528 10224 5747 2005Solipeds, domestic horses in total 19249 2005 1497 5128 2005

Turkeys in total 151589 2005 510631 1251 2005

Footnote

Source:Number of holdings, Livestock numbers: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia


Slovenia 2006 2

2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS

Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals andhumans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria,fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses.


Slovenia 2006 3

2.1. SALMONELLOSIS

2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation

A. General evaluation

History of the disease and/ or infection in the country

After the second World War only Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi were notified. In 1950sSalmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections were more and more rare, other Salmonella serotypes weremore and more frequent. From 1946 to 1953 3414 cases of Salmonella Typhi and 3415 cases of Salmonella Paratyphi werenotified. Among them 180 patients with Salmonella Typhi and 41 patients with Salmonella Paratyphidied. After year 1953 epidemiological situation changed. More other Salmonella serotypes (SalmonellaTyphimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis etc.) were identified and less Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi.From the year 1954 to 2000 188 serotypes of Salmonella were identified and 82742 notifications ofSalmonella gastroenteritis in Slovenia. In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates in Slovenia.Salmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.

National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection

The number of notified human Salmonella cases declined from 3307 notifications in 2004 to 1519 in2005 and 2006. The incidence of notified Salmonella cases dropped to 76 per 100 000 inhabitants. The average number of notified Salmonella cases in last 5 years in Slovenia was 2615 cases, thehighest number was in year 2003 4005 cases. Most frequent serotypes are: Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Infantis.The real burden of Salmonella human infections is unknown, because we collate data only onnotificated cases.

Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (as asource of infection)

The incidence of human Salmonella infections in 2006 is the same as in year 2005 according tonotificated number of Salmonella human cases. Source of infection are probably still poultry and eggs, but also bad hygiene and lack of knowledge ofmode of transmission or prevention of infection. PFGE analysisi of outbreaks helps us to identifysource of infection. (Phagetyping of Salmonella spp. is not yet implemented in Slovenia).The topfive serovars in veterinary laboratories in Slovenia were S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S.Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. Stanleyville. The scopes of other serovars, isolated from feed, animalsand food differ significantly from each other, indicating their different sources. It seems that thespread of these serovars from feed to animals and further to food is efficiently prevented in mostcases.Of 21 strains, isolated from animals and belonging to 18 different serovars, that are not considered tobe of public health importance nor the topfive in Slovenia (reported in detail in the tables), 4 strainsbelonging to 3 serovars (S. Tennesee, S. enterica susp. houtenae, serogoup C1) were resistant toStreptomycin, and 1 strain of S. Menden to Streptomycin and Spectinomycin, the remaining 16 were


Slovenia 2006 4

fully susceptible to all the 20 antimicrobials tested. Of the 6 strains, isolated in veterinary laboratories from food, belonging to 5 different serovars otherthan those of public health importance or the topfive in Slovenia (reported in detail in the tables),only the strain of S. Saintpaul was resistant to Streptomycin and Spectinomycin, while the remaining5 strains were fully susceptible to all the 20 antimicrobials tested. Except for the majority of strains of S. Typhimurium, some strains of S. Infantis and S. Derby and 1strain of S. Virchow, the majority of the isolated strains was fully susceptible to all the 20antimicrobials tested (including all but 2 S. Enteritidis strains), while only a few were resistant to justone antimicrobial (usually Streptomycin). So the situation regarding antimicrobial resistance inSalmonella is considered to be good. Regarding the results of susceptibility testing in E. coli, fromwhich resistance can be transferred to Salmonella, Monitoring should continue and the risk ofdevelopment of highly resistant strains should not be neglected.

Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses

New booklets with information about Salmonella in food for consumers.


Slovenia 2006 5

2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans

A. Salmonellosis in humans

Reporting system in place for the human cases

Human cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases (official Gazette number 69/ 95).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of publichealth. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification after the second World War.

Case definition

According to definitions of EU comission.

Diagnostic/ analytical methods used

Serologic and biochemical identification: isolation on SS agar and selen medium, serotypisation Oand H according to Kauffman White scheme. Laboratory of Institute of Public Health of Celje developed also PFGE method for Salmonella isolatesfrom whole Slovenia.

Notification system in place

Human cases are notifiable by national Law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratories areobliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of publichealth notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification after second World War.


After the second World War only Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi were notified. In 1950sSalmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections were more and more rare, other Salmonella serotypes weremore and more frequent. From 1946 to 1953 3414 cases of Salmonella Typhi and 3415 cases of Salmonella Paratyphi werenotified. Among them 180 patients with Salmonella Typhi and 41 patients with Salmonella Paratyphidied. After year 1953 epidemiological situation changed. More other Salmonella serotypes (SalmonellaTyphimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis etc.) were identified and less Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi.From the year 1954 to 2000 188 serotypes of Salmonella were identified and 82 742 notifications ofSalmonella gastroenteritis in Slovenia. In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates in Slovenia.Salmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.

Results of the investigation

The number of notified human Salmonella cases declined from 3307 notifications in 2004 to 1519 in2005 and 2006. The incidence of notified Salmonella cases dropped to 76 per 100 000 inhabitants. (The average number of notified Salmonella cases in last 5 years in Slovenia was 2615 cases, thehighest number was in year 2003 4005 cases). Most frequent serotypes are: Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Infantis,


Slovenia 2006 6

Salmonella Coeln.The real burden of Salmonella human infections is unknown, because we collate data on notificatedcases.


The incidence of human Salmonella infections has recently decreased according to notificated numberof Salmonella human cases. Source of infection are probably still poultry and eggs, but also badhygiene.

Relevance as zoonotic disease

Salmonella human infections are important as zoonotic disease. Salmonella is still most commonbacterial enteropathogen, Campylobacter is second most important.


Slovenia 2006 7

Table Salmonella in hum

ans Species/ serotype distribution

Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.Unknown status

Salmonella

1519

75.75

00

00

1519

S. Abony

10.05

1

S. Agona

80.4

8

S. Anatum

10.05

1

S. Bispebjerg

10.05

1

S. Bovismorbificans

20.1

2

S. Braenderup

20.1

2

S. Brandenburg

10.05

1

S. Coeln

160.8

16

S. Derby

20.1

2

S. Enteritidis

1342

67.1

1342

S. Hadar

10.05

1

S. Heidelberg

20.1

2

S. Infantis

50.2

5

S. Kaapstad

10.05

1

S. Kentucky

20.1

2

S. Kottbus

10.05

1

S. Litchfield

10.05

1

S. Livingstone

20.1

2

S. M

bandaka

10.05

1

S. M

ontevideo

10.05

1

S. Napoli

20.1

2

S. New

port

10.05

1

S. Paratyphi B

130.6

13

S. Saintpaul

10.05

1

S. Schleissheim

20.1

2


Slovenia 2006 8

S. Senftenberg

10.05

1

S. Stanley

40.2

4

S. Stanleyville

50.2

5

S. Thompson

80.4

8

S. Typhi

30.1

3

S. Typhimurium

562.8

56

S. Virchow

10.05

1

S. Species

100.5

10

S. group B

140.7

14

S. group C

20.1

2

S. group D

20.1

2

S. group C2

10.05

1


Slovenia 2006 9


ans Age distribution (Part A

)

S. Abony

S. Agona

S. Anatum

S. Bispebjerg

S. Bovismorbificans

S. Braenderup

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

00

01

10

00

00

0

1 to 4 years

11

20

20

00

00

0

5 to 14 years

31

20

00

00

0

15 to 24 years

21

11

01

00

0

25 to 44 years

00

00

00

11

0

45 to 64 years

00

01

11

10

10

1

65 years and older

11

00

00

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

1 0

1 8

3 5

1 1

0 1

1 0

2 1

1 2

1 1


Slovenia 2006 10


ans Age distribution (Part B

)

S. Brandenburg

S. Coeln

S. Derby

S. Enteritidis

S. Hadar

S. Heidelberg

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

10

10

00

2612

140

00

1 to 4 years

32

11

10

177

9087

10

1

5 to 14 years

11

00

00

328

177

151

00

0

15 to 24 years

32

10

00

188

9296

11

00

0

25 to 44 years

21

11

10

298

151

147

10

1

45 to 64 years

11

64

20

00

199

98101

00

0

65 years and older

00

00

00

126

4779

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

1 1

0 16

10

6 2

2 0

1342

667

675

1 1

0 2

0 2


Slovenia 2006 11


ans Age distribution (Part C

)

S. In

fantis

S. Kaapstad

S. Kentucky

S. Kottbus

S. Litchfield

S. Livingstone

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

11

00

00

11

00

0

1 to 4 years

00

00

00

10

10

00

5 to 14 years

11

00

00

00

0

15 to 24 years

00

00

00

00

0

25 to 44 years

32

11

12

20

10

1

45 to 64 years

00

00

00

00

0

65 years and older

00

00

00

11

0

Age unknown

Total :

5 4

1 1

0 1

2 2

0 1

1 0

1 0

1 2

1 1


Slovenia 2006 12


ans Age distribution (Part D

)

S. M

bandaka

S. M

ontevideo

S. Napoli

S. New

port

S. Paratyphi B

S. Saintpaul

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

00

01

01

1 to 4 years

11

05

32

5 to 14 years

00

03

21

15 to 24 years

11

00

00

00

25 to 44 years

00

01

01

21

1

45 to 64 years

11

00

02

20

11

65 years and older

11

00

00

Age unknown

Total :

1 0

1 1

1 0

2 2

0 1

0 1

13

8 5

1 0

1


Slovenia 2006 13


ans Age distribution (Part E

)

S. Schleissheim

S. Senftenberg

S. Stanley

S. Stanleyville

S. Thompson

S. Typhi

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

00

00

00

10

11

10

00

0

1 to 4 years

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

5 to 14 years

00

00

00

11

01

01

00

0

15 to 24 years

00

00

00

00

01

10

10

1

25 to 44 years

20

22

11

11

04

22

11

0

45 to 64 years

00

00

00

10

11

10

11

0

65 years and older

00

01

12

02

11

00

00

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

2 0

2 1

0 1

4 1

3 5

3 2

8 5

3 3

2 1


Slovenia 2006 14


ans Age distribution (Part F

)

S. Typhimurium

S. Virchow

Salmonella sp

p.S. group B

S. group C

S. group D

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

00

01

01

10

10

00

00

0

1 to 4 years

1411

32

11

52

30

00

00

0

5 to 14 years

96

32

11

10

10

00

11

0

15 to 24 years

76

11

10

11

00

00

00

0

25 to 44 years

106

40

00

20

21

10

00

0

45 to 64 years

51

41

13

21

31

20

00

11

0

65 years and older

113

81

01

11

01

10

00

0

Age unknown

00

0

Total :

56

33

23

1 1

0 10

5 5

14

5 9

2 2

0 2

2 0


Slovenia 2006 15


ans Age distribution (Part G

) S. group C2

Age Distribution

All

MF

<1 year

11

1 to 4 years

5 to 14 years

15 to 24 years

25 to 44 years

45 to 64 years

65 years and older

Age unknown

Total :

1 1

0


Slovenia 2006 16


ans Seasonal distribution (Part A

)

S. Abony

S. Agona

S. Anatum

S. Bispebjerg

S.Bovismorbificans

S. Braenderup

S. Brandenburg

S. Coeln

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

0 2

0 0

0 0

February

0 2

0 0

0 0

March

0 2

0 0

1 0

April

0 0

0 0

0 0

May

0 1

0 1

0 1

June

0 0

0 0

0 3

July

0 1

0 0

0 1

August

1 0

1 1

1 0

4

Septem

ber

0 0

0 1

0 0

2

October

0 0

0 0

0 5

Novem

ber

0 0

0 0

0 0

Decem

ber

0 0

0 0

0 0

not known

Total :

1 8

1 1

2 1

1 16


Slovenia 2006 17


ans Seasonal distribution (Part B

)

S. Derby

S. Enteritidis

S. Hadar

S. Heidelberg

S. In

fantis

S. Kaapstad

S. Kentucky

S. Kottbus

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

35

February

38

March

32

April

50

1

May

215

1 1

June

219

1 1

July

151

1 2

August

201

1

Septem

ber

2 151

1 1

1

October

111

Novem

ber

75

Decem

ber

64

not known

Total :

2 1342

1 2

5 1

2 1


Slovenia 2006 18


ans Seasonal distribution (Part C

)

S. Litchfield

S. Livingstone

S. M

bandaka

S. M

ontevideo

S. Napoli

S. New

port

S. Paratyphi B

S. Saintpaul

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

0 0

February

0 0

March

0 0

April

0 1

0 1

May

1 0

June

0 1

1 0

July

0 1

1

August

0 1

0

Septem

ber

0 4

October

0 1

4

Novem

ber

0 4

Decem

ber

0 0

not known

Total :

1 1

1 1

2 1

13

1


Slovenia 2006 19


ans Seasonal distribution (Part D

)

S. Schleissheim

S. Senftenberg

S. Stanley

S. Stanleyville

S. Thompson

S. Typhi

S. Typhimurium

S. Virchow

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

2 1

February

2

March

1

April

1 2

May

5

June

1 2

July

5 1

5

August

1 1

1 1

9

Septem

ber

2 2

2 10

October

10

Novem

ber

2 7

1

Decem

ber

1 2

not known

Total :

2 1

4 5

8 3

56

1


Slovenia 2006 20


ans Seasonal distribution (Part E

)

Salmonella sp

p.

S. group B

S. group C

S. group D

S. group C2

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

1 0

0 0

February

0 1

0 0

March

1 1

0 0

April

0 1

0 0

May

1 1

0 0

June

0 3

0 1

July

1 3

0 1

August

2 0

0 0

Septem

ber

0 3

1 0

October

1 1

0 0

1

Novem

ber

1 0

0 0

Decem

ber

2 0

1 0

not known

Total :

10

14

2 2

1


Slovenia 2006 21

2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs

A. Salmonella spp. in eggs and egg products

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring eggs at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of table eggs.

Frequency of the sampling

Eggs at egg packing centres (foodstuff based approach)

Sampling distributed evenly throughout the year

Eggs at retail

Sampling takes place during the months January October

Egg products (at production plant and at retail)

Other: none

Type of specimen taken

Eggs at egg packing centres (foodstuff based approach)

Other: /

Eggs at retail

Surface of egg shell


Other: /

Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)

Eggs at retail

A sample a package of 10 eggs is stored in a sterile bag or other sterile container.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of


Slovenia 2006 22

time elapsing from sampling to analysis shall by no means exceed 24 hours. Thetemperature during storage and transport should not exceed + 4 oC.

Definition of positive finding

Eggs at retail

A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.


Eggs at retail

Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002


Other: /

Preventive measures in place

GHP, GHM,HACCP

Measures in case of the positive findings

Necessary enforcement actions were taken.


Whenever zoonotic agentSalmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.


HIRSMonitoring at retailWithin the monitoring programme 100 samples were taken. Two samples were positive on presenceof Salmonella Enteritidis, 1 sample was positive on presence of Salmonella Typhimurium.

B. Salmonella spp. in broiler meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

At slaughterhouse and cutting plant

VARSPoultry meat sampling is carried out in all the registered slaughterhouses and/ orcutting plants. Samples were taken at cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhousesand in all other (low capacity) slaughterhouses.Sampling is carried out by the official veterinarians.


Slovenia 2006 23

At retail

HIRSAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation, CommissionRecommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the official control offoodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh meat per annum.



Other: At cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhouses, 1 randomsample is taken once a week, normally 75% of broiler meat and 25% of turkey meat.At low capacity slaughterhouses, 1 random sample is taken once a month.

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months February October



Fresh meat

At retail

Fresh meat



A meat sample weighing approximately 300g is removed by a sterile instrument, andin poultry, the thoracic section is removed and stored in a sterile bag.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

At retail

A sample weighing minimum 300 g is stored in a sterile bag or other sterile container.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible. The period oftime elapsing from sampling to analysis shall by no means exceed 24 hours. The


Slovenia 2006 24

temperature during storage and transport should not exceed + 4 oC.



Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolatedfrom the sample.

At retail





At retail



GMP, GHP, HACCPAt the moment food business operators introduce the system of additional labelling of poultry meatwhich includes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requested temperature beforeany use.

Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases

HIRSMonitoring at retail:Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions. Since product was nolonger on the market at the time of receiving analytical results of samples taken at the retail level in allcases in house control was required.


VARS Regional Offices must report to VARS Main Office on a monthly basis regarding themonitoring programme implementation and control results.Business operator must notify VARS of the presence of Salmonellae in the establishment.HIRSWhenever zoonotic agentSalmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.


VARSSampling in cutting plants.In 2006, 172 broiler meat samples were taken. Salmonella was not detected in the meat.


Slovenia 2006 25

HIRSMonitoring in retail:Within the monitoring programme 100 samples of prepacked meat were taken. Salmonella was notdetected in any sample.


Situation concerning Salmonella spp. in the fresh meat in production remains favourable also in 2006.

C. Salmonella spp. in turkey meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


VARSPoultry meat sampling is carried out in all the registered slaughterhouses and/ orcutting plants. Samples were taken at cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhousesand in all other (low capacity) slaughterhouses.Sampling is carried out by the official veterinarians.

At retail

/



Other: At cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhouses, 1 randomsample is taken once a week, normally 75% of broiler meat, and 25% of turkey meat.At low capacity poultry slaughterhouses, 1 random sample is taken once a month.

At retail

Other: /



Fresh meat

At retail

Other: /




Slovenia 2006 26

A meat sample weighing approximately 300g is removed by a sterile instrument, andin poultry, the thoracic section is removed and stored in a sterile bag.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

At retail

/



Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolatedfrom the sample.

At retail

/




At retail

Other: /


GMP, GHP, HACCP


/


VARS Regional Offices must report to VARS Main Office on a monthly basis regarding themonitoring programme implementation and control results.Business operator must notify VARS of the presence of Salmonellae in the establishment.


In 2006, 56 turkey meat samples were taken. Salmonella was not detected in the meat.


Situation concerning Salmonella spp. in the fresh meat in production remains favourable also in 2006.On the basis of results obtained in production, the meat of domestic animals does not pose a threat to


Slovenia 2006 27

public health.

D. Salmonella spp. in pig meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


VARSPorcine meat sampling is carried out in all the registered high capacity cutting plants.Sampling of the surface of porcine carcasses at slaughterhouses.

At retail

/



Other: In the bovine and porcine meat cutting plants, 1 meat sample is taken every 2months. Every year, 50 samples of porcine carcass surface are taken atslaughterhouses.

At retail

Other: /



Other: Fresh meat, Carcass surface swab

At retail

Other: /



A meat sample weighing approximately 300g is removed by a sterile instrument, andin poultry, the thoracic section is removed and stored in a sterile bag.A carcass surface sample is taken with one sterile swab from the surface of 3x100 cm2.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

At retail


Slovenia 2006 28

/



Positive sample is a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated from.Isolation of agent in 25g or in the swab taken.

At retail

/




At retail

Other: /


GMP, GHP, HACCP

Control program/ mechanisms

The control program/ strategies in place

Registration and/ or approval of establishments subjected to veterinary controls Identification of animal products and their traceability Veterinary controls in establishments


/


VARS Regional Offices must report to VARS Main Office on a monthly basis regarding themonitoring programme implementation and control results.Business operator must notify VARS f the presence of Salmonellae in the establishment.


Sampling in cutting plants.In 2006, 159 porcine meat samples were taken. Salmonella was not detected in the meat.In 2006, 35 samples of porcine carcass surface were taken. Salmonella was not detected.


Situation concerning Salmonella spp. in the fresh meat in production remains favourable also in 2006.


Slovenia 2006 29

On the basis of results obtained in production, the meat of domestic animals does not pose a threat topublic health.

E. Salmonella spp. in bovine meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


VARSBovine meat sampling is carried out in all the registered high capacity cutting plants. Sampling of the surface of bovine carcasses at slaughterhouses.



Other: In the bovine and porcine meat cutting plants, 1 meat sample is taken every 2months. Every year, 50 samples of bovine carcass surface are taken at slaughterhouses.



Other: Fresh meat, Carcass swab



A meat sample weighing approximately 300g is removed by a sterile instrument, andin poultry, the thoracic section is removed and stored in a sterile bag.A carcass surface sample is taken with one sterile swab from the surface of 3x100 cm2.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.



Positive sample is a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated from.Isolation of agent in 25g or in the swab taken.





Slovenia 2006 30


GMP, GHP, HACCP




Sampling in cutting plants.In 2006, 155 bovine meat samples were taken. Salmonella was not detected in the meat.In 2006, 44 samples of bovine carcass surface were taken. Salmonella was not detected.


Situation concerning Salmonella spp. in the fresh meat in production remains favourable also in 2005.On the basis of results obtained in production, the meat of domestic animals does not pose a threat topublic health.

F. Salmonella spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRS Monitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation, legilsative criteria.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.They were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Eggs: 100 samples/ year;Minced meat (from bovine animals and/ or bigs): 100 samples/ year;Meat from broilers(meat preparation): 100 samples/ year;Molluschan shellfish: 30 samples/ year;Sprouted seeds: 30 samples/ year;Infant formula (dried): 30 samples/ year;Spices and herbs: 30 samples/ year;Fruits: 40 samples/ year;Vegetables: 80 samples/ year;Confectionary products and pastries: 250 samples/ year;Other processed foods products and prepared dishes (deli dishes, pates, sandwiches, etc.): 560 samples/ year;Milk and dairy products: 240 samples/ year;


Slovenia 2006 31

Other food of non animal origin: 30 samples/ year


Sampling takes place during the months January December.


A sample weighing 300400 g is removed by sterile instrument and stored in a sterile bag orother sterile container in a case the sample is not prepacked. In case of prepacked food,sufficient number of units is taken. Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortesttime possible. The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysis shall by no means exceed24 hours. The temperature during storage and transport should not exceed + 4 oC.




Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002; Cor.2004


GMP, GHP, HACCP


Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions, including sending toRASFF where necessary.




HIRSMonitoring at retailIn 2006 among all 1620 samples taken at restaurants, retail and catering Salmonella was detected in 8samples (5 samples of minced meat (n=100) and 3 samples of eggs (n= 100)). Out of all 1620 samples taken, 0,5 % were positive on presence of Salmonella spp..


Situation concerning Salmonella spp. in food in retail is favourable.

G. Salmonella spp. in food Meat from bovine animals and pig

Monitoring system


Slovenia 2006 32

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of minced meat (pig and/ or bovine) per annum.


Sampling takes place during the months from February to October.


A sample of prepacked minced meat weighing 300400 g is stored in cooled container. Samplesmust be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of time elapsingfrom sampling to analysis shall by no means exceed 24 hours. The temperature during storageand transport should not exceed + 4 oC.




Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002; Cor. 2004


GMP, GHM, HACCP


Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.




HIRSMonitoring at retailIn 2006 out of 100 samples of minced meat taken, 5 samples were positive on presence of Salmonellaspp. (3 samples were positive on presence of Salmonella Typhimurium, 1 sample was positive onpresence of Salmonella Saintpaul and 1 was detected only as Salmonella spp.)


Slovenia 2006 33

Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof

Source of information

Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Salmonella sp

p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

fresh (1) at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 25g 172 0

meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked(2)

HIRS single 25g 100 0

Meat from turkey fresh at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling


(1) : (2) : prepacked


Slovenia 2006 34

Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Cheeses made from cows' milk soft and semisoft HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0

Dairy products (excludingcheeses)

icecream HIRS single 25g 200 0 0 0 0

sour milk HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 35

Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

S. Saintpaul

Meat from pig fresh (1) at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling


carcass at slaughterhouse Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single swab 35 0

Meat from bovine animals fresh (2) at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling


carcass at slaughterhouse Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single swab 44 0

Meat, red meat (meat frombovines, pigs, goats, sheep,horses, donkeys, bison andwater buffalos)

minced meat at retail Monitoring HIRS single 25g 100 5 0 3 1 1

(1) : (2) :


Slovenia 2006 36

Table Salmonella in other food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Eggs table eggs at retail HIRS single egg shell 100 3 2 1

Molluscan shellfish cooked HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0

raw HIRS single 25g 20 0 0 0 0

Sprouted seeds nonreadytoeat HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0

Infant formula dried intended for infants below 6months

HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0

Spices and herbs dried at retail HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0

Other processed food productsand prepared dishes


Fruits nonprecut frozen HIRS single 25g 20 0 0 0 0

precut HIRS single 25g 20 0 0 0 0

Vegetables nonprecut HIRS single 25g 80 0 0 0 0

Confectionery products andpastes


Other food of nonanimalorigin

(powdered food exceptpowdered milk)



Slovenia 2006 37

2.1.4. Salmonella in animals

A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for egg production and flocksof laying hens

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)

VARSSampling shall be carried out in all breeding flocks including at least 250 birds.Animal owner or holder of activity of the hatchery shall at his own expense takesamples for analysis in order to detect the presence of Salmonella. Sampling shall becarried out at poultry breeding holdings or in hatcheries. Every eight weeks thesampling carried out by the holder of activity in the adult breeding flocks shall besubstituted by the official sampling, carried out by the official veterinarians.

Laying hens flocks

VARSSampling shall be carried out in all the flocks at holdings keeping laying hens, whichinclude more than 350 birds. Animal owner or holder of activity of the holding keepinglaying hens, shall at his own expence take samples for analysis in order to detect thepresence of Salmonella.


Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Dayold chicks

Every flock is sampled

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period

Other: At four weeks of age and two weeks prior to entering the laying phase.

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period

Every two weeks

Laying hens: Dayold chicks


Laying hens: Rearing period


Slovenia 2006 38

Other: Two weeks prior to entering the laying phase.

Laying hens: Production period

Every fifteen weeks



Other: Internal linings of delivery boxes and dead chicks.


Other: Pooled faeces samples.


Other: Pooled faeces samples or pooled meconium samples or samples of dead chicks.






Other: Pooled faeces samples



Sampling of the internal linings of the boxes in which the chicks have been deliveredto the holding, and of the carcasses of the chicks found dead on arrival.


Pooled faeces samples made up of separate samples of fresh faeces each weighing notless than 1g taken at random from a number of sites in the building in which the birdsare kept, or, where the birds have free access to more than one building on a particularholding, from each group of buildings on the holding in which the birds are kept.

Breeding flocks: Production period


Slovenia 2006 39

In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC.







Case definition


Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identified in theconfirmatory sample of the official sampling.











Slovenia 2006 40




Other: Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004; Modified ISO 6579: 2002 (Recommendation by the CRL)


Other: Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004 ; Modified ISO 6579: 2002 (Recommendation by the CRL)









Vaccination policy

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary)

Vaccination of breeding flocks is voluntary.

Other preventive measures than vaccination in place


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene in


Slovenia 2006 41

primary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.

Laying hens flocks

Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.




National control programme in 2006 has been carried out in accordance with thenational legislation, on the basis of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses andzoonotic agents in poultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC), and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppressionof salmonellosis. The control mechanisms envisages inter alia as follows: Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collectioncentres and dealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified flocks Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming fromholdings with an unverified or suspect epizootiological situation.

Laying hens flocks

National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation,on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of salmonellosis. The control mechanisms envisages inter alia as follows: Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collectioncentres and dealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified flocks Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming fromholdings with an unverified or suspect epizootiological situation



The following measures shall be instituted in the suspect holding immediately after the business


Slovenia 2006 42

operator has reported the presence of Salmonella: Banning the movements and alienation of animals from the suspect flock; Banning the issuing of health certificates for animals from the suspect flock; Banning the trade in and circulation of eggs from the suspect flock; Banning the hatching of eggs from the suspect flock; Banning the slaughter of animals from the suspect flock; In case of larger flocks, restricting the movements of persons coming into contact withanimals from the suspect flock; Testing of animal feed kept at the holding for the presence of Salmonellae; Epizootiological investigation.Measures instituted shall remain in force until the presence of serovars Salmonella Enteritidis,Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Infantis hasofficially been ruled out on the basis of confirmatory analysis results.On having confirmed the presence of serovars Salmonella Enteritidis, SalmonellaTyphimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Infantis, the businessoperator shall, based on the internal monitoring and control plan, provide for theimplementation of the following measures:1. no bird from the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, shall be moved from theholding, unless for slaughter to the slaughterhouse or for killing and destruction under officialveterinary control, where: slaughter shall be carried out at the slaughterhouse as the last batch in the slaughtering processof that particular production day, by a method minimising the possibility of spreadingSalmonella, and in accordance with the food hygiene law; products obtained from such poultry may be placed on the market or put into circulation ifthey have been subjected to processing guaranteeing the elimination of Salmonella, or theyshall be removed and used in accordance with the regulations governing the handling of animalbyproducts; the entire procedure shall be carried out under the control of official veterinarian; killing and destruction shall be carried out in accordance with the regulations governing thehandling of animal byproducts;2. eggs laid by hens from positive flock shall be: delivered under official veterinary control to an approved establishment for the productionand/ or processing of egg products, where they shall be subjected to processing guaranteeingthe elimination of Salmonella. Eggs to be delivered to an establishment for the production and/ or processing of egg products shall be wrapped and packaged prior to shipment in a waypreventing the removal of individual eggs from the package. Packages must be identified by anote: PRODUCT FROM A POSITIVE FLOCK – COMPULSORY PRESCRIBEDPROCESSING; or destroyed on the spot, or processed in accordance with the regulations governing the handlingof animal byproducts; 3. all eggs from positive flocks that are nonincubated at the hatchery shall be destroyed orprocessed in accordance with the regulations governing the handling of animal byproducts;4. killing and destruction of dayold chicks from the positive flock;5. on removal and/ or dispatch of the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, the manureand bedding shall be removed in accordance with the regulations governing the handling ofanimal byproducts, followed by thorough cleaning and disinfection;6. prior to repopulation, bacteriological control of the efficiency of cleaning and disinfectionshall be carried out, with negative results.


Slovenia 2006 43

Laying hens flocks

The following measures shall be instituted in the suspect holding immediately after the businessoperator has reported the presence of Salmonella: Banning the movements and alienation of animals from the suspect flock; Banning the issuing of health certificates for animals from the suspect flock; Banning the trade in and circulation of eggs from the suspect flock; Banning the slaughter of animals from the suspect flock; In case of larger flocks, restricting the movements of persons coming into contact withanimals from the suspect flock; Testing of animal feed kept at the holding for the presence of Salmonellae; Epizootiological investigation.Measures instituted shall remain in force until the presence of serovars Salmonella Enteritidis,Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Infantis hasofficially been ruled out on the basis of confirmatory analysis results.On having confirmed the presence of serovars Salmonella Enteritidis, SalmonellaTyphimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Infantis, the businessoperator shall, based on the internal monitoring and control plan, provide for theimplementation of the following measures:1. no bird from the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, shall be moved from theholding, unless for slaughter to the slaughterhouse or for killing and destruction under officialveterinary control, where: slaughter shall be carried out at the slaughterhouse as the last batch in the slaughtering processof that particular production day, by a method minimising the possibility of spreadingSalmonella, and in accordance with the food hygiene law; products obtained from such poultry may be placed on the market or put into circulation ifthey have been subjected to processing guaranteeing the elimination of Salmonella, or theyshall be removed and used in accordance with the regulations governing the handling of animalbyproducts; the entire procedure shall be carried out under the control of official veterinarian; killing and destruction shall be carried out in accordance with the regulations governing thehandling of animal byproducts;2. eggs laid by hens from positive flock shall be: delivered under official veterinary control to an approved establishment for the productionand/ or processing of egg products, where they shall be subjected to processing guaranteeingthe elimination of Salmonella. Eggs to be delivered to an establishment for the production and/ or processing of egg products shall be wrapped and packaged prior to shipment in a waypreventing the removal of individual eggs from the package. Packages must be identified by anote: PRODUCT FROM A POSITIVE FLOCK – COMPULSORY PRESCRIBEDPROCESSING; or destroyed on the spot, or processed in accordance with the regulations governing the handlingof animal byproducts; 5. on removal and/ or dispatch of the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, the manureand bedding shall be removed in accordance with the regulations governing the handling ofanimal byproducts, followed by thorough cleaning and disinfection;6. prior to repopulation, bacteriological control of the efficiency of cleaning and disinfectionshall be carried out, with negative results.



Slovenia 2006 44

Breeding flock: In case that by monitoring the presence of Salmonella in a breeding flock is detected,the holder of the flock must officially notify VARS of the results. The laboratory must submit thediagnostic test results to the Main Office of VARS. This method of reporting must be carried out inaccordance with the provisions of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inpoultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC) since 2004, and prior to thatdate, the method of reporting diseases was used as prescribed in the Rules on contagious animaldiseases. Laying hens: In case that by monitoring the presence of Salmonella in a laying flock is detected, theholder of the flock must officially notify VARS of the results. The laboratory must submit thediagnostic test results to the Main Office of VARS.In case of presence of salmonellosis, or signs by which it may be suspected that an animal has becomesick with or died of Salmonella infection, the animal keeper shall immediately notify thereof theveterinary organisation, and the latter shall notify thereof the relevant VARS Regional Office.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagiousanimal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.


BREEDING FLOCKS – animals intended for the production of hatching eggsIn 2006, 6 laying hen parent flocks were tested – on the hatching egg line, and thereof, 1 grandparentflocks and 5 parent flocks. Salmonella was not detected. LAYING HEN FLOCKS animals intended for the production of table eggsIn 2006, 205 flocks were tested, and thereof, 40 flocks during rearing period and 165 adult flocks atproduction stage. Salmonella was not identified in flocks during rearing period whilst there were 3positive flocks at production stage, which amounts to 1.6 % of all flocks tested.


BREEDING FLOCKS – animals intended for the production of hatching eggsPresent situation in parent flocks intended for production of table eggs is rather favourable, as in 2006,Salmonella was not detected in any flock, while in 2005, two flocks were found positive during theproduction phase, and S. Enteritidis was isolated in both the cases.LAYING HEN FLOCKS animals intended for the production of table eggsSituation in the laying hen flocks has been more favourable this year as well. One flock of laying hensin rearing period and 7 flocks of laying hens in production period were found positive in 2005, and in2006, only 3 flocks of laying hens in production period were found positive. Salmonella prevalence inflocks of laying hens thus decreased from 6,2 % in 2005 to 1,46 % in 2006.


Business operator of breeding flocks for egg production may decide for flock treatment on the basis ofan antibiogram. If serovars Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium are detected in the breeding flocksbefore the onset of the laying phase, the business operator may decide for flock treatment on the basis


Slovenia 2006 45

of an antibiogram. Flock treatment may be carried out also in case of presence of Salmonella Hadar,Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Infantis, irrespective of the age of the flock. In case of flock treatment, the business operator shall, based on the internal monitoring and controlplan, provide for the implementation of the following measures: no bird from the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, shall be moved from the holding; transferring of the flock under treatment to a cleaned and disinfected facility within the holding; incase that the business operator has no spare facilities for such transferring of the flock, he shall carryout measures for sanitising the premises and ensuring the conditions of hygiene in the premises.Samples from the environment in the premises shall be taken for Salmonella testing; eggs intended for hatching shall be disinfected by a bactericidal gas immediately upon collection; specific and customised treatment – cleaning and disinfection of premises, installations, packagingmaterial in the hatchery; intensified microbiological controls in the hatchery swabbing; specific and customised disinfection of eggs in the hatchery, in the disinfection room, and of eggsduring incubation; hatched poultry shall, as long as still damp in the incubator, be sanitised by a bactericidal gas; unhatched eggs, hatched deformed poultry and other animal byproducts must be removed inaccordance with the regulations governing animal byproducts; specific and customised cleaning and disinfection of the means of transport intended for carryingeggs and poultry; on completion of treatment, sampling of fresh faeces and/ or animals; first sampling shall take placeon day 5 after completion of treatment, or on expiry of the withdrawal period if exceeding five days;second sampling shall take place on completion of treatment, or on expiry of a double withdrawalperiod if exceeding five days.Measures instituted may be lifted in case of negative results of bacteriological tests of the first andsecond sampling.

B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for meat production andbroiler flocks

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


VARSSampling shall be carried out in all breeding flocks including at least 250 birds.Animal owner or holder of activity of the hatchery shall at his own expense takesamples for analysis in order to detect the presence of Salmonella. Sampling shall becarried out at poultry breeding holdings or in hatcheries. Every eight weeks thesampling carried out by the holder of activity in the adult breeding flocks shall besubstituted by the official sampling, carried out by the official veterinarians.

Broiler flocks

VARS


Slovenia 2006 46

Sampling shall be carried out in all the holdings rearing poultry for production –broilers. Animal owner or holder of activity of the holding keeping broilers, shall at hisown expence take samples for analysis in order to detect the presence of Salmonella.





Other: At four weeks of age and two weeks prior to entering the laying phase.


Every two weeks

Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm

one to three weeks prior to slaughter









Other: Pooled faeces sample and boot swabs.





Slovenia 2006 47



Breeding flocks: Production period



Pooled faeces samples made up of separate samples of fresh faeces each weighing notless than 1g taken at random from a number of sites (depending on number of birds inthe building) in the building in which the birds are kept, or, where the birds have freeaccess to more than one building on a particular holding, from each group of buildingson the holding in which the birds are kept.

Case definition







Broiler flocks: Dayold chicks

Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identified in thesampling.


Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identified in thesampling.


Slovenia 2006 48










Vaccination policy


Vaccination of breeding flocks is voluntary.


Broiler flocks

Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.




National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation,on the basis of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in poultrybreeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC), and the Instructions on


Slovenia 2006 49

measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of salmonellosis. The control mechanisms envisages inter alia as follows: Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collectioncentres and dealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified flocks Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming fromholdings with an unverified or suspect epizootiological situation.

Broiler flocks

National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation,on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of salmonellosis. The control mechanisms envisages inter alia as follows: Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collectioncentres and dealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified flocks Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming fromholdings with an unverified or suspect epizootiological situation.


Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary):Dayold chicks

See Breeding flocks for egg production.

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary):Rearing period


Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary):Production period



On having identified the presence of serovars Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium,the business operator shall, based on the internal monitoring and control plan, provide for theimplementation of the following measures:1. no bird from the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, shall be moved from theholding, unless for slaughter to the slaughterhouse or for killing and destruction under officialveterinary control, where: slaughter shall be carried out at the slaughterhouse as the last batch in the slaughtering process


Slovenia 2006 50

of that particular production day, by a method minimising the possibility of spreadingSalmonella, and in accordance with the food hygiene law; products obtained from such poultry may be placed on the market or put into circulation ifthey have been subjected to processing guaranteeing the elimination of Salmonella, or theyshall be removed and used in accordance with the regulations governing the handling of animalbyproducts; the entire procedure shall be carried out under the control of official veterinarian;2. on removal and/ or dispatch of the flock, in which Salmonella has been detected, the manureand bedding shall be removed in accordance with the regulations governing the handling ofanimal byproducts, followed by thorough cleaning and disinfection;3. prior to repopulation, bacteriological control of the efficiency of cleaning and disinfectionshall be carried out, with negative results.


Breeding flocks: In case that by monitoring the presence of Salmonella in a breeding flock is detected,the holder of the flock must officially notify VARS of the results. The laboratory must submit thediagnostic test results to the Main Office of VARS. This method of reporting must be carried out inaccordance with the provisions of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inpoultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC) since 2004, and prior to thatdate, the method of reporting diseases was used as prescribed in the Rules on contagious animaldiseases. Broiler flocks: The certificate on the state of health of broilers dispatched for slaughter shall, in caseof positive flocks, include a note “Salmonellae identified in the flock” and an indication of theappropriate serovar.In case of presence of salmonellosis, or signs by which it may be suspected that an animal has becomesick with or died of Salmonella infection, the animal keeper shall immediately notify thereof theveterinary organisation, and the latter shall notify thereof the relevant VARS Regional Office. The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagiousanimal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.


BREEDING FLOCKS – animals intended for the production of hatching eggsIn 2006, 60 laying hen parent flocks were tested – on the meat line, and thereof, 1 grandparent flockand 59 parent flocks. Salmonella was not identified.BROILERS (chicks for fattening) animals intended for meat productionIn 2006, Salmonella was detected in 9 flocks of 1.748 flocks during rearing period tested, amountingto 0.51 %. In six flocks the presence of S. enteritidis was confirmed, in two flocks S. Kisii and in oneflock S.Tennessee.


BREEDING FLOCKS animals intended for the production of hatching eggsPresent situation in parent flocks intended for meat production is rather favourable, as in 2006,


Slovenia 2006 51

Salmonella was not detected in any flock, while in 2005, one adult flock was found positive duringthe production phase, and S. Enteritidis was isolated.BROILERS animals intended for meat productionThe situation in broiler flocks did not vary significantly in 2006 as compared to 2005. Percentage ofall positive flocks in 2006 is a bit lower (0,51), but the percentage of flocks in which S. Enteritidiswas detected (0,34) remains rather similar to that of 2005.

C. Salmonella spp. in pigs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding herds

VARSDisease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/ or detection of salmonellosis inother animals in the same holding.

Multiplying herds

See Fattening herds

Fattening herds

VARSSampling is carried out continually throughout the year at all the registered porcineslaughter establishments, taking into account sample distribution with regard to rearingestablishments. Sampled are animals raised in the Republic of Slovenia only.A slaughter animal constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by the slaughterhouse official veterinarians.Also see Breeding heards


Fattening herds at slaughterhouse (herd based approach)

Other: At slaughter establishments, 1 animal – 1 sample is sampled every month



Other: 1 sample – 5 or more lymph nodes from the ileocaecal region


Breeding herds

Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ or detectionof salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorised veterinaryorganisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses, rectal swabs of


Slovenia 2006 52

suspect animals, samples of litter and feed.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds

Fattening herds at farm

See Breeding herds


Lymph nodes sampled are removed by a sterile instrument and stored in a sterile bag.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

Case definition

Breeding herds

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinical signs and/ orpositive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall be considered that the diseasehas been ruled out.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds


See Breeding herds


Positive animal means an animal, where a positive sample has been taken from. Positive samplemeans a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated from.


Breeding herds

Other: Bacteriological method: Method according to the OIE Manual, 5th ed., 2004, for lymphnodes the method recomended by CRLSalmonella.

Multiplying herds

Other: Bacteriological method: Method according to the OIE Manual, 5th ed., 2004, for lymphnodes the method recomended by CRLSalmonella.


Other: Bacteriological method: Method according to the OIE Manual, 5th ed., 2004, for lymph


Slovenia 2006 53

nodes the method recomended by CRLSalmonella.


Other: Bacteriological method: ISO 6579: 2002, for lymph nodes the method recomended byCRLSalmonella.


Breeding herds

Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases. In accordance withlegislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene in primary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds

Fattening herds

See Breeding herds



Breeding herds

National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation,on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection,prevention andsuppression of salmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by takingsamples for the diagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, and institutingappropriate measures immediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at thesuspect holding. Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has notofficially been ruled out. Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding. Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collectioncentres and dealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registrated animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming fromholdings with an unverified or suspect epizootiological situation.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds


Slovenia 2006 54

Fattening herds

See Breeding herds


On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holding inaddition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease: disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed; treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on the basisof antibiogram; DDD measures; other measures for sanitising the infected holding


Official notification of monitoring results.In case of presence of salmonellosis, or signs by which it may be suspected that an animal has becomesick with or died of Salmonella infection, the animal keeper shall immediately notify thereof theveterinary organisation, and the latter shall notify thereof the relevant VARS Regional Office,submitting also monthly reports on the developments concerning the disease.


In 2006, samples of ileocaecal lymph nodes of 224 porcine animals were taken. Salmonella wasdetected in 5 samples (2,23%), where S. typhimurium was identified three times and S. Enteritidis andS.spp. once.


As compared to 2005 (5,37 % of positives), the number of positive cases in 2006 decreased by morethan one half (2,23 % positives), and thus we find the situation concerning Salmonella in porcineanimals rather favourable.

D. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSSampling is carried out continually throughout the year at all the registered bovine slaughterestablishments, taking into account sample distribution with regard to rearing establishments.Sampled are animals raised in the Republic of Slovenia only.A slaughter animal constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by the slaughterhouse official veterinarians.Pasive monitoring in calvesDisease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/ or detection of salmonellosis in otheranimals in the same holding.


Slovenia 2006 55


Animals at slaughter (herd based approach)

Other: At slaughter establishments, 1 animal – 1 sample is sampled every month.



Faeces


Animals at farm

Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ or detectionof salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorised veterinaryorganisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses, rectal swabs ofsuspect animals, samples of litter and feed.


Faeces are sampled prior to slaughter, and after slaughter, following the evisceration,the intestinal wall is aseptically opened and the intestinal content removed from theintestines and stored in a sterile plastic bag.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

Case definition

Animals at farm

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinical signsand/ or positive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall be consideredthat the disease has been ruled out.


Positive animal means an animal, where a positive sample has been taken from.Positive sample means a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated from.



Bacteriological method: Modified by ISO 6579: 2002


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into direct contact


Slovenia 2006 56

with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thorough knowledge incontagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man, and in the regulationsgoverning the protection against contagious diseases. In accordance with legislation, the businessoperator shall provide for conditions of hygiene in primary production GAP, GHP, and recordkeeping.



National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, on thebasis of the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppression ofsalmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by taking samples for thediagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, and instituting appropriate measuresimmediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at the suspect holding. Measures shall beinstituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officially been ruled out. Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding. Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registrated animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation.


Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases:On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holding inaddition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease: disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed; treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on the basisof antibiogram; DDD measures; other measures for sanitising the infected holding


Official notification of monitoring results.In case of presence of salmonellosis, or signs by which it may be suspected that an animal has becomesick with or died of Salmonella infection, the animal keeper shall immediately notify thereof theveterinary organisation, and the latter shall notify thereof the relevant VARS Regional Office,submitting also monthly reports on the developments concerning the disease.


In 2006, 236 faeces samples were taken. Salmonella was detected in three samples (1,27%), whereonce S.Infantis, once S.Brancaster and once S.Kottbus were identified.


Slovenia 2006 57

Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus


Sampling unit

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Gallus gallus (fowl) grandparent breeding flocksfor egg production line (1)

VARS flock 1 0

parent breeding flocks for eggproduction line

during rearing period VARS flock 2 0

during production period VARS flock 3 0

grandparent breeding flocksfor meat production line (2)

VARS flock 1 0

parent breeding flocks formeat production line

dayold chicks VARS flock 11 0

during rearing period VARS flock 20 0

during production period VARS flock 28 0

(1) : during production period(2) : during production period


Slovenia 2006 58

Table Salmonella in other poultry


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Salmonella spp.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella spp., unspecified

S. Tennessee

S. Kisii

S. Havana

S. Infantis

S. Heidelberg

Gallus gallus (fowl)

laying hens

during rearing period

VARS

flock

400

during production period

VARS

flock

165

31

01

00

10

0

broilers

dayold chicks

VARS

flock

520


VARS

flock

1748

96

00

12

00

0

Turkeys

meat production flocks

dayold chicks

VARS

flock

122

00

00

00

11


VARS

flock

802

00

00

00

20


Slovenia 2006 59

Table Salmonella in other birds


Sampling unit

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Pigeons single

Ostriches single


Slovenia 2006 60

Table Salmonella in other animals


Sampling unit

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

S. Brancaster

S. In

fantis

S. Kottbus

Cattle (bovine animals) at slaughterhouse animalsample faeces Monitoring official sampling

VARS animal 236 3 0 0 0 1 1 1

Pigs fattening pigs at slaughterhouse animalsample lymph nodes Monitoring officialsampling

VARS animal 224 5 1 3 1 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 61

2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs

A. Salmonella spp. in feed


VARSIn Slovenia feed was surveilled for the presence of Salmonella for decades. The prevalence was ratherlow and the isolated strains were generally the most susceptible to antimicrobials of all the strainstested. Many serovars were isolated only from feed and were not found later in the chain:feedanimalfood.


The recent situation reflects the efforts of controling Salmonella in feed and is considered good.


Of 4 strains isolated from feed, belonging to 4 different serovars (S. Enteritidis, S. Schwarzengrund,S. Havana and S. Worthington), only S. Enteritidis and S. Schwarzengrund were tested forantimicrobial resistance and in S. Enteritidis resistance to Streptomycin was detected.(Subjected to antimicrobial resistant testing were strains isolated from all samples tested in theNational veterinary institute laboratory).


FeedinstuffsMonitoring system: sampling strategy: target sampling (in accordance with the Programme of feed control in 2006) frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin, imported feed materialof plant and animal origin, process control of feed in trade preventative measures: own controls by holders of activity (HACCP) control programme: Program of feed control in 2006, in accordance with Article 7(2) and Article78(4) of the Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act (VCCA; UL RS 93/ 05), and Article 33(a) of AnimalFeed Act (UL RS 97/ 04), and Articles 41, 43 and 45(2a) of the Regulation(EC)No.882/ 2004(OJ L165/ 04) measures in case of positive findings: in accordance with Article 4(2) and Article 8(5) of the Ruleson feed safety criteria (UL RS 101/ 06) notification system in place: RASFF system and mutual notification between the competentauthorities in the sector of food safety, in accordance with Decree coordinating the operation ofministries and agencies within them that are competent for food safety at inclusion into the riskanalysis process (UL RS 56/ 03).


Feedinstuffs frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin (80 samples), importedfeed material of plant and animal origin (10 samples), process control in feed mills (120 samples),


Slovenia 2006 62

controls of feed in trade (140 samples) description of sampling techniques: in accordance with the Rules of the official methods of samplingfor the monitoring and inspection and control of animal feed, additives and premixes (UL RS 41/ 03) definition of positive finding: analysis result (1 = positive, 0 = negative) analytical methods used: ISO/ FDIS 6579:2002 SOP 221


Slovenia 2006 63

Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Feed material of land animalorigin

dairy products VARS batch 25g 3 0

Feed material of marineanimal origin

fish meal VARS batch 25g 3 0


Slovenia 2006 64

Table Salmonella in other feed matter


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Typhimurium

S. Enteritidis

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

Feed material of cereal grainorigin

other cereal grain derived VARS batch 25g 4 0

Feed material of oil seed orfruit origin

sunflower seed derived VARS batch 25g 2 0

other oil seeds derived VARS batch 25g 17 0

Other feed material tubers, roots and similarproducts

VARS batch 25g 4 0

other seeds and fruits VARS batch 25g 4 0


Slovenia 2006 65

Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


p.

S. Typhimurium

S. Enteritidis

Salmonella sp

p., unspecified

S. Havana

S. W

orthington

Compound feedingstuffs forcattle

final product VARS batch 25g 61 1 0 0 0 1

Compound feedingstuffs forpigs

final product VARS batch 25g 83 0

Compound feedingstuffs forpoultry (non specified)

final product VARS batch 25g 104 1 0 0 0 1

Pet food dog snacks (pig ears, chewingbones)

VARS batch 25g 2 0

Compound feedingstuffs forfish

VARS batch 25g 4 0

Compound feedingstuffs forrabbits

VARS batch 25g 7 0

Compound feedingstuffs, notspecified

VARS batch 25g 18 0


Slovenia 2006 66

2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution

The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters aboverespectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can beused to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars andphagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species inquestion serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potentialsources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution.


Slovenia 2006 67

Table Salmonella serovars in animals

Serovars

Cattle (bovine animals)

Pigs

Gallus gallus (fowl)

Other poultry

Pigeons

Mice

Reptiles

Turkeys

Ostriches

Swans

Snakes

Moose

Sources of isolates (*)

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num

ber of isolates in the laboratory

N=

Num

ber of isolates serotyped

N=

31

51

413

00

10

10

11

10

01

01

04

03

Num

ber of isolates per type

S. Agona

1

S. Amsterdam

1

S. Brancaster

1

S. Coeln

1

S. Derby

3

S. Enteritidis

119

11

11

S. Gabon

1

S. Havana

1

S. Heidelberg

3

S. Infantis

11

5

S. Kedougou

1

S. Kisii

1

S. Kottbus

1

S. M

enden

1

S. New

port

1

S. Ohio

1

S. Oranienburg

1


Slovenia 2006 68

S. Paratyphi B

11

S. Stanleyville

13

S. Tennessee

1

S. Typhimurium

31

S. Virchow

1

S. W

orthington

1

Salmonella sp

p.

1

S. group O:7

11

S. enterica subsp. houtenae

1

S. enterica subsp. salamae

1

Footnote

(*) M

: Monitoring, C : Clinical


Slovenia 2006 69

Table Salmonella serovars in food

Serovars

Meat from bovine animals

Meat from pig

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)

Other poultry

Other products of animal origin

Meat from bovine animals and pig

Meat from turkey

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) offal

Meat from turkey offal

Meat from pig offal

Sources of isolates (*)

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

Num

ber of isolates in the laboratory

N=

Num

ber of isolates serotyped

N=

10

10

110

00

00

100

50

10

30

10

Num

ber of isolates per type

S. Anatum

1

S. Derby

13

S. Enteritidis

31

1

S. Fyris

1

S. Goldcoast

1

S. Infantis

61

S. M

uenchen

2

S. Saintpaul

1

S. Stanleyville

1

S. Typhimurium

11

11

13

1

Salmonella sp

p.

1


Slovenia 2006 70

Footnote

(*) M

: Monitoring, C : Clinical


Slovenia 2006 71

2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in the presence of a givenconcentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit the microorganism species in question.Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferred from animals or foodstuffs to humans.

A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle

Sampling strategy used in monitoring


Subjected to test are isolates obtained within the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agentsand from all other samples tested within National Veterinary Institute. At least one isolate fromeach epidemiological unit.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine animals.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine animals.

Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing

At least one isolate from each epidemiological unit.

Methods used for collecting data

Report of results obtained within the monitoring are reported to the VARS Main Office.

Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates

See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine animals.Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).

Laboratory used for detection for resistance

Antimicrobials included in monitoring

Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulanic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim,ceftriofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacin, flumequineSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline


Slovenia 2006 72

Breakpoints used in testing

According to CLSI (former NCCLS)



Introduced monitoring.


NRLSalmonella reports to VARS at least once a year.


Of 4 Salmonella isolates S.Infantis was resistant to Streptomycin, S.Paratyphi B and S.Kottbus werefully sensitive and S.Brancaster was not tested.


In the year 2006 the situation is considered to be good.

Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (as asource of infection)

The spread of multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains indicates that cattle might become a source ofsuch strains for humans, too.

B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs





See the monitoring for Salmonella in pigs.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in pigs.





Slovenia 2006 73

Report of results obtained within the monitoring in processing plants, are reported to the VARSMain Office.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in pigs.Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).



Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulanic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim, ceftiofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacin, flumequineSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfametoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline


According to CLSI (former NCCLS).







One strain of S.Enteritidis and one of S.Infantis were fully susceptible. One strain of group C1 wasresistant to 1 antimicrobial. Of 5 strains of S.Typhimurium 3 were resistant to 6 antimicrobials and 2to 5 antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin.


Since multiresistant strains of S. Typhimurium were found in pig limph nodes, its spread in pigpopulation should be considered as a potential danger for its spread to humans, too.


A possible spread of multiresistant S. Typhimurium should be considered and adequate measuresshould be taken to minimise this threat.


Slovenia 2006 74

C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry





See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry.






See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry.Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).



Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulonic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim, ceftiofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacinSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline


According to CLSI (former NCCLS)




Slovenia 2006 75





Of 17 strains of S.Enteritidis and 3 strains of S.Derby all were fully susceptible. Two strains ofS.Infantis and one strain of S.Virchow were resistant to 4 antimicrobials.


The situation seems to be good. Poultry is not considered to be an important source of multiresistantSalmonella strains for humans.Thus its importance increases with multiresistant strains and the prevalence found in two baselinestudies.


Although poultry is considered to be a major source of Salmonella for humans, it is not considered tobe the major source of multiresistant strains, too. The most prevalent serovar is S. Enteritidis, which ismuch fully susceptible at the time.

D. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from cattle





See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine meat at procesing plants.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine meat at procesing plants.




Report of results obtained within the monitoring in procesing plants are reported to the VARSMain Office.


Slovenia 2006 76


See the monitoring for Salmonella in bovine meat at procesing plants. Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).



Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulanic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim, ceftiofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacin, flumequineSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline









Of 11 strains isolated, belonging to 8 serovars, 9 were tested and 2 strains of S.Derby were resistant to4 antimicrobials and 1 strain to 6 antimicrobials. 5 strains were fully susceptible and one untypedstrain was resistant to streptomycin.


Till 2005 cattle was not considered to be a major source of multiresistant strains of Salmonella, butthe finding of multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains in 2005 and S.Derby in 2006 indicates that thedanger should not be neglected.


The finding of multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains indicates that the danger of its spread to humansshould not be neglected and the adequate measures should be taken to prevent it as much as possible.

E. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from pigs


Slovenia 2006 77



Subjected to test are isolates obtained within the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents.See the monitoring for Salmonella in pig meat at processing plantsLikewise the isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, atleast one isolate from each epidemiological unit.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in pig meat at processing plants


See the monitoring for Salmonella in pig meat at processing plants






See the monitoring for Salmonella in pig meat at processing plants.Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).



Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulanic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim, ceftiofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacinSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline






Slovenia 2006 78





Of the 5 strains, 2 S.Muenchen and 1 S.Typhimurium were fully susceptible, while 1 strain ofS.Typhimurium was resistant to 5 and the other to 6 antimicrobials.


The findings indicate the spread of multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains, so the adequate measuresshould be taken to minimize the risk of its spread to humans.


The spread of multiresistant Salmonella strains in pigs should be considered as a potential risk forhumans.

F. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from poultry





See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry meat at processing plants.


See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry meat at processing plants.






See the monitoring for Salmonella in poultry meat at processing plants.Disc diffusion method according to the CLSI (former NCCLS).


Slovenia 2006 79



Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol, fluorphenicolBetalactamic: ampicillin and amoxycillin; amoxycillin/ clavulanic acidCephalosporins: cephotaxim, ceftiofur, ceftriaxonQuinolones: nalidixinic acidFluoroquinolones: enrofloxacine, ciprofloxacinSulphonamides: sulfonamides,trimethoprimsulphonamide: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazoleTetracyclines: tetracycline









In gallus gallus 3 strains of S.Derby, S.Enteritidis and S.Infantis were fully susceptible and 4 strains ofS.Infantis were resistant to 1 antimicrobial and one strain of S.Infantis to 4 antimicrobials. One strainof S.Typhymurium was resistant to 5 antimicrobials.In turkeys 1 strain of S.Enteritidis was fully susceptible, 1 strain of S.Saintpaul was resistant to 1antimicrobial and 4 strain of S.Typhimurium to 5 antimicrobials.


Although the results of poultry examinations for Salmonella do not indicate the poultry to be themajor source of multiresistant strains, the examiantions of food derived from poutry does notcorroborate this opinion. Turkeys seem to be a possible source of higly multiresistant strains of S.Typhimurium. The other serovars, isolated from poultry, were more susceptible. Regarding bigconsumption of poultry meat, this might become an important source of multiresistant strains forhumans.


The findings indicate that poultry (specially turkeys) might become an important source ofmultiresistant Salmonella strains for humans.


Slovenia 2006 80

Table Antimicrobial su

sceptib

ility testing of S. A

natum in minced meat M

eat from bovine animals

and pig intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance H

ACCP or own checks by

industry quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num

ber of resistant isolates (n) and num

ber of isolates with

the concentration µl/ m

l) or zone (m

m) of inhibition equal to

S. Anatum

Meat from bovine animals and pig minced meat intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance

HACCP or own checks by industry

Isolates out of a monitoring

programme

Num

ber of isolates available in

the laboratory

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

0

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

0

Florfenicol

0

Cephalosporins

Cefotaxim

0

Ceftiofur

0

Ceftriaxon

0

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

0

Enrofloxacin

0

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

0

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

0

Trimethoprim

0

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

0

Gentamicin

0

Neomycin

0

Kanam

ycin

0


Slovenia 2006 81

Spectinom

ycin

0

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

0

Amoxicillin / Clavulanic acid

0

Ampicillin

0

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazol

0


Slovenia 2006 82

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Derby qualitative data

n = Number of resistant isolates

S. DerbyGallus gallus (fowl) at farm animal sample faeces Surveillance HACCP or own checks byindustry

Isolates out of a monitoringprogramme

no

Number of isolatesavailable in the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials: N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 3 0Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 3 0Florfenicol 3 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 3 0Ceftiofur 3 0Ceftriaxon 3 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 3 0Enrofloxacin 3 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 3 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 3 0

Trimethoprim 3 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 3 0Gentamicin 3 0Neomycin 3 0Kanamycin 3 0Spectinomycin 3 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 3 0Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

3 0

Ampicillin 3 0Trimethoprim + sulfonamides

Trimethoprim +Sulfamethoxazol

3 0


Slovenia 2006 83


sceptib

ility testing of S. D

erby in Gallus gallus (fowl) at farm animal sample

faeces Surveillance H

ACCP or own checks by industry quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Derby

Gallus g

allus (fowl) at farm animal sample faeces Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

30

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

30

11

1

Florfenicol

30

11

1

Cephalosporins

3rd generation cephalosporins

0

Cefotaxim

30

21

Ceftiofur

30

11

1

Ceftriaxon

30

12

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

30

3

Enrofloxacin

30

11

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

30

21

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

30

11

1

Trimethoprim

00

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

30

21

Gentamicin

30

11

1

Neomycin

30

3

Kanam

ycin

30

21

Spectinom

ycin

30

3

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 84

Amoxicillin

30

11

1


30

11

1

Ampicillin

30

12

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


30

11

1


Slovenia 2006 85

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Derby qualitative data


S. DerbyMeat from bovine animals and pig mincedmeat intended to be eaten cooked atslaughterhouse Surveillance HACCP or ownchecks by industry

Meat from poultry, unspecified


no no


3 1

Antimicrobials: N n N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 3 3 1 0Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 3 1 1 0Florfenicol 3 1 1 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 3 0 1 0Ceftiofur 3 0 1 0Ceftriaxon 3 0 1 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 3 0 1 0Enrofloxacin 3 0 1 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 3 0 1 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 3 3 1 0

Trimethoprim 3 1 1 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 3 3 1 0Gentamicin 3 0 1 0Neomycin 3 1 1 0Kanamycin 3 1 1 0Spectinomycin 3 3 1 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 3 0 1 0Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

3 0 1 0

Ampicillin 3 0 1 0Trimethoprim + sulfonamides


3 1 1 0

Fully sensitive 1 1

Resistant to 3antimicrobials

3 2

Resistant to >4antimicrobials

3 1


Slovenia 2006 86


sceptib


erby in M

eat from poultry, unspecified carcass

quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Derby

Meat from poultry, unspecified carcass


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 87

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 88


sceptib


erby in minced meat M

eat from bovine animals and

pig intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance H



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Derby

Meat from bovine animals and pig minced meat intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

33

3

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

31

11

1

Florfenicol

31

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

30

3

Ceftiofur

30

11

1

Ceftriaxon

30

3

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

30

3

Enrofloxacin

30

12

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

30

21

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

33

3

Trimethoprim

31

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

33

3

Gentamicin

30

3

Neomycin

31

12


Slovenia 2006 89

Kanam

ycin

31

11

1

Spectinom

ycin

33

3

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

30

11

1


30

11

1

Ampicillin

30

12

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


31

11

1


Slovenia 2006 90


sceptib

ility testing of S. E

nteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) unspecified at farm

animal sample faeces Clinical investigations quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) unspecified at farm animal sample faeces Clinical investigations


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

00

Ceftiofur

00

Ceftriaxon

00

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

00

Enrofloxacin

00

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

00

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

00

Trimethoprim

00

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

00

Gentamicin

00

Neomycin

00

Kanam

ycin

00

Spectinom

ycin

00

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 91

Amoxicillin

00


00

Ampicillin

00

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


00


Slovenia 2006 92


sceptib


nteritidis in elite breeding flocks for egg production

line G

allus gallus (fowl) hatching eggs at hatchery animal sample eggs M

onitoring official

sampling quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) elite breeding flocks for egg production line hatching eggs at hatchery animal sample eggs

Monitoring official sam

pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 93

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 94


sceptib


nteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) at farm animal

sample faeces Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry quantitative data [D

iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) at farm animal sample faeces Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

5

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

50

11

21

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

50

12

11

Florfenicol

50

11

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

50

14

Ceftiofur

50

21

11

Ceftriaxon

50

11

3

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

50

11

3

Enrofloxacin

50

11

12

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

50

12

11

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

50

12

11

Trimethoprim

50

11

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

50

11

21

Gentamicin

50

11

21

Neomycin

50

31

1

Kanam

ycin

50

12

2


Slovenia 2006 95

Spectinom

ycin

50

31

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

50

11

11

1


50

21

11

Ampicillin

50

13

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


50

21

11


Slovenia 2006 96


sceptib


nteritidis in Sw

ans wild in total Clinical

investigations suspect sam

pling quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Sw

ans wild in total Clinical investigations suspect sam

pling


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 97

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 98

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals


S. EnteritidisCattle (bovineanimals)

Pigs Gallus gallus(fowl)

Turkeys Swans wild intotal Clinicalinvestigations

Ostriches zooanimals at zoo Clinicalinvestigations


no yes yes no no no


0 1 18 0 1 1

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 1 0 18 0 1 1 1 0Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Florfenicol 1 0 18 0 1 1 1 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Ceftiofur 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Ceftriaxon 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Enrofloxacin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0 18 0 1 1 1 0

Trimethoprim 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Gentamicin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Neomycin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Kanamycin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Spectinomycin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

Ampicillin 1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0Trimethoprim + sulfonamides


1 0 18 0 1 0 1 0

Fully sensitive 1 1 18 18 1 1


1 1


Slovenia 2006 99


sceptib


nteritidis in Ostriches zoo animals at zoo Clinical

investigations quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Ostriches zoo animals at zoo Clinical investigations


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 100

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 101


sceptib


nteritidis in fattening pigs Pigs unspecified at

slaughterhouse animal sample lym

ph nodes Monitoring official sam

pling quantitative data

[Diffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Pigs fattening pigs unspecified at slaughterhouse animal sample lym


pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 102

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 103


sceptib


nteritidis in Gallus gallus (fowl) at farm animal

sample faeces Control or eradication programmes national program

mes (no Com

munity

cofinancing) official sam


iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) at farm animal sample faeces Control or eradication programmes national program

mes (no

Com

munity cofinancing) official sam

pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

10

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

100

14

41

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

100

15

22

Florfenicol

100

13

32

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

100

28

Ceftiofur

100

12

7

Ceftriaxon

100

15

31

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

100

21

7

Enrofloxacin

100

51

4

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

100

13

14

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

100

21

12

31

Trimethoprim

120

22

22

31

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

100

14

41

Gentamicin

100

54

1

Neomycin

100

36

1


Slovenia 2006 104

Kanam

ycin

100

14

41

Spectinom

ycin

100

15

31

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

100

55


100

11

24

11

Ampicillin

100

13

42

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


100

14

12

2


Slovenia 2006 105

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis qualitative data


S. EnteritidisMeat from broilers (Gallus gallus) mechanically separated meat (MSM) atslaughterhouse Surveillance HACCP or ownchecks by industry

Meat from turkey at slaughterhouse


no yes


3 2











3 0 2 0



3 0 2 0

Fully sensitive 3 3 2 0


Slovenia 2006 106


sceptib


nteritidis in Meat from turkey fresh at

slaughterhouse Surveillance H


iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Meat from turkey fresh at slaughterhouse S

urveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 107

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 108


sceptib


nteritidis in Meat from poultry, unspecified at



iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Meat from poultry, unspecified at slaughterhouse S



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

30

21

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

30

11

1

Florfenicol

30

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

30

3

Ceftiofur

30

12

Ceftriaxon

30

21

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

30

3

Enrofloxacin

30

21

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

30

21

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

30

11

1

Trimethoprim

30

21

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

30

21

Gentamicin

30

11

1

Neomycin

30

12

Kanam

ycin

30

21


Slovenia 2006 109

Spectinom

ycin

30

3

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

30

3


30

11

1

Ampicillin

30

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


30

11

1


Slovenia 2006 110


sceptib


nteritidis in offal M

eat from turkey liver at

slaughterhouse Monitoring official sam


iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Meat from turkey offal liver at slaughterhouse M

onitoring official sam

pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 111

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 112

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Enteritidis qualitative data


S. EnteritidisFeed material of oil seed or fruit origin soya (bean) derived at feed mill Surveillance HACCP orown checks by industry


no


1








Trimethoprim 1 0



1 0



1 0


Slovenia 2006 113


sceptib


nteritidis in Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin

soya (bean) derived Surveillance H


iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Enteritidis

Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin soya (bean) derived Surveillance H

ACCP or own checks by industry


programme

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 114

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 115

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella Enteritidis


S. Enteritidishumans

Isolates out of a monitoringprogramme Number of isolatesavailable in the laboratory

211


Tetracyclin 3 0.2Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 15 1.1Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide 12 0.9

Trimethoprim 1 0.1

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0.1

PenicillinsAmpicillin 17 1.3

Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfamethoxazol

2 0.2

Fully sensitive 1267 96.3

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 46 3.5


1 0.1


1 0.1


0 0


0 0


Slovenia 2006 116


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in unspecified G

allus gallus (fowl) dayold

chicks at hatchery environmental sam

ple Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) unspecified dayold chicks at hatchery environm

ental sam

ple S

urveillance HACCP or

own checks by industry


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

30

12

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

30

12

Florfenicol

30

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

30

11

1

Ceftiofur

30

11

1

Ceftriaxon

30

21

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

30

3

Enrofloxacin

30

12

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

30

21

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

30

21

Trimethoprim

30

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

30

21

Gentamicin

30

21

Neomycin

30

21


Slovenia 2006 117

Kanam

ycin

30

21

Spectinom

ycin

30

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

30

3


30

21

Ampicillin

30

21

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


30

12


Slovenia 2006 118


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in Cattle (bovine animals) at farm

animal

sample faeces M



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Cattle (bovine animals) at farm animal sample faeces M


pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 119

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 120


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in Pigs fattening pigs at slaughterhouse

animal sample lym



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Pigs fattening pigs at slaughterhouse animal sample lym


pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 121

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 122

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis qualitative data


S. InfantisCattle (bovine animals) atfarm Monitoring officialsampling

Pigs fattening pigs atslaughterhouse animal sample lymph nodes Monitoring official sampling

Gallus gallus (fowl) at hatchery


yes yes


1 1 5

Antimicrobials: N n N n N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 1 0 1 0 5 1Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 1 0 1 0 5 0Florfenicol 1 0 1 0 5 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 1 0 1 0 5 0Ceftiofur 1 0 1 0 5 0Ceftriaxon 1 0 1 0 5 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0 1 0 5 0Enrofloxacin 1 0 1 0 5 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0 1 0 5 2

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0 1 0 5 1

Trimethoprim 1 0 1 0 5 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0 1 1 5 1Gentamicin 1 0 1 0 5 0Neomycin 1 0 1 0 5 0Kanamycin 1 0 1 0 5 0Spectinomycin 1 0 1 0 5 1

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 1 0 1 0 5 0Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

1 0 1 0 5 0

Ampicillin 1 0 1 0 5 0Trimethoprim + sulfonamides


1 0 1 0 5 1

Fully sensitive 1 0 1 1 5 3

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 1 1 5 1


5 1

Footnote

In poultry 3 from surveillance, 2 from monitoring


Slovenia 2006 123


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) dayold chicks

at hatchery environmental sam

ple M



iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers dayold chicks at hatchery environm

ental sam

ple M


pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

2

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

21

11

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

20

11

Florfenicol

20

11

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

20

11

Ceftiofur

20

11

Ceftriaxon

20

11

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

20

11

Enrofloxacin

20

11

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

22

2

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

21

11

Trimethoprim

20

11

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

21

11

Gentamicin

20

11

Neomycin

20

11

Kanam

ycin

20

11


Slovenia 2006 124

Spectinom

ycin

21

11

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

20

11


20

11

Ampicillin

20

11

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


20

11


Slovenia 2006 125

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis qualitative data


S. InfantisMeat from broilers (Gallus gallus) atslaughterhouse

Meat from turkey carcass at slaughterhouse Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


no no


6 1











6 0 1 0



6 0 1 0

Fully sensitive 6 1

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 6 4


6 1 1 1


Slovenia 2006 126


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in minced meat M

eat from broilers (G

allus

gallus) intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance H



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Meat from broilers (G

allus g

allus) minced meat intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 127

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 128


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in M


allus gallus) carcass

at slaughterhouse Surveillance H


iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis


allus g

allus) carcass at slaughterhouse S



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

5

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

51

12

11

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

50

11

21

Florfenicol

51

11

21

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

50

11

11

1

Ceftiofur

50

31

1

Ceftriaxon

50

11

21

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

50

11

11

1

Enrofloxacin

50

21

11

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

55

5

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

51

11

11

1

Trimethoprim

50

21

11

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

51

12

2

Gentamicin

50

23

Neomycin

50

22

1

Kanam

ycin

50

12

2


Slovenia 2006 129

Spectinom

ycin

51

11

3

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

50

12

2


50

12

2

Ampicillin

50

11

21

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


50

11

11

1


Slovenia 2006 130


sceptib

ility testing of S. Infantis in M

eat from turkey carcass at



iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Infantis

Meat from turkey carcass at slaughterhouse S



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

11

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 131

Spectinom

ycin

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 132

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Stanleyville qualitative data


S. StanleyvilleMoose zoo animal in total Clinical investigations


no


2








Trimethoprim 2 0



2 0



2 0

Fully sensitive 2 2


Slovenia 2006 133


sceptib

ility testing of S. Stanleyville in M

oose zoo animal at zoo Clinical

investigations quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Stanleyville

Moose zoo animal at zoo Clinical investigations


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

2

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

20

11

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

20

11

Florfenicol

20

11

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

20

11

Ceftiofur

20

2

Ceftriaxon

20

11

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

20

11

Enrofloxacin

20

11

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

20

11

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

20

11

Trimethoprim

20

11

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

20

11

Gentamicin

20

11

Neomycin

20

11

Kanam

ycin

20

11

Spectinom

ycin

20

11

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 134

Amoxicillin

20

11


20

11

Ampicillin

20

11

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


20

11


Slovenia 2006 135


sceptib

ility testing of S. T

yphimurium in Pigs fattening pigs at

slaughterhouse animal sample lym


pling quantitative data

[Diffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Pigs fattening pigs at slaughterhouse animal sample lym


pling


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

32

21

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

33

3

Florfenicol

32

21

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

30

21

Ceftiofur

30

21

Ceftriaxon

30

11

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

31

12

Enrofloxacin

30

21

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

33

21

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

32

21

Trimethoprim

30

21

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

33

3

Gentamicin

30

3

Neomycin

30

12

Kanam

ycin

30

21


Slovenia 2006 136

Spectinom

ycin

33

3

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

33

11

1


33

21

Ampicillin

33

3

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


30

11

1


Slovenia 2006 137

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals


S. TyphimuriumCattle (bovineanimals)

Pigs Gallus gallus (fowl) Turkeys Pigeons wild intotal Monitoring monitoring survey


no yes no no yes


0 3 0 0 1

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N nTetracyclines










3 3 1 0



3 0 1 0



3 3


Slovenia 2006 138


sceptib


yphimurium in Pigeons wild in total M

onitoring

monitoring su

rvey quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Pigeons wild in total M

onitoring m

onitoring survey


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 139

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 140

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Typhimurium qualitativedata


S. TyphimuriumMeat from bovineanimals atslaughterhouse Surveillance HACCPor own checks byindustry

Meat from pig atslaughterhouse Surveillance HACCPor own checks byindustry

Meat from turkey atslaughterhouse

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus) carcass atslaughterhouse animalsample neck skin Surveillance HACCP orown checks by industry


no no no no


1 2 4 1

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 1Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 1 0 2 1 4 3 1 1Florfenicol 1 0 2 1 4 4 1 1

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0Ceftiofur 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0Ceftriaxon 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0Enrofloxacin 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 1

Trimethoprim 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 1Gentamicin 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0Neomycin 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 0Kanamycin 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 0Spectinomycin 1 0 2 1 4 4 1 1

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 1Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

1 0 2 0 4 2 1 0

Ampicillin 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 1Trimethoprim + sulfonamides


1 0 2 1 4 0 1 0

Fully sensitive 1 1


2 2 4 4 1 1


Slovenia 2006 141


sceptib


yphimurium in minced meat M

eat from bovine

animals intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance H



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Meat from bovine animals minced meat intended to be eaten cooked at slaughterhouse Surveillance H

ACCP or



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

10

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

10

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

10

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 142

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 143


sceptib


yphimurium in offa

l M

eat from turkey liver


iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Meat from turkey offal liver


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

3

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

33

21

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

33

3

Florfenicol

33

3

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

30

3

Ceftiofur

30

21

Ceftriaxon

30

12

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

30

3

Enrofloxacin

30

12

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

30

11

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

33

3

Trimethoprim

30

12

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

33

3

Gentamicin

30

11

1

Neomycin

30

3

Kanam

ycin

30

21

Spectinom

ycin

33

3

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 144

Amoxicillin

33

11

1


32

21

Ampicillin

33

3

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


30

21


Slovenia 2006 145


sceptib


yphimurium in M

eat from pig offal Surveillance

HACCP or own checks by industry quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Meat from pig offal Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

11

1

Kanam

ycin

11

1

Spectinom

ycin

10

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 146

Amoxicillin

11

1


10

1

Ampicillin

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


11

1


Slovenia 2006 147


sceptib


yphimurium in M

eat from turkey carcass at



iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Meat from turkey carcass at slaughterhouse S



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

11

1

Florfenicol

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 148

Spectinom

ycin

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

11

1


10

1

Ampicillin

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 149


sceptib


yphimurium in M

eat from pig carcass at



iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium

Meat from pig carcass at slaughterhouse S



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

11

1

Florfenicol

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

11

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 150

Spectinom

ycin

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

11

1


10

1

Ampicillin

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 151


sceptib


yphimurium in M


allus gallus)

carcass at slaughterhouse animal sample neck skin Surveillance H



iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Typhimurium


allus g

allus) carcass at slaughterhouse animal sample neck skin Surveillance H

ACCP or



programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

11

1

Florfenicol

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

10

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 152

Kanam

ycin

10

1

Spectinom

ycin

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

11

1


10

1

Ampicillin

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 153

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella Typhimurium


S. Typhimuriumhumans


7


Tetracyclin 35 56.5Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 13 21.0Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide 38 61.3

Trimethoprim 10 16.1

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 34 54.8Gentamicin 3 4.8Kanamycin 2 3.2



8 13.8




1 1.6


2 3.2


11 17.7


24 38.7


Slovenia 2006 154


sceptib

ility testing of S. V

irchow

in broilers Gallus gallus (fowl) during

rearing period at farm

animal sample faeces Clinical investigations quantitative data [D

iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


S. Virchow

Gallus g

allus (fowl) broilers during rearing period at farm animal sample faeces Clinical investigations


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

1

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

11

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

10

1

Florfenicol

10

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

10

1

Ceftiofur

10

1

Ceftriaxon

10

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

10

1

Enrofloxacin

10

1

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

11

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

11

1

Trimethoprim

10

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

11

1

Gentamicin

10

1

Neomycin

10

1

Kanam

ycin

10

1


Slovenia 2006 155

Spectinom

ycin

11

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

10

1


10

1

Ampicillin

10

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides


10

1


Slovenia 2006 156

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Virchow qualitative data


S. VirchowGallus gallus (fowl) broilers during rearing period at farm animal sample faeces Clinicalinvestigations


no


1








Trimethoprim 1 0



1 0



1 0


1 1


Slovenia 2006 157

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. in food


Salmonella spp.Meat from bovineanimals

Meat from pig Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

Meat from other poultryspecies


yes


5

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n


Slovenia 2006 158

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in humans,Salmonella spp.


Salmonella spp.humans


235


Tetracyclin 53 3.5Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 28 1.9Cephalosporins

3rd generationcephalosporins

0 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0.1

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 37 2.5

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 68 4.5

Trimethoprim 17 1.1

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 53 3.5Gentamicin 3 0.2Kanamycin 3 0.2



16 1.1




3 0.2


5 0.3


13 0.9


32 2.1


Slovenia 2006 159

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest

Standards used for testing

NCCLS

Salmonella Standard for

breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ ml) Range tested concentration

(microg/ ml)Disk content Breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=

Intermediate Resistant>

lowest highest microg Susceptible>=

Intermediate Resistant<=

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol NCCLS 30 18 12

Florfenicol 30 20 16

TetracyclinesTetracyclin 30 19 14

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 21 15

Enrofloxacin 5 20 16

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 30 19 13

Trimethoprim 5 16 10

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 300 17 12

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 11

Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin 30 17 12

Kanamycin 30 18 13

Spectinomycin 100 18 14


25 16 10

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 30 23 14

Ceftiofur 30 20 16

Ceftriaxon 30 21 13


PenicillinsAmoxicillin 10 17 13

Amoxicillin /Clavulanic acid

30 17 13

Ampicillin 10 17 13


Slovenia 2006 160

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Food

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS




Susceptible<=













Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin 30 17 12

Kanamycin 30 18 13



25 16 10


Ceftiofur 30 20 16

Ceftriaxon 30 21 13




30 17 13

Ampicillin 10 17 13


Slovenia 2006 161

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Feedingstuff

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS




Susceptible<=













Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin 30 17 12

Kanamycin 30 18 13



25 16 10


Ceftiofur 30 20 16

Ceftriaxon 30 21 13




30 17 13

Ampicillin 10 17 13


Slovenia 2006 162

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing in Humans

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS




Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 17 15 13

Florfenicol TetracyclinesTetracyclin 30 18 16 15

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 20 18 16

Enrofloxacin QuinolonesNalidixic acid 30 18 16 14



AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 14 13 12

Gentamicin 10 14 13

Neomycin Kanamycin 30 17 15 14

Spectinomycin Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfamethoxazol

25 15 12 13

CephalosporinsCefotaxim Ceftiofur Ceftriaxon 3rd generationcephalosporins

30 22 18 15

PenicillinsAmoxicillin Amoxicillin /Clavulanic acid Ampicillin 10 16 15 14


Slovenia 2006 163

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS


A. Thermophilic Campylobacter general evaluation


In 1986/ 87 the notification of Campylobacter enteritis started and became obligatory due to Law onInfectious diseases.The number of notified cases decreased from 2000 to 2003 and increased from 2003 to 2005.In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003); in 2005 number of notifications increased for 2,3 %. In 2006 number of notifications, in compariosnwith 2005, decreased for 13 %.The incidence of infection in 2006 was 47,2 / 100 000 inhabitants. No outbreaks were recordered in last years. The real burden of disease is not known. (The incidence of infections is estimated from data onnotifications).


In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003); in 2005 number of notifications increased for 2,3 % and in 2006 number of notifications, incompariosn with 2005, decreased for 13 %.The incidence of infection in 2006 was 47,2 / 100 000 inhabitants. No outbreaks were recordered in last years. The real burden of disease is not known. (The incidence of infections is estimated from data onnotifications).


In 2006 representative strains of thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni (71 strains ) and C. coli (27strains), isolated from poultry, were tested for susceptibility to 6 antimicrobials. There was a problemwhich antimicrobials and breakpoints to use, since the CRL for antimicrobial resistance started towork in 2007. Consequently not all antimicrobials later recommended by CRL were included in ourscheme. The differences in generally used schemes (± one dilution) are not so great to prevent somegeneral observations. So our data should be estimated trends indicators. The results are presented indetail in tables. In C. jejuni only 12.7% of the tested strains were fully susceptible and 25.3% ofstrains were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobials. In C. coli there were no fully susceptible strains and48.1% of strains were resistant to 4 or more antimicrobials. Regarding high prevalence ofCampylobacters in poultry such a high percentage of resistant strains might significantly contribute tothe prevalence of resistant strains in humans. Efficient measures to reduce the risk of human exposureto poultry Campylobacters are needed. Poultry and eggs remain potential source of infection.


Slovenia 2006 164

2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in humans


Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify diseaseto Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition

According to definitions of EU comission.


Serologic and biochemical identification on CCDA medium, Hyppurat test, Cephalotin and nalidixicacid resistance test.


Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify). Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Medical doctorsalso report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notification since 1977.


In 1986/ 87 the notification of Campylobacter enteritis started and became obligatory due to Law onInfectious diseases.The number of notified cases decreased from 2000 to 2003 and increased from 2003 to 2005,decreased again in 2006.In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003); in 2005 number of notifications increased for 2,3 % in 2006 decreased for 13%.The incidence of infection in 2005 was 54 / 100 000 inhabitants in 2006 47, 1 / 100 000 inhabitants.No outbreaks were recordered in last years. The real burden of disease is not known. (The incidence of infections is estimated from data onnotifications).


In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003); in 2005 number of notifications increased for 2,3 % on 2006 decreased for 13%.The incidence of infection in 2005 was 54 / 100 000 inhabitants, in 2006 47,1 / 100 000 inhabitants.No outbreaks were recordered in last years. The real burden of disease is not known. (The incidence of infections is estimated from data onnotifications).



Slovenia 2006 165

Campylobacter is still the second most frequent pathogen of bacterial gastroenteritis in Slovenia.


Campylobacter is the second most frequent pathogen of bacterial gastroenteritis in Slovenia. (On the first place is Salmonella spp).


Slovenia 2006 166

Table Cam

pylobacter in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.Unknown status

Cam

pylobacter

944

47.1

00

00

944

C. coli

412

41

C. jejuni

852

42.6

852

C. lari

160.8

16

C. sputorum

20.1

2

C. upsaliensis

00

0

Cam

pylobacter sp

p.,

unspecified

331.6

33


Slovenia 2006 167

Table Cam

pylobacter in hum

ans Age distribution

C. coli

C. jejuni

C. lari

C. sputorum

Cam

pylobacter sp

p.,

unspecified

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

52

359

3128

00

00

00

22

0

1 to 4 years

84

4139

8554

41

30

00

73

4

5 to 14 years

32

1145

7471

43

11

10

31

2

15 to 24 years

114

7132

6567

10

10

00

63

3

25 to 44 years

31

2160

9466

32

11

01

31

2

45 to 64 years

75

2113

6053

21

10

00

104

6

65 years and older

42

2104

4361

20

20

00

21

1

Age unknown

Total :

41

20

21

852

452

400

16

7 9

2 1

1 33

15

18


Slovenia 2006 168

Table Cam

pylobacter in hum

ans Seasonal distribution

C. coli

C. jejuni

C. lari

C. sputorum

C. upsaliensis

Cam

pylobacter sp

p.,

unspecified

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

2 52

0 0

0 3

February

6 20

0 0

0 2

March

1 24

3 0

0 1

April

4 28

0 0

0 1

May

2 109

0 0

0 2

June

2 130

1 1

0 2

July

0 92

2 0

0 3

August

11

105

3 0

0 4

Septem

ber

3 108

1 1

0 7

October

3 73

3 0

0 7

Novem

ber

5 64

1 0

0 1

Decem

ber

2 47

2 0

0 0

not known

Total :

41

852

16

2 0

33


Slovenia 2006 169

2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Broiler meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


VARSBroiler and turkey meat sampling is carried out in all the registered slaughterhousesand/ or cutting plants. Samples were taken at cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhousesand in all other (low capacity) slaughterhouses.A meat sample constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by official veterinarians.

At retail

HIRSAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat per annum.



Other: At cutting plants operating within 4 major poultry slaughterhouses, 1 randomsample is taken twice a week, normally 75% of broiler meat and 25% of turkey meat.At low capacity slaughterhouses, 1 random sample is taken once a month.

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months February October



Fresh meat

At retail

Other: Prepacked fresh meat


Slovenia 2006 170



A meat sample weighing approximately 300 g is removed by a sterile instrument andstored in a sterile bag. In poultry, the thoracic section is removed.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible, andnormally, immediately upon sampling. The period of time elapsing from sampling toanalysis shall by no means exceed 3 days. Prior to analysis, the sample must be chilledat +4 oC (± 2 oC).

At retail

A prepacked fresh meat sample is weighing min. 300 g. Samples must be delivered tothe laboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of time elapsing from samplingto analysis shall by no means exceed 24 hours. The temperature during storage andtransport should not exceed +4 oC.



Positive sample is a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated.

At retail

Positive sample is a sample, where Campylobacter has been isolated.




At retail



GMP, GHP, HACCPFood business operators are introducing the system of additional labelling of poultry meat whichincludes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requested temperature before anyuse.





Slovenia 2006 171


Business operator was informed about the positive result. The costs of analysis were charged to theowner of the sample.


VARS Regional Offices must report to VARS Main Office on a monthly basis regarding themonitoring programme implementation and control results.HIRSWhenever zoonotic agentCampylobacter is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.


VARSIn 2006, 415 poultry meat samples at cutting plant were taken.Of 336 broiler meat samples taken, and of 79 turkey meat samples taken, thermophyliccampylobacters were isolated from 134 broiler meat samples (39,88 %)and from 7 turkey meatsamples (8,86%) In most cases, C. jejuni was isolated (76,60 %).HIRSMonitoring in retail:Out of 100 samples of poultry meat taken, 59 samples were positive on presence of thermophylicCampylobacter. Detailed evaluation of data shows that 39 samples (66 % of all positive samples) were positive onpresence of C. jejuni, 13 on presence of C. lari, 6 on presence of C. coli and 1 was positive onpresence of C. hyointestinalis.


VARSIn comparison to the preceding year (production phase), the situation in 2006 got worse as thepercentage of positive samples of fresh poultry meat at procesing plants increased for almost 7 %.HIRSIn comparison to the preceding year (monitoring in retail), the situation in 2006 got worse as thepercentage of positive samples of poultry meat taken increased for 15 %.


In the light of positive samples, poultry meat is a possible source of human infection, in particular incase of unsatisfactory thermal treatment or inappropriate food handling.


Consumers being additionally informed above importance of adequate heat treating of poultry meatbefore any use and hazard of food cross contamination with kitchen tools previously used for freshpoultry meat would benefit, therefore we are in favour of additional labelling.

B. C.,thermophilic in food


Slovenia 2006 172

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to potential presence of zoonoticagent in specific food.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Program:Fresh poultry meat: 100 samples/ year;Cheeses from cow's milk (soft and semisoft): 30 samples/ year;Sour milk: 10 samples/ year


Sampling takes place during the months: February October


A sample weighing 300400 g is removed by sterile instrument and stored in a sterile bag orother sterile container in a case the sample is not prepacked. Samples must be delivered to thelaboratory in the shortest time possible . The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysisshall by no means exceed 24 hours. The temperature during storage and transport should notexceed + 4 oC.


Positive sample is a sample from which Campylobacter thermophilic has been isolated.


Bacteriological test: ISO 10272: 1995


GMP, GHP, HACCP




Whenever zoonotic agentCampylobacter thermophilic is detected in samples taken, relevantauthorities must be informed.



Slovenia 2006 173

HIRSMonitoring at retailOut of 140 samples of poultry meat(n=100) and dairy products taken, 59 samples of poultry meatwere positive on presence of thermophylic Campylobacter .All samples of dairy product (soft cheese and sour milk) taken (n=40) were negative on presencethermophylic Campylobacter .

C. thermophilic Campylobacter spp., unspecified in food Meat from bovineanimals and pig

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSBovine and porcine meat sampling is carried out in all registered high capacity cutting plants. A meat sample constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by official veterinarians.


In bovine meat cutting plants, 1 bovine meat sample is taken every 2 months. According toplan, 20 % of veal, and 80 % of meat of animals for fattening are sampled.In porcine meat cutting plants, 1 porcine meat sample is taken every 2 months. The meat ofpigs for fattening is sampled as well.


Meat


A meat sample weighing approximately 300 g is removed by a sterile instrument and stored in asterile bag. In poultry, the thoracic section is removed.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible, and normally,immediately upon sampling. The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysis shall by nomeans exceed 3 days. Prior to analysis, the sample must be chilled at +4 oC (± 2 oC).


Positive sample is a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated.


Bacteriological test:ISO 10272: 1995


GMP, GHP, HACCP


Slovenia 2006 174







In 2006, 159 porcine meat samples, and 154 bovine meat samples were taken. From one porcine meatsample Campylobacter coli was isolated.


Slovenia 2006 175

Table Campylobacter in poultry meat


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for thermophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p.

C. coli

C. lari

C. jejuni

C. upsaliensis

thermophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

C. hyointestinalis

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

fresh (1) HIRS single 25g 100 59 6 13 39 0 0 1

at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 20cm2 336 134 50 0 102 0 0 0

Meat from turkey fresh at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 20cm2 79 7 1 0 6 0 0 0

(1) : prepacked

Footnote

Meat from broilers at cutting plant:Units positive for C.jejuni:102 = 84 C.jejuni + 18 C.jejuni and C.coliUnits positive for C.coli:50 = 32 C.coli + 18 C.jejuni and C.coli


Slovenia 2006 176

Table Campylobacter in other food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


pylobacter sp

p.

C. jejuni

C. coli

C. upsaliensis

C. lari

thermophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

Meat from pig fresh at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 20cm2 159 1 0 1 0 0 0

Meat from bovine animals fresh at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 20cm2 154 0

Cheeses made from cows' milk soft and semisoft HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0 0 0


sour milk HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 177

2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Gallus gallus

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSSampling is carried out continually throughout the year at the four major registered poultryslaughter establishments. Sampled are broilers raised in the Republic of Slovenia only.Slaughter batch of more than 2000 animals constitutes an epidemiological unit, where aslaughter batch means animals originating from a single flock delivered to the slaughterestablishment in a single means of transport.Sampling is carried out by the slaughterhouse official veterinarians.


At slaughter

Other: At slaughter establishments, 1 slaughter batch is sampled twice a week, takinginto account that all or most rearing establishments are included in the sampling.


At slaughter

Other: Intact caecum


At slaughter

Sampling is uniformly distributed during the slaughter procedure, depending on theslaughter batch. Sampling commences at the first quarter, and ends at the third quarterof slaughtering a slaughter batch. Example of sampling a slaughter batch including2000 animals: the first animal to be sampled is the one following the 500th animalslaughtered, and thereafter, each 100th animal is sampled, and finally, the animalfollowing the 1500th animal slaughtered is sampled. A final sample must comprisesamples taken from 10 animals.The caecum is removed during evisceration by sterile scissors and stored in a sterileplastic bag. In the laboratory, samples are pooled into a pool sample.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. It is recommended thatthe analyses should commence immediately upon acceptance of samples in thelaboratory. The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysis shall by no meansexceed 3 days. Prior to analysis, the samples must be chilled at +4 oC (± 2 oC) and notexposed to light. In the laboratory, the caecum shall be opened aseptically and the content pooled in 1pool sample.


Slovenia 2006 178

Case definition

At slaughter

Positive slaughter batch means a batch, where the zoonotic agent has been isolatedfrom the sample taken.


At slaughter

Bacteriological method: Modified on the basis of ISO 10272: 1995


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into direct contactwith animals, must have thorough knowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereofand transmissibility to man, and in the regulations governing the protection against contagiousdiseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.





VARS Regional Offices must report to VARS Main Office on a monthly basis regarding themonitoring programme implementation and control results.


In 2006, the broiler caecum samples from 311 slaughter batches were taken at slaughterestablishments. Thermophylic campylobacters were detected in 225 samples/ slaughter batches(72,34%). C. jejuni was isolated from 132 samples, C. jejuni and C.coli were isolated from 36samples, C.coli was isolated from 56 samples and C. lari from one sample.In 2006, the turkey caecum samples from 76 slaughter batches were taken at slaughter establishment.Termophylic campilobacters were detected in 48 samples/ slaughter batches (63,16%). C. jejuni wasisolated from 32 samples, C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated from 8 samples and C. coli was isolatedfrom 8 samples.


A relatively high percentage of positive slaughter batches detected might lead to an increased meatcontamination in case of a less strict observation of the good hygiene practice and internal controlrequirements in slaughterhouses. Contaminated meat poses a threat to public health.


Slovenia 2006 179

Table Campylobacter in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested


pylobacter sp

p.

C. jejuni

C. coli

C. lari

C. upsaliensis

thermophilic Cam

pylobacter sp

p., unspecified

Gallus gallus (fowl) broilers at slaughterhouse Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling (1)

VARS slaughterbatch

311 225 168 92 1 0 0

Turkeys at slaughterhouse Monitoring official sampling objective sampling (2)

VARS slaughterbatch

76 48 40 16 0 0 0

(1) : Intact caeca(2) : Intact caeca

Footnote

Broilers:Units positive for C.jejuni:168 = 132 C.jejuni + 36 C.jejuni and C.coliUnits positive for C.coli:92 = 56 C.coli + 36 C.jejuni and C.coliTurkeys:Units positive for C.jejuni:40 = 32 C.jejuni + 8 C.jejuni and C.coliUnits positive for C.coli:16 = 8 C.jejuni + 8 C.jejuni and C.coli


Slovenia 2006 180

2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates


Slovenia 2006 181


sceptib

ility testing of C. coli in Gallus gallus (fowl) at slaughterhouse

Monitoring quantitative data [D

ilution method]

Num




l) or zone (m


C. coli

Gallus g

allus (fowl) at slaughterhouse M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

27

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tetracyclines

Oxytetracyclin

2718

32

31

13

29

3

Tetracyclin

00

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

00

Enrofloxacin

2725

11

15

19

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

2726

11

27

16

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

2712

31

65

72

3

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

272

17

47

62

Penicillins

Ampicillin

2718

51

12

42

210

Footnote

With the breakpoint of >

32 for N

alidixic acid there are 25 resistant strains. With the breakpoint of >

2 for G

entamicin there are 5 resistant strains. With the breakpoint

of >16 for A

mpicillin there are 14 resistant strains.


Slovenia 2006 182

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. coli qualitative data


C. coliGallus gallus (fowl) at slaughterhouse Monitoring


yes


27


Oxytetracyclin 27 18Fluoroquinolones

Enrofloxacin 27 25Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 27 25Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin 27 5Macrolides

Erythromycin 27 2Penicillins

Ampicillin 27 14

Fully sensitive 27 0



27 2


27 10


27 9


27 4


Slovenia 2006 183

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. jejuni qualitative data


C. jejuniGallus gallus (fowl) at slaughterhouse Monitoring


yes


71


Oxytetracyclin 71 26Fluoroquinolones

Enrofloxacin 71 45Quinolones




Ampicillin 71 39




71 10


71 22


72 12


71 6


Slovenia 2006 184


sceptib

ility testing of C. jejuni in Gallus gallus (fowl) M

onitoring quantitative

data [D

ilution method]

Num




l) or zone (m


C. jejuni

Gallus g

allus (fowl) M

onitoring


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

71

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

12

48

1632

64128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tetracyclines

Oxytetracyclin

7126

123

113

52

23

66

9

Tetracyclin

00

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

00

Enrofloxacin

7145

17

135

21

339

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

7152

12

313

101

635

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

7114

85

2420

72

23

Macrolides

Erythrom

ycin

712

131

2122

93

11

Penicillins

Ampicillin

7139

17

106

85

85

21


Slovenia 2006 185

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter in humans


Campylobacter spp., unspecifiedhumans


69


Tetracyclin 69 9Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin 69 38Quinolones




Ampicillin 69 24




69 16


69 24


69 1


69 0


Slovenia 2006 186

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


EUCAST

Campylobacter Standard for



Susceptible<=




TetracyclinesOxytetracyclin 2 2 0.25 32

Tetracyclin FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin Enrofloxacin 0.5 0.5 0.12 4


AminoglycosidesGentamicin 1 1 0.25 8

MacrolidesErythromycin 4 4 0.12 16

PenicillinsAmpicillin 8 8 0.5 64

Footnote

For Oxytetracycline breakpoints of Tetracycline were used. For Campylobacter coli we used different breakpoints forAmpicillin (>16), Erythromycin (>16), Nalidixic acid (32) and Gentamicin (>2).For Enrofloxacin we use the breakpoints of ...


Slovenia 2006 187

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Humans

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS

Campylobacter Standard for



Susceptible<=




TetracyclinesOxytetracyclin Tetracyclin 30 19 16 14



AminoglycosidesGentamicin 10 15 13 12

MacrolidesErythromycin 15 23 18 13

PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 17 15 13

Footnote

Data are available just for some laboratories with comparable antibiogramme methods. The notificated number of Campylobacter cases is therefore higher.


Slovenia 2006 188

2.3. LISTERIOSIS


A. Listeriosis general evaluation


In last 5 years 0 to 7 human cases annually were notified.In 2005 three human cases were notified, in 2006 seven.


Most patients had meningitis.


Listeriosis cases are notifiable by Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act (UL RS 93/ 05). Veterinariusand laboratories are obligated to notify cases of listeriosis. Listeriosis in animals is limited only on sporadic cases. In all positive cases all production animals onthe holding (especially diary ruminants) are tested and eradication measures are suplemented.At the end of 2006 procedure for nomination of National Veterinary Institute for NRL forL.monocytogenes started.


Epidemiological surveillance of human cases.


Slovenia 2006 189

2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans

A. Listeriosis in humans


Listeriosis cases are notifiable by national Law on infectious diseases (Official Gazette 69/ 95).Medical doctors notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories areobliged to notify). Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R.Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition

According to definition of commission of the EU communities.


Isolation from body fluids on differential and selective media, Gram staining; biochemical tests;serology;PCR.


Listeriosis cases are notifiable by national Law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notify cases ondaily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify). Local institutesof public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.


In last 5 years 0 to 7 human cases annually were notified.In 2005 three human cases were notified, in 2006 seven ( incidence 0,35/ 100 000 inhabitants).


In 2005 there were threee and in 2006 seven cases notified.


Currently not relevant.


Slovenia 2006 190

Table Listeria in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.

Listeria

70.35

L. monocytogenes

60.3

Listeria sp

p.1

0.05

Congenital cases

Deaths

10.05


Slovenia 2006 191

Table Listeria in hum


L. m

onocytogenes

Listeria spp.

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

22

00

00

1 to 4 years

00

00

00

5 to 14 years

00

00

00

15 to 24 years

00

00

00

25 to 44 years

10

10

00

45 to 64 years

11

00

00

65 years and older

22

01

10

Age unknown

Total :

6 5

1 1

1 0


Slovenia 2006 192

2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs

A. L. monocytogenes in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Cheeses: 30 samples/ year;Icecream: 200 samples/ year;Sour milk: 10 samples/ year;Smoked fish: 20 samples/ year;Molluscan shellfish: 10 samples/ year;Meat from bovine animals and pig (fresh + minced meat): 150 samples/ year;Other processed food products and prepared dishes (deli dishes, pates, sandwiches, meat products,...) 410 samples/ year; Sprouted seeds: 30 samples/ year;Fruits: 20 samples/ year;Vegetables: 80 samples/ year;Sweets (Confectionary products and pastries): 250 samples/ year;Other food of nonanimal origin (products in oil): 10 samples/ year


At retail

Sampling takes place during the months January December


At retail

A sample is weighing 300400 g is removed by a sterile instrument and stored in asterile bag or other sterile container in a case the sample is not prepacked. Samplesmust be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of timeelapsing from sampling to analysis shall by no means exceed 24 hours. Thetemperature during storage and transport should not exceed + 4 oC.



Slovenia 2006 193

At retail

A sample from which Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated as defined inRegulation 2073/ 2005.


At retail

Bacteriological method: ISO 11290 1 and 2:1996, 1998


GMP, GHP, HACCP



Regular monitoring.

Measures in case of the positive findings



Whenever zoonotic agentListeria monocytogenes is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities isinformed.


HIRSMonitoring at retailA total of 1220 samples were taken at restaurant, retail and catering. Among all samples taken 4 sample of smoked fish (n=20), 1 sample of vegetables (n=80), 5 samplesof confectionary products and pastries (n=250), 12 samples of red meat (n=50), 8 samples of otherprocessed food products and prepared dishes (n=410) and 35 samples of minced meat (n=100) wereunsuitable due to presence of L. monocytogenes. Out of all 1220 samples taken, 5,3 % were positive on presence of L. monocytogenes. The highestprevalence of Listeria monocytogenes was in samples of minced meat 35 %. All samples of milk and dairy products, products in oil, molluscan shellfish, sprouted seeds andprepacked fruit were negative.


Slovenia 2006 194

Table Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for L.monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes presence in x g

> detection lim

it but =

< 100 cfu/ g

L. m

onocytogenes > 100 cfu/ g

Cheeses made from cows' milk

soft and semisoft

made from pasteurised milk HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0


icecream HIRS single 25g 200 0 0 0 0

sour milk HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 195

Table Listeria monocytogenes in other foods


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for L.monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes presence in x g

> detection lim

it but =

< 100 cfu/ g

L. m

onocytogenes > 100 cfu/ g

Fish

smoked HIRS single 25g 20 4 4 0 4

Molluscan shellfish

cooked HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0

Meat from bovine animals andpig

fresh HIRS single 25g 50 12 12 10 2

minced meat HIRS single 25g 100 35 35 25 10



Sprouted seeds HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0

Fruits

precut HIRS single 25g 20 0 0 0 0

Vegetables

nonprecut HIRS single 25g 80 1 1 0 1

Confectionery products andpastes


Other food of nonanimalorigin

(products in oil) HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 196

2.3.4. Listeria in animals


Slovenia 2006 197

2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS


A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections general evaluation


Human cases (all E.coli cases) are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases (official Gazettenumber 69/ 95).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of publichealth. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Most cases are diagnosed and notified as E. coli infection. They are serotyped mostly on O basis,without identification of toxins. VTEC toxins and genes are identified just in two laboratories.(Laboratory of Institute of Public Health of Slovenia and in a laboratory of Medical Faculty inLjubljana). In that way just part of VTEC infections are identified, probably those with more severeclinical picture.Therefore the real burden of VTEC infections is not known.


The real burden of infection is not known. According to notifications of real VTEC cases(laboratory confirmed VTEC toxin positive and / orvtec genes positive), infection is currently not a problem. No VTEC outbreaks were recorded in recentyears.


O:157 strains were fully susceptible except for two of 21 strains, resistant to 3 and 4 antimicrobialsrespectively. For now the situation could be considered good, but the possibility of acquiringresistance should not be neglected and monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility should continue.


Diagnostics of VTEC should be improved in that way, that all VTEC "suspected samples" should besent to laboratory to confirm toxins/ genes.


Slovenia 2006 198

2.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans

A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in humans


Human cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases (official Gazette number 69/ 95).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of publichealth. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.

Case definition

According to EU definitions.


Isolation, biochemial tests, O serotypisation; identification of VT1 and VT2 toxins in Laboratory of Institute of Public Health of Slovenia (RPLAtest) and Microbiological institute of Medical Faculty in Ljubljana.In the latter laboratory also identification of genes is done.


Human cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases. Medical doctors, laboratories areobliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of publichealth notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.


Real burden of disease is not known.Notification data for all E.coli serotypes: from 1990 to 1999 the average yearly number ofnotifications was about 150 or 7,5 / 100 000 inhabitants. After year 2000 the average yearly number of all E.coli notifications increased to 204 or 10,2/ 100000 inhabitants. According to notifications of real VTEC cases(laboratory confirmed VTEC toxin positive and / orVTEC genes positive), VTEC infections are small part of all E.coli infections.


According to notifications of real VTEC cases(laboratory confirmed VTEC toxin positive and / orVTEC genes positive), VTEC infections are small part of all E.coli infections. VTEC infection is nota problem in last years. No VTEC outbreaks were recorded in recent years.


The real burden of infection is not known. According to notifications of real VTEC (VT1 and VT2 toxins and genes confirmed), the number ofnotifications is low and infection is not a problem yet, no outbreaks were recorded in last years.


Slovenia 2006 199

Table Escherichia coli, pathogenic in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.

Escherichia coli,

pathogenic

121

6.05

00

00

Verotoxigenic E.

coli (VTE

C)

301.50

Enteropathogenic E.

coli (EPE

C)

391.95

Enterotoxigenic E.

coli (ETE

C)

241.2

Enteroinvasive E.

coli (EIEC)

30.15

E.coli, pathogenic,

unspecified

251.25

HUS

clinical cases

lab. confirmed

cases

caused by O157

(VT+

)

caused by other

VTE

C

E.coli infect. (except

HUS)

121

6.05

clinical cases

laboratory

confirm

ed

121

6.05

caused by 0157

(VT+

)

caused by other

VTE

C


Slovenia 2006 200


ans Species/ serotype distribution (Part A

)

Verotoxigenic E. coli

(VTEC)

Enteropathogenic E. coli

(EPE

C)

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

(ETEC)

Enteroinvasive E. coli

(EIEC)

E.coli, pathogenic,

unspecified

VTEC O157:H7

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

31

24

13

53

20

00

44

0

1 to 4 years

53

27

52

21

11

10

64

2

5 to 14 years

86

25

32

00

01

01

30

3

15 to 24 years

44

02

11

21

11

10

22

0

25 to 44 years

31

26

24

63

30

00

75

2

45 to 64 years

30

36

33

51

40

00

21

1

65 years and older

41

39

18

41

30

00

10

1

Age unknown

Total :

30

16

14

39

16

23

24

10

14

3 2

1 25

16

9 0

0 0


Slovenia 2006 201


ans Species/ serotype distribution (Part B

)

VTEC nonO157

Age Distribution

All

MF

<1 year

1 to 4 years

5 to 14 years

15 to 24 years

25 to 44 years

45 to 64 years

65 years and older

Age unknown

Total :

0 0

0


Slovenia 2006 202

2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs

A. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and number ofsamples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Red meat: 50 samples / year;Minced meat: 100 samples / year;Vegetables and fruits: 70 samples / year;Sprouted seeds: 30 samples / year;Molluscan shellfish: 10 samples / year


Sampling takes place during the months: January November


A sample weighing 300 400 g is removed by sterile instrument and stored in a sterile bag orother sterile container in a case the sample is not prepacked. Samples must be delivered to thelaboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysisshall by no means exceed 24 hours. The temperature during storage and transport should notexceed + 4 oC.


A sample from which Verotoxigenic E.coli has been isolated.


Bacteriological method: ISO 16654: 2001


GMP, GHP, HACCP




Slovenia 2006 203

Regular monitoring


Additional sampling would be carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.


Whenever zoonotic agentVTEC is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must be informed.


HIRSMonitoring at retailA total 260 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. All examined samples were E.coli(VTEC) negative.

B. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food Meat from bovine animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSBovine meat sampling is carried out in all the registered high capacity cutting plants. A meat sample constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by official veterinarians.


At cutting plants, 1 meat sample is taken every 2 months.


Meat


A meat sample weighing 300500 g is removed by a sterile instrument and stored in a sterilebag in a case the sample is not prepacked.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, and normally,immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport, samples must be chilledto +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possible time after sampling.


Positive sample means a sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolated from.Isolation of zoonotic agent in 25g.


Bacteriological test:


Slovenia 2006 204

ISO 16654: 2001


GMP, GHP, HACCP







In 2006, 153 bovine meat samples were taken. VTEC O:157 was not detected from any sample.


As compared to year 2005 (5,9 % of positives in sampling at cutting plants), the number of positivecases in 2006 decreased to 0% of positives, and thus we find the situation concerning VTEC in meatfrom bovine animals favourable.


Slovenia 2006 205

Table VT E. coli in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Escherichia coli, pathogenic

E.coli, pathogenic, unspecified

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC O157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC, unspecified

Meat from bovine animals fresh at cutting plant Monitoring officialsampling objectivesampling

VARS single 25g 153 0 0 0 0 0

Vegetables nonprecut HIRS single 25g 50 0 0 0 0 0

Fruits precut HIRS single 25g 20 0 0 0 0 0


minced meat HIRS single 25g 100 0 0 0 0 0

fresh HIRS single 25g 50 0 0 0 0 0

Sprouted seeds HIRS single 25g 30 0 0 0 0 0

Molluscan shellfish cooked HIRS single 25g 10 0 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2006 206

2.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals

A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in cattle (bovine animals)

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSSampling is carried out continually throughout the year at all the registered bovineslaughterhouses. Sampled are animals raised in the Republic of Slovenia only.One slaughter animal constitutes an epidemiological unit.Sampling is carried out by the slaughterhouse official veterinarians.



Other: One (1) animal per month 1 sample is sampled at slaughter establishments.



Faeces



Faeces sample is taken prior to slaughter, and after slaughter, following theevisceration, the intestinal wall is aseptically opened and the intestinal contentremoved from the intestines and stored in a sterile plastic bag.Samples must be delivered to the laboratory in the shortest possible time, andnormally, immediately upon sampling, i.e. within the same day. During transport,samples must be chilled to +4 oC. Analyses should commence in the shortest possibletime after sampling.

Case definition


Positive animal means an animal, where a positive sample has been taken from.Positive sample means a 10g faeces sample, where the zoonotic agent has been isolatedfrom.





Slovenia 2006 207


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production, come into direct contactwith animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thorough knowledge incontagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man, and in the regulationsgoverning the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GAP, GHP, and record keeping.



Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registered animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation




In 2006, VTEC O:157 was detected in 6 samples (2,6 %) of 235 samples taken.


As compared to 2005 (5,3 % of positives), the number of positive cases in 2006 decreased by morethan one half (2,6 % positives), and thus we find the situation concerning VTEC in bovine animalsrather favourable.


Slovenia 2006 208

Table VT E. coli in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Escherichia coli, pathogenic

E.coli, pathogenic, unspecified

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC O157

Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) VTEC, unspecified

Cattle (bovine animals) at slaughterhouse animalsample faeces Monitoring official sampling objectivesampling

VARS animal 235 6 0 6 6 0


Slovenia 2006 209

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES


A. Tuberculosis general evaluation


HumansRegistry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since then inHospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated reorganized according to demands of WHO and EuroTB.


Since year 2000 the annual incidence of TBC in Slovenia was lower than 20/ 100 000 inhabitants.About 75% of cases are autochtonous, 25% imported. Imported cases were until recently mostly from Balkan, in last years also from Baltic countries, Chechrepublic, Slovakia, Romunia, Moldowa etc.


Tbc is not relevant as zoonotic disease.


Slovenia 2006 210

2.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans

A. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in humans


Registry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since then inHospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated reorganized according to demands of WHO and EuroTB.2. Registry on TBC encounters: personnal data of TBC cases,clinical data of TBC cases, data on diagnostic procedures, therapy, data on antimicrobial resistence;data on diagnostics of TBC contacts, HIV patients..;data on BCG vaccination from 2005 on.3. Data on suspected (laboratory unconfirmed) TBC cases are also collated and sent to tbc registry.Further diagnostic procedures are done to confirm new cases.Epidemiological investigations of contacts of suspected cases are also performed. 4. Data on TBC cases in Slovenia are sent to WHO and Euro TB.

Case definition

Tbc case is defined as a person with laboratory confirmed TBC in lungs or other organs.


Mycobacteria are mostly isolated from: (induced) sputum, bronchoscop.,gastric lavage, gastric juice.Bacteria are rarely confirmed in exudates, liquor, biopsy specimen, blood, bone marrow..ZiehlNeelson and (Auramin dyes in autofluorescent microscope) are used. LowensteinJensen solid medium and MGIT Bactec liquid medium are used.Antimicrobial activity is tested on same media. Identification of types is done with combination of microbiological, molecular and biochemicalmethods.


Reporting system: medical doctors and laboratories are obliged by law to notify the confirmed TBCcases within one week to the Tbc registry in Hospital Golnik.


Registry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since then inHospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated reorganized according to demands of WHO and EuroTB.The incidence of all tbc cases in recent years is lower than 20/ 100 000 inhabitants.



Slovenia 2006 211

In 2006 one case of human infection with Mycobacterium bovis was confirmed.


Tuberculosis is currently not an epidemiological problem.


Tbc is not relevant as zoonotic disease.


Slovenia 2006 212

Table M

ycobacterium

in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.

Mycobacterium

212

10.65

212

10.65

00

M. bovis

10.05

10.05

M. tuberculosis

211

10.6

211

10.6

Reactivation of

previous cases


Slovenia 2006 213

Table M

ycobacterium

in hum


M. bovis

M. tuberculosis

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

22

0

1 to 4 years

31

2

5 to 14 years

33

0

15 to 24 years

169

7

25 to 44 years

5230

22

45 to 64 years

5237

15

65 years and older

11

8331

52

Age unknown

00

0

Total :

1 1

0 211

113

98


Slovenia 2006 214

2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals

A. Mycobacterium bovis in bovine animals

Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year

The entire country free

The request for the recognition of status of the entire country was submitted on October 22nd2004.

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All animals over 6 weeks of age, compulsory post mortem examination of all bovines atslaughter.All samples of lungs of pneumonic cattle older than 2 years are bacteriologically examined forthe presence of M.bovis. All the examinations in 2006 were negative.


Interval between routine tuberculin test: every two years


Intradermal TB testing accordance with Council Directive 64/ 432/ EEC.


Diagnostic proceduresMycobacterium bovis shall be confirmed by:1. direct microscopic examination of smears of suspect tissues (ZiehlNeelsen staining,auraminerodamine staining),2. detecting the characteristic pathohistological changes in the modified tissues (caseousnecroses, epitheloid macrophagues, giant cells),3. immunoperoxidase technique, 4. investigation on cell culture:a. homogenisation, decontamination and concentration of material under examination,cultivation, and selective cell cultures (Lowenstein/ Jensen, Stonebrink, Middlebrook 7H10 or11, MGIT or Middlebrook 7H12),b. cell cultures must be incubated for a minimum of 8 weeks (in the interim, the sediment shallbe kept at –20°C),c. isolate determination is carried out on the basis of the physical and biochemicalcharacteristics, and on the basis of the characteristics of the nucleic acids,d. strain typing is possible by the method of spoligotyping or by the RFLP method,5. detection of the presence of characteristic nucleic acids:a. by the PCR method (AMPLICOR, detection IS6110 or 16s rRNA)b. by the TMA method (GENPROBE).TB diagnostics in live animals is based on tuberculin tests.


Slovenia 2006 215

Tuberculin tests must be carried out in accordance with the Regulation No. 1226/ 2002/ EC,which is in compliance with the OIE “Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines,4th edition, 2000”.Under Regulation No. 1226/ 2002/ EC, the maximum number of contaminated animals mayalso be determined on the basis of the gamma interferon test, as detailed in the OIE “Manual ofstandards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000”.In the NVI Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, the methods are used that are indicatedunder items 1, 4a, b, c and 5 above. NVI Lab. is planning to introduce the typing of the M.bovis strains, or to cooperate with the reference laboratories that are carrying it out. At the sametime, NVI Lab. intends to follow the new methods in the diagnostics, in particular in the field ofconfirmation of nucleic acids, and to simultaneously develop new methods on the basis of thequantitative PCR technique.


Measures at suspected presence of TBWhen upon a sensitisation test with the bovine tuberculin TB is suspected in animals, the followingmeasures shall apply: prohibiting the issuing of animal health certificates, listing all suspect animals, isolating animals, restricting the procreation of animals, banning the trade in milk and milk products, prohibiting the removal of animal feed, prohibiting the removal of manure, ordering the compulsory packaging of manure for at least 21 days, prohibiting the use of common watering points, carrying out tests with the bovine and avian tuberculins at the holding, and repeating the tests upon 6weeks .In case of a positive reaction to the repeated test, the animal shall be intended for slaughter, theviscera thereof shall be removed and submitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. When at slaughter the presence of TB is suspected in the bovine animals, the modified viscera shall besubmitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. The meat of slaughtered animals shall beassessed by the official veterinarian as unfit for human consumption, when changes are identified onseveral organs or parts of carcass, when increased temperature has been established in the animal priorto slaughter, and when upon slaughter TBcharacteristic changes have been established. WhenTBcharacteristic changes are localised on some organs or parts of carcass and pertaining lymphnodes, only the affected parts of carcass or organs with the pertaining lymph nodes shall beconsidered unfit for human consumption.Measures at confirmed presence of TB:Epizootiological investigation shall be carried out.The following measures shall apply at the holding, where TB has been detected: slaughter of contaminated bovine animals at least within 30 days upon detection, cleaning and disinfection of stables, farmyard, watering points and other places, where the suspect ordiseased animals have been kept, as well as of items and installations that have been in contact withsuch animals, other measures to sanitise the holding.The official veterinarian at the slaughterhouse shall enter the data on the slaughtered animal in the


Slovenia 2006 216

CRBA, cancelling it from the register.Cessation of disease:It shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when all the measures required have been carriedout, and when the next simultaneous tuberculin test upon at least 6 weeks has shown negative resultsin all animals at the holding.The expenses for diagnostic testing are covered from the budget as well as compensation for culledanimals (Rules on the compensations in the veterinary field – Ur. l. RS. št. 37/ 02). Other expenses forthe sanitation of the herd are on the owner of the animals.


Veterinary Practice Act (Ur. l. RS, št. 33/ 01, 45/ 04) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measures need tobe implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A, B and C, in accordancewith the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance with the relevant epizootiologicalsituation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, št. 54/ 02, 63/ 03 in 28/ 04), where TB is classified among the compulsorily notifiable animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs of disease have beenestablished, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or died of a contagiousdisease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribed way notifythereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12, point 1).In the case of a suspected presence of TB, the relevant veterinary organisation shall notify thereof theRegional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measures to prevent the possiblespread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in the month, forthe past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a zoonosis, the official veterinarian shall notify of the suspected presence of disease alsothe competent public health services.


Slovenia 2006 217

Table Bovine tuberculosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programmes

Region

Total num

ber of

existin

g bovine

Officially free

herds

Infected herds

Routin

e tuberculin

testing

Num

ber of tuberculin

tests carried out

before the

introduction

Num

ber of animals

with

suspicious

lesions of tuberculosis

Num

ber of animals

detected positive in

bacteriological

exam

ination

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

herds

%

Interval

between

routine

tuberculin

tests (*)

Num

ber of

animals

tested

into the herds (Annex

A(I)(2

)(c) third

indent (1) of

Directive 64/ 432/

EEC)

exam

ined and

subm

itted to

histopathological and

bacteriological

exam

inations

SLOVEN

IJA

42306

467700

42306

100

0 0

2 444962

0 16

0

Total

42306

467700

42306

100

0 0

444962

0 16

0

(*) L

egend:

In colum

n "Interval between routine tuberculin tests" use the following numeric codes: (0) no routine tests; (1) tests once a year; (2) tests each two years; (3) tests

each three years concerning 24 monthold animals; (4) tests each 4 years; (5) others (please give details).


Slovenia 2006 218

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS


A. Brucellosis general evaluation


Human cases of brucellosis are notifiable by National law on infectious diseases (Official Gazettenumber 68/ 1995).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of publichealth. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Brucellosis in Slovenia is notyfiable for more than 50 years.Human infections were generally alimentary and between 1945 and1954 549 cases were registered in littoral Slovenia (Slovensko Primorje) alone.Brucelosis in bovine animals was eradicated in 1961. The disease in goat has been eradicated alreadyin 1955.


Human brucellosis has been not considered as epidemiological problem for a long time.The danger of reimportation of disease still exists.


Source of infection was in most cases milk, cheese, and milk products.


Epidemiological and laboratory investigation of all suspected cases.

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

None, as the disease is not considered as epidemiological problem.


Slovenia 2006 219

2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans

A. Brucellosis in humans


Human cases of brucellosis are notifiable by National law on infectious diseases (Official Gazettenumber 68/ 1995).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of publichealth. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Brucellosis in Slovenia is notyfiable for more than 50 years.

Case definition

EU comission definitions.


Serological methods;(IF).


Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratories areobliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of publichealth notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification after second world war.


Böhm O. Caprineovine brucellosis in Istria and the Slovenian littoral in the middle of the 20th:From an epizootiological point of view, the sheep and goat husbandry ofMediterranean Slovenia, Croatian Istria and southeastern Friuli (Isonzo plain) hadsome important attributes. In the middle of the 20th century more than 5,000 sheep,which were transhumant and kept and bred in small flocks of between 50 and 150animals, migrated seasonally to the Isonzo (So~a) plain and western Istria duringwinter, and to the mountainous inland regions during summer. Both the ovine andcaprine Brucella melitensis infections started in the 1930's and became panzooticduring World War II and the years immediately following it.Another epidemiologically important feature was the production of cheeses fromthe ewes' milk. Human infections were generally alimentary and between 1945 and1954 549 cases were registered in littoral Slovenia (Slovensko Primorje) alone.The Yugoslav eradication program, which involved the testing of animals andimmediate culling of reactors, was a radical one. Where 30 % or more of a flocktested positively, the entire flock was eliminated. In 1952 brucellosis was eradicated in Slovenia. The danger of reimportation of disease still exists.


Human brucellosis is not considered as epidemiological problem for a long time.


Slovenia 2006 220


Human brucellosis is not considered as epidemiological problem for a long time (more than 20 years).


Slovenia 2006 221

2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs

2.6.4. Brucella in animals

A. Brucella abortus in bovine animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

In 2006, according to the provisions of Annex A Point II. 2. a. second indent of secondparagraph of Council Directive 64/ 432/ EEC testing regime was changed. Since more than 99,8 % herds were recognised as officially brucellosis free for the last fouryears, testing was limited to all animals over 24 months of age in 2006. Rose Bengal has beenused as a screening test and CFT has been used as a confirmatory test. The officially brucellosis free status was suspended in 6 herds (19 animals) by the end of 2006.The reason for suspension was the nonimplementation of the prescribed tests. The decisionsuspending the status stipulated the requirements for the renewal of status recognition. Until theprescribed tests are not performed the holdings in question are under restriction (ban onmovements, except for slaughter under official supervision animals from those holdingsintended for slaughter, have to be accompanied with the veterinary referral form).With 2006 testing the provisions for recognition of bovine brucellosis officially free status ofthe country were fulfilled.


Yearly


Blood


screening test Rose Bengalconfirmatory test CFT

Vaccination policy

Vaccination prohibited


Rules on the detection, prevention and eradication of brucellosis (Ur. l. RS, st. 91/ 2005, 13/ 2006) Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediately confirmor reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office of the VARS,and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include: immediate suspension of officially brucellosis free status of the herd; quarantine of the infected holding;


Slovenia 2006 222

ban on movement of susceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possible vectors ofthe disease; isolation of animals susceptible for the disease; milk from those animals can be used for feedinganimals on the same holding after heat treated; milk from other animals on the holding can be used forhuman consumption after heat treated (pasteurized) under official supervision in a dairy plant; ban on movement on and from the holding, except for slaughter under official supervision; laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples; epidemiological investigation; harmless disposal of dead animals; ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted.The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings that are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside the abovementioned): withdrawal of officially brucellosis free status of the herd; census of all infected animals on the holding, and animals suspected to be infected; ban on trade with animal products, bproducts, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuff by which thedisease can be transmitted; isolation and slaughter of infected cattle and all cattle suspected to be infected under officialsupervision; cattle has to be slaughtered within 30 days after confirmation of the disease; harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids; harmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; cleaning and disinfection. The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseThe measures have to be enforced until the conditions for gaining the officially brucellosis free statusof the herd in compliance with the provisions of the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l.RS, št. 54/ 02, 63/ 03, 28/ 04 and 142/ 04), which transpose entirely the provisions of CouncilDirective 64/ 432/ EEC in this respect.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and other eadible partsThe health suitability of meat and other eadible parts is assessed in accordance with the food hygienelegislation: Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specificrules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for humanconsumption (EC) No 854/ 2004 Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specifichygiene rules for food of animal origin (EC) No 853/ 2004


Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act (Ur. l. RS, št. 93/ 2005) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measures need tobe implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, in accordance with the OIE InternationalAnimal Health Code, and in accordance with the relevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, št. 54/ 02, 63/ 03, 28/ 04 and 142/ 04), where Bovine Brucellosis is classified among the compulsorily notifiableanimal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs of disease havebeen established, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or died of a


Slovenia 2006 223

contagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribed waynotify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act, Article 17).In the case of a suspected presence of bovine brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisation shallnotify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measures toprevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in the month, forthe past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a first (primary) outbreak of bovine brucellosis in the country, the designated laboratoryshall immediately communicate the results of diagnostic investigations by telephone and by fax to theVARS HQ.


Brucelosis was eradicated in 1961.


Compulsory notification of all abortions of whatever cause is in place in accordance with CouncilDirective 64/ 432/ EEC.

B. Brucella melitensis in sheep

Status as officially free of ovine brucellosis during the reporting year


Officially free status of ovine/ caprine brucellosis was granted to Slovenia with theCommission Decision 2005/ 179/ EC.

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Following the recognition of officially brucellosis (B. melitensis) free status, animals have beentested in accordance with Point II.2.i of Annex A of Council Directive 91/ 68/ EEC (5% of theovine and caprine animals over six months of age).


Yearly


Individual blood samples


Screening test Rose BengalConfirmatory test CFT

Vaccination policy


Slovenia 2006 224

Vacination forbidden


Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediately confirmor reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office of the VARS,and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include: laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples; epidemilogical investigation; harmless diaposal of dead animals; quarantine of the infected holding census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to be infectedand dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during the infection haveto be registered; isolation of animals susceptible for the disease, ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possible vectors ofthe disease; ban on movement on and from the holding; ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted;The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside the abovementioned): ban on trade with animals, animal products, bproducts, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuff bywhich the disease can be transmitted; slaughter of infected acattle; harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids; hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; testing of all susceptible animals on the holding; ban on use of milk from the infected holding; ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes; DDD;The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animals uponthree examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and other eadible partsThe health suitability of meat and other eadible parts is assessed in accordance with the food hygienelegislation: Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specificrules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for humanconsumption (EC) No 854/ 2004 Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specifichygiene rules for food of animal origin (EC) No 853/ 2004



Slovenia 2006 225

Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act (Ur. l. RS, št. 93/ 2005) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measures need tobe implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, in accordance with the OIE InternationalAnimal Health Code, and in accordance with the relevant epizootiological situation.The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, št. 54/ 02, 63/ 03, 28/ 04 and 142/ 04), where ovine/ caprine brucellosis is classified among the compulsorilynotifiable animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs ofdisease have been established, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or diedof a contagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribedway notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act, Article 17).In the case of a suspected presence of ovine/ caprine brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisationshall notify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measuresto prevent the possible spread of the disease.A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in the month, forthe past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a first (primary) outbreak of ovine/ caprine brucellosis in the country, the designatedlaboratory shall immediately communicate the results of diagnostic investigations by telephone and byfax to the VARS HQ.

C. Brucella melitensis in goats

Status as officially free of caprine brucellosis during the reporting year


Officially free status of ovine/ caprine brucellosis was granted to Slovenia with theCommission Decision 2005/ 179/ EC.

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Following the recognition of officially brucellosis (B. melitensis) free status, animals have beentested in accordance with Point II.2.i of Annex A of Council Directive 91/ 68/ EEC (5% of theovine and caprine animals over six months of age).


Yearly


Blood


individual blood samples


Rose Bengal test screening test


Slovenia 2006 226

Complement fixation test confirmatory test

Vaccination policy

Vaccination forbidden


Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediately confirmor reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office of the VARS,and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include: laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples; epidemilogical investigation; harmless diaposal of dead animals; quarantine of the infected holding census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to be infectedand dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during the infection haveto be registered; isolation of animals susceptible for the disease, ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possible vectors ofthe disease; ban on movement on and from the holding; ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted;The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside the abovementioned): ban on trade with animals, animal products, bproducts, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuff bywhich the disease can be transmitted; slaughter of infected acattle; harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids; hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; testing of all susceptible animals on the holding; ban on use of milk from the infected holding; ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes; DDD;The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animals uponthree examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and other eadible partsThe health suitability of meat and other eadible parts is assessed in accordance with the food hygienelegislation: Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specificrules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for humanconsumption (EC) No 854/ 2004


Slovenia 2006 227

Regulation of the European parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specifichygiene rules for food of animal origin (EC) No 853/ 2004


Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act (Ur. l. RS, št. 93/ 2005) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measures need tobe implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, in accordance with the OIE InternationalAnimal Health Code, and in accordance with the relevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, št. 54/ 02, 63/ 03, 28/ 04 and 142/ 04), where ovine/ caprine brucellosis is classified among the compulsorilynotifiable animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs ofdisease have been established, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or diedof a contagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribedway notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Compliance Criteria Act, Article 17).In the case of a suspected presence of ovine/ caprine brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisationshall notify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measuresto prevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in the month, forthe past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a first (primary) outbreak of ovine/ caprine brucellosis in the country, the designatedlaboratory shall immediately communicate the results of diagnostic investigations by telephone and byfax to the VARS HQ.



Slovenia 2006 228

Table Bovine brucellosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programme

Region

Total num

ber

of

Officially free

herds

Infected

herds

Surveillance

Investigations of suspect cases

existin

gbovine

Serological tests

Examination of bulk

milk samples

Inform

ation about

abortions

Epidemiological investigation

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

herds

%

Num

ber of

bovine

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

infected

Num

ber of

bovine

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

infected

Num

ber of

notified

Num

ber of

isolations

Num

ber of

abortions

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

suspended

Num

ber of positive animals

Num

ber of

animals

Num

ber of

animals

herds tested

tested

herds tested

herds tested

or pools tested

herds

abortions

whatever cause

of Brucella

infection

due to Brucella

abortus

tested with

serological

blood tests

herds

Serologically

BST

exam

ined

microbio

logically

positive

microbio

logically

SLOVEN

IJA

42306

467700

42300

99.986

0 0

35983

210997

0 0

0 0

182

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Total

42306

467700

42300

99.986

0 0

35983

210997

0 0

0 0

182

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Footnote

The officially brucellosis free status was su

spended in 6 herds (19 animals) by the end of 2006. The reason for suspension was the nonimplem

entation of the

prescribed tests. The decision su

spending the status stipulated the requirements for the renewal of status recognition. Until the prescribed tests are not performed the

holdings in question are under restriction (ban on movem

ents, except for slaughter under official supervision animals from those holdings intended for slaughter,

have to be accompanied with the veterinary referral form).


Slovenia 2006 229

Ovine or Caprine Brucellosis in countries and regions that do not receive Com

munity cofin

ancing for

eradication programme

Region

Total num

ber of

existin

g ovine /

caprine

Officially free herds

Infected herds

Surveillance

Investigations of suspect cases

Herds

Animals

Num

ber of herds

%

Num

ber of herds

%

Num

ber of herds

tested

Num

ber of animals

tested

Num

ber of infected

herds

Num

ber of animals

tested with

serological

blood tests

Num

ber of animals

positive serologically

Num

ber of animals

exam

ined microbio

logically

Num

ber of animals

positive microbio

logically

Num

ber of su

spended

herds

SLOVEN

IJA

6737

158288

6737

100

0 0

838

4770

0 0

0 0

0 0

Total

6737

158288

6737

100

0 0

838

4770

0 0

0 0

0 0

Footnote

Officially free status of the country was granted to Slovenia with the Com

mission Decision 2005/ 179/ E

C. Following the recognition of officially brucellosis (B.

melitensis) free status, animals h

ave been tested in accordance with Point II.2.i of Annex A of C

ouncil Directive 91/ 68/ EEC

(5% of the ovine and caprine animals

over six months o

f age).


Slovenia 2006 230

2.7. YERSINIOSIS


A. Yersinia enterocolitica general evaluation


Yersiniosis is rarely reported in Slovenia.Nevertheless the number of notificated cases increased from 28 in 2005 to 80 in 2006. (The incidenceincreased from 1,4 to 4 / 100 000 inhabitants. The reason of the recent trend is not known yet.The average number of yearly notifications from 2002 to 2006 was 57 or average incidence, based onnotifications, was cca 2,9/ 100 000 inhabitants. From 1990 to 1999 the number of yearly notifications were low as well, except in 1995, the number ofnotifications increased to 1092 or incidence, based on notifications, was cca 54/ 100 000 inhabitants.


Yersinia enterocolitica is notifiable by national Law on Infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify diseaseto Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.


Slovenia 2006 231

2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans

A. Yersinosis in humans


Yersinia enterocolitica is notifiable by national Law on Infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify diseaseto Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition

According to definition of EU comission.


Isolation on differential and selective media;Gram staining;biochemical identification;serological tests.


Yersinia enterocolitica is notifiable by national Law on Infectious diseases ( Official Gazette 69/ 95).Medical doctors notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.


Yersiniosis is rarely reported in Slovenia.The average number of yearly notifications in last five years was 52 or average incidence, based onnotifications, was cca 2,6/ 100 000 inhabitants. From 1990 to 1999 the number of yearly notifications were low as well, except in 1995, the number ofnotifications increased to 1092 or incidence, based on notifications, was cca 54/ 100 000 inhabitants.


The number of notificated cases increased from 28 in 2005 to 80 in 2006. (The incidence increasedfrom 1,4 to 4 / 100 000 inhabitants. The reason of the recent trend is not known yet.


The real burden of disease is not known because of undereporting of disease.


Slovenia 2006 232

Table Yersinia in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.

Yersinia

804

00

069.55

Y. enterocolitica

693.45

69

Yersinia spp.,

unspecified

100.50

0.50

Y. kristensenii

10.05

0.05

Y. enterocolitica

O:3

Y. enterocolitica

O:9


Slovenia 2006 233



Y. enterocolitica

Yersinia spp.

Y. kristensenii

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

21

10

00

00

0

1 to 4 years

167

94

13

00

0

5 to 14 years

129

32

20

00

0

15 to 24 years

95

40

00

00

0

25 to 44 years

157

81

01

00

0

45 to 64 years

75

22

11

10

1

65 years and older

84

41

01

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

69

38

31

10

4 6

1 0

1


Slovenia 2006 234


ans Seasonal distribution

Y. enterocolitica

Yersinia spp.

Y. kristensenii

Month

Cases

Cases

Cases

January

4 3

1

February

2 2

0

March

3 0

0

April

3 0

0

May

3 1

0

June

6 0

0

July

6 0

0

August

14

2 0

Septem

ber

14

0 0

October

6 0

0

Novem

ber

3 1

0

Decem

ber

5 1

0

not known

Total :

69

10

1


Slovenia 2006 235

2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs

A. Y. enterocolitica in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRSMonitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results of programme/ controlscarried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region.There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Red meat: 50 samples / year;Other processed food products and prepared dishes (deli dishes, pates): 360 samples / year


Sampling takes place during the months: January November


A sample weighing 300 400 g is removed by sterile instrument and stored in a sterile bag orother sterile container in a case the sample is not prepacked. Samples must be delivered to thelaboratory in the shortest time possible. The period of time elapsing from sampling to analysisshall by no means exceed 24 hours. The temperature during storage and transport should notexceed + 4 oC.


Sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolated from thesample.




GMP, GHP, HACCP




Slovenia 2006 236

Regular monitoring.




HIRSMonitoring at retailA total 410 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering.Among all samples taken 3 samples of red meat (n=50) and 3 samples of other processed foodproducts and prepared dishes (n= 360) were unsuitable due to presence of Yersinia enterocolitica.Altogether Yersinia enterocolitica was detected in 1,5 % of food in retail.


In comparison to the preceding year (monitoring in retail), the situation in 2006 show someimprovement as the percentage of positive samples taken decreased.


Slovenia 2006 237

Table Yersinia in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Yersinia spp.

Y. enterocolitica

Yersinia spp., unspecified

Y. enterocolitica O:3

Y. enterocolitica O:9

Y. enterocolitica unspecified


HIRS single 25g 50 3 3 0 0 0 3


unspecified readytoeat foods HIRS single 25g 360 3 3 0 0 0 3


Slovenia 2006 238

2.7.4. Yersinia in animals


Slovenia 2006 239

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS


A. Trichinellosis general evaluation


Human cases are notifiable by National Law on Infectious Diseases (official Gazette number 69/ 1995). Medical doctors are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since1977.


Trichinellosis is a rare human disease in Slovenia. No cases were notified in 2004 and 05, in 2006 onecase.


Trichinellosis is a rare zoonosis in Slovenia. No human cases were recorded in last years, also 2005. In 2006 one case was notified.Most of sporadic cases in last 20 years were infected because of ingestion of imported meat.


Slovenia 2006 240

2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans

A. Trichinellosis in humans


Human cases are reported by practitioners who are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to localinstitutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Healthof Republic Slovenia.

Case definition



Serological tests, parasite cysts in bioptic specimen of skeletal muscle.


Human cases are notifiable by National Law on Infectious Diseases (official Gazette number 68/ 1995). Medical doctors are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since1977.


Trichinellosis is a rare zoonosis in Slovenia. No human cases were recorded in last years, also 2005.Most of sporadic cases in last 20 years were infected because of ingestion of imported meat.In 1989 an outbreak was recorded. 39 people were infected. The source of infection was pork. in thesame year there were also 5 sporadic cases. Another outbreak occured in 1996, 7 people were infected. The source of infection was pork,imported from Croatia.In 1992 42years old man died from encephalitis due to T. spiralis.


Trichinellosis is a rare human disease in Slovenia. No one case was notified in 2004 and 2005.

Description of the positive cases detected during the reporting year

There was one reported human case.


A rare disease in Slovenia.



Slovenia 2006 241

In the moment not important as zoonotic disease.


Slovenia 2006 242

Table Trichinella in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.

Trichinella

10.05

00

00

Trichinella sp

p.1

0.05


Slovenia 2006 243

Table Trichinella in hum


Trichinella sp

p.

Age Distribution

All

MF

<1 year

00

0

1 to 4 years

00

0

5 to 14 years

00

0

15 to 24 years

00

0

25 to 44 years

11

0

45 to 64 years

00

0

65 years and older

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

1 1

0


Slovenia 2006 244

2.8.3. Trichinella in animals

A. Trichinella in pigs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

General

VARSThe disease, or the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary postmortem examination of animals at slaughter.Fresh meat of all porcine animals is systematically inspected for Trichinella atslaughterhouses. Likewise, any holder of a tourist farm activity must provide for theinspection of meat obtained from the onfarm slaughtered porcine animals for thepresence of larvae. Epidemiological unit is the animal.


General

All porcine animals slaughtered are subjected to inspection – either at registeredslaughterhouses or at tourist farms.


General

Fresh meat: diaphragm, lingual muscle, jaw muscle, abdominal muscles as appropriate.


General

In accordance with a reference detection method (artificial digestion of a pooledsample in a magnetic stirrer) or trichinoscopy.

Case definition

General

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent ofdisease; in the opposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially beenruled out.Positive animal – animal where Trichinella spp. has been detected.


General


Slovenia 2006 245

the magnetic stirrer method for pooled sample digestion trichinoscopic examination


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into direct contactwith animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thorough knowledge incontagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man, and in the regulationsgoverning the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GHP, and record keeping.



Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registered animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation Holder of a tourist farm activity shall at least 48 hours prior to slaughtering porcine animalsnotify an official veterinarian of the relevant Regional Office of VARS, who shall carry out theantemortem examination of animals prior to slaughter and a postmortem examination of themeat upon slaughter. Holder of activity shall provide for the examination of porcine meat forthe presence of trichinae. Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the fresh meat, incase it has not been examined for trichinae, is subjected to freezing process. In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out. Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.


At the infected holding there shall be: instituted an epizootiological investigation; provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities; banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that the healthcertificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected by trichinellosis; provided that the meat and parts of trichinaeinfested animals do not come into contact with humansand animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed; instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all onfarm slaughtered animals; carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have not beencarried out.Meat of the trichinaeinfested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.



Slovenia 2006 246

In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, within thearea of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is to besubmitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante and postmortem examinations conducted bythe official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseases communicable toman.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible to theveterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinary sector,which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal.VARS submits to the Commission the data on certain diseases and cases detected, in particular thosecommunicable to man.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagiousanimal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.

Results of the investigation including description of the positive cases and the verificationof the Trichinella species

In 2006, no case of trichinellosis in porcine animals was confirmed.


The last case of trichinellosis was confirmed in 1989. According to data, the positive animal was notof Slovenian origin.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in porcine animals, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.

B. Trichinella in horses

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSThe disease, or the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary postmortem examination of animals at slaughter.Systematic examinations for trichinae of the fresh meat of equidae are carried out atslaughterhouses. Epidemiological unit is the animal.


Examination is carried out on all equidae slaughtered at the registered slaughterhouses.


Slovenia 2006 247


Fresh meat: preferable lingual or jaw muscle, otherwise diaphragm, as appropriate.


In accordance with a reference detection method (artificial digestion of a pooled sample in amagnetic stirrer) or trichinoscopy.

Case definition

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease; in theopposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out.Positive animal – animal where Trichinella spp. has been detected.



Results of the investigation including the origin of the positive animals

In 2006, no case of trichinellosis in equidae was confirmed



Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registered animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation Holder of a tourist farm activity shall at least 48 hours prior to slaughtering porcine animalsnotify an official veterinarian of the relevant Regional Office of VARS, who shall carry out theantemortem examination of animals prior to slaughter and a postmortem examination of themeat upon slaughter. Holder of activity shall provide for the examination of porcine meat forthe presence of trichinae. Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the fresh meat, incase it has not been examined for trichinae, is subjected to freezing process. In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out. Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.


At the infected holding there shall be: instituted an epizootiological investigation; provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities; banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that the health


Slovenia 2006 248

certificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected by trichinellosis; provided that the meat and parts of trichinaeinfested animals do not come into contact with humansand animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed; instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all onfarm slaughtered animals; carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have not beencarried out.Meat of the trichinaeinfested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, within thearea of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is to besubmitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante and postmortem examinations conducted bythe official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseases communicable toman.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible to theveterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinary sector,which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal.VARS submits to the Commission the data on certain diseases and cases detected, in particular thosecommunicable to man.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagiousanimal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.


In the past 16 years in Slovenia, no case of trichinellosis in equidae has been confirmed.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in equidae, the possibility of transmission of the diseaseto humans is negligible.

C. Trichinella spp., unspecified in animal Wild animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSThe disease, or the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary postmortem examination of killed wild game.


Slovenia 2006 249


Compulsory is the examination of wild boars and other animals, which may be carriers oftrichinae and the meat whereof is intended for public consumption.


Fresh meat: diaphragm, lingual muscle, jaw muscle, abdominal muscles or front leg muscles, asappropriate.


In accordance with a reference detection method (artificial digestion of a pooled sample with amagnetic stirrer) or trichinoscopy.

Case definition

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease; in theopposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out. Positiveanimal animal where Trichinella spp. has been detected.





National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, on thebasis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in order to destroytrichinae, and the Rules onconditions for the collection of killed wild game, veterinary inspection, production of meat andplacing on the market of the meat of killed wild game. The control programme envisages interalia as follows:Wild game or wild game meat may be placed on the market only after the killed animals havevisually been inspected by the official veterinarian and where the meat has been obtained fromwild game that has been subjected to a postmortem examination (compulsory examination fortrichinae) carried out by an official veterinarian, or by a hunter acting as the veterinary auxiliaryand supervised by the official veterinarian. In case of a suspected presence of disease, thedisease shall be confirmed or ruled out. VARS shall monitor the possible detection ofcontagious diseases in the individual hunting grounds. In case of detecting a contagious disease,measures appropriate to thetype of disease shall be taken.


Meat of the trichinaeinfested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.



Slovenia 2006 250

Where a zoonosis is detected in wild game, the official veterinarian must notify thereof the relevantRegional Office of VARS that is supervising the hunting ground of killing the particular wild animal,and that Regional Office must take the appropriate measures asprescribed.

Results of the investigation including the origin of the positive animals

In 2006, one case of trichinellosis in wild boar was confirmed.


In 1998, a single positive case was detected in a wild animal. No positive cases were detected in theperiod 19992003. In 2004, trichinellosis was detected in one wild boar, the same as in 2006.In 2005, no positive cases were detected.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in animals, the possibility of transmission of the diseaseto humans is negligible.


Slovenia 2006 251

Table Trichinella in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Trichinella sp

p.

T. spiralis

Trichinella sp

p., unspecified

T. britovi

Pigs at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 428007 0

Surveillance (officialsampling at tourist farm)

VARS animal 545 0

Solipeds, domestic horses at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 1497 0

Wild boars wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 475 1 0 0 1

farmed at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 1 0

Bears wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 56 0

Deer farmed at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 1 0


Slovenia 2006 252

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS


A. Echinococcus spp. general evaluation


According to notifications it is a rare disease in Slovenia.From 1990 to 2006 from 0 to 8 cases yearly have been reported. Most of cases in last years were imported from Balkan countries.AnimalsHydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory postmortem examinations atslaughterhouses.


A rare zoonosis. Infections are mostly imported. In 2005 8 cases and in 2006 three cases were notified(Incidence 0,15 / 100 000 inhabitants).


Infections are mostly imported.


Notification system for human cases, identification of source of infection.


Slovenia 2006 253

2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans

A. Echinococcus spp. in humans


Human cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases (Official Gazette 69/ 95). Medicaldoctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since1977.

Case definition



Serology (ELISA etc);ultrasonography,Rtg , CT, MRI ..


Human cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases. Medical doctors, laboratories areobliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of publichealth notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.


According to notifications it is a rare disease in Slovenia.From 1990 to 2006 from 0 to 8 cases yearly have been reported. Most of cases in last years were imported from Balkan countries.AnimalsHydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory ante and postmortem examinationsat slaughterhouses.


In 2005 8 cases have been reported, in 2006 three.


A rare disease. Most infections are imported.


Currently not important.


Slovenia 2006 254

Table Echinococcus in humans Species/ serotype distribution

Cases

Cases In

c.Autochthon cases

Autochthon Inc.

Imported cases

Imported In

c.

Echinococcus

30.15

00

00

E. granulosus

E. multilocularis

Echinococcus sp

p.3

0.15


Slovenia 2006 255

Table Echinococcus in humans Age distribution

E. granulosus

E. m

ultilocularis

Echinococcus spp.

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

00

0

1 to 4 years

00

0

5 to 14 years

00

0

15 to 24 years

00

0

25 to 44 years

11

0

45 to 64 years

11

0

65 years and older

10

1

Age unknown

Total :

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 2

1


Slovenia 2006 256

2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals

A. E. granulosus in animal

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSMonitored are all slaughter animals and wild game intended for human consumption, andexamined by the official veterinarians at slaughterhouses or wild game processing houseswithin the scope of the compulsory veterinary postmortem examination.


Postmortem examination of all animals and/ or meat and organs upon slaughter or killing.


Organs/ tissues: Hydatic cysts


Visual examination of the slaughtered/ killed animal and its organs, and palpation of the liver.

Case definition

Specific structures in the hydatid cysts must be observed using laboratory microscopy, or thepresence of characteristic antibodies must be determined by serology.


Other: Macroscopic (visual) examination of organs and laboratory microscopic parasitologicalidentification of the agent.


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into direct contactwith animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thorough knowledge incontagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man, and in the regulationsgoverning the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GHP, and record keeping.Systematic dehelminthisation of dogs along with antirabies vaccination.



Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registered animals


Slovenia 2006 257

Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation The meat and/ or wild game may be placed on the market after the slaughtered/ killed animalshave visually been inspected by the official veterinarian, or by a hunter acting as the veterinaryauxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian. Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of the disease.


Harmless disposal of hydatid cysts. In the areas, where the disease is enzootic, double dehelminthisation of dogs.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, within thearea of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is to besubmitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante and postmortem examinations conducted bythe official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseases communicable toman.Where a case of the disease is detected, data on the case are promptly communicated to a veterinaryorganisation, which is holding a concession in accordance with the Act governing the veterinarysector, and which is responsible for control of the herd of origin of affected animal.VARS submits to the Commission the data on certain diseases and cases detected, in particular thosecommunicable to man.


In 2006, Echinococcus granulosus was detected in bovine animals in 9 cases (0,006%) of 140430bovine animals tested, and in porcine animals in 14 cases (0,003%) of 428552 porcine animals tested. No E. granulosus was detected in the slaughtered small ruminants neither in slaughtered horses.E. granulosus was also not confirmed in any of the wild animals, whose internal organs wereinspected by official veterinarians in the wild game handling establishments.


In 2006, the number of cases of Echinococcosis in bovine animals remained approximately the sameas in 2005. In 2006, the number of cases of Echinococcosis in porcine animals decreasedconsiderably, and therefore, the situation is assessed as favourable.

B. Echinococcus spp., unspecified in animal


Slovenia 2006 258

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

VARSMonitored are all slaughter animals and wild game intended for human consumption, andexamined by the official veterinarians at slaughterhouses or wild game processing houseswithin the scope of the compulsory veterinary postmortem examination.


Postmortem examination of all animals and/ or meat and organs upon slaughter or killing.


Other: Visual examination of the slaughtered/ killed animal and its organs, and palpation of theliver

Case definition

Detection of hydatid cysts in the liver, the lungs and some other organs of the slaughtered,killed or dead animals (porcines, small ruminants, bovines, equidae, and some wild gamespecies).


Other: Pathoanatomic examination, visual examination and palpation of organs


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into direct contactwith animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thorough knowledge incontagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man, and in the regulationsgoverning the protection against contagious diseases.In accordance with legislation, the business operator shall provide for conditions of hygiene inprimary production GHP, and record keeping.Systematic dehelminthisation of dogs along with antirabies vaccination.



Registration and/ or approval of holdings, establishments, transporters, collection centres anddealers, who are subjected to veterinary checks Identified and registered animals Regular official veterinary checks on holdings Movements of animals accompanied by prescribed documents Veterinary referral form to accompany sick animals and animals coming from holdings withan unverified or suspect epizootiological situation The meat and/ or wild game may be placed on the market after the slaughtered/ killed animalshave visually been inspected by the official veterinarian, or by a hunter acting as the veterinaryauxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian.


Slovenia 2006 259

Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of the disease.


Harmless disposal of hydatid cysts. In the areas, where the disease is enzootic, double dehelminthisation of dogs.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, within thearea of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is to besubmitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office of VARS,and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories and RegionalOffices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for Contagious AnimalDiseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante and postmortem examinations conducted bythe official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseases communicable toman.Where a case of the disease is detected, data on the case are promptly communicated to a veterinaryorganisation, which is holding a concession in accordance with the Act governing the veterinarysector, and which is responsible for control of the herd of origin of affected animal.VARS submits to the Commission the data on certain diseases and cases detected, in particular thosecommunicable to man.


In 2006, hydatid cysts was detected in 15 bovine animals (0,011 %) of 140430 bovine animals tested,and in 54 porcine animals (0.013 %) of 428552 porcine animals tested. No hydatic cysts were detected in the slaughtered small ruminants neither in the slaughtered horses.


Hydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsatory postmortem examinations atslaughterhouses and wild game processing houses.


The percentage of positive cases in animal population is rather low, i.e. less than 0.5 %. Taking intoaccount the rarity of cases in animal population it may be concluded that human population in generalis not at risk.


Slovenia 2006 260

Table Echinococcus in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Echinococcus spp.

E. granulosus

E. m

ultilocularis

Echinococcus spp., unspecified

Cattle (bovine animals) VARS animal 140430 9 9 0 0

Sheep VARS animal 10263 0

Goats VARS animal 315 0

Pigs VARS animal 428552 14 14 0 0

Solipeds, domestic VARS animal 1497 0

Wild boars wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 112 0

farmed at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 1 0

Bears wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 10 0

Deer wild roe deer at game handlingestablishment Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 65 0

red deer at game handlingestablishment Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 94 0

fallow deer at game handlingestablishment Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 21 0


Slovenia 2006 261

farmed red deer at slaughterhouse Surveillance (officialsampling)

VARS animal 1 0

Mouflons wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 64 0

Alpine chamois wild at game handlingestablishment Surveillance(official sampling)

VARS animal 14 0

Footnote

Number of sheeps monitored:10.224 official sampling at slaughterhouse39 official sampling at tourist farmNumber of pigs monitored:428.007 official sampling at slaughterhouse545 official sampling at tourist farm


Slovenia 2006 262

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS


A. Toxoplasmosis general evaluation




The average yearly number of notifications of human cases from 2002 to 2006 was 27 and variedfrom 22 to 38 cases. (During that period average yearly incidence was 1,36 / 100 000 inhabitants andvariied from 1,1 to 1,9 / 100 000 inhabitants).


Notification system, screening of pregnant women on routine basis.


Slovenia 2006 263

2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans

A. Toxoplasmosis in humans



Case definition

According to comission of EU.


Toxoplasma is identificated in laboratory of Medical Faculty in Ljubljana, in Laboratory of Instituteof Transf, and some labs in Institutes of Public Health.Methods used are:Serology: detection of IgG, IgM, IgA with EIA (Abott); avidity of Ig (Biorat Platelia);isolation;PCR.




Number of notifications decreases.


Important for some population groups on example pregnant women. Screening during pregnancy isdone routinely.


Slovenia 2006 264

Table Toxoplasm

a in hum


Cases

Cases In

c.

Toxoplasm

a24

1.2

T. gondii

241.2

Toxoplasma spp.

Congenital cases

20.1


Slovenia 2006 265

Table Toxoplasm

a in hum


T. gondii

Toxoplasm

a spp.

Age Distribution

All

MF

All

MF

<1 year

31

2

1 to 4 years

00

0

5 to 14 years

00

0

15 to 24 years

92

7

25 to 44 years

114

7

45 to 64 years

10

1

65 years and older

00

0

Age unknown

Total :

24

7 17

0 0

0


Slovenia 2006 266

2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals


Slovenia 2006 267

2.11. RABIES


A. Rabies general evaluation


From 1946 to 1950 13 human rabies casesdeaths were recorded. Since 1950 no human cases havebeen notified in Slovenia. Dogmediated rabies was eradicated soon after World War II, when compulsory vaccination of dogsagainst rabies came into force (1947). Since that time all dogs in Slovenia are compulsorily vaccinatedagainst rabies.Wildlifemediated rabies has been present since 1973, when the first rabid animal (red fox) wasdetected in the NW of Slovenia. It had progressively spread trough the territory of the municipalitiesof Murska Sobota and Lendava, but it has never crossed the natural barrier of the Mura River.The second wave of sylvatic rabies reached Slovenia in 1979 from Austria. From there it has beenspread throughout the country nd has persisted until the present.Due to the inconvenient epizootiological situation regarding rabies in the 1980ies, the VeterinaryAdministration decided to implement the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. In 1988, when thepilot project of the manual distribution of baits (socalled Tübingen Model with the SAD type) wasstarted, vaccination was conducted in a small part of Slovenia only. Thereafter, two vaccinationcampaigns (in spring and autumn) were performed as the strategy of pushing rabies from west to east.At that time, 40,000 to 60,000 baits were distributed in each campaign in a rate of 16 to 20 baits perkm2. In a few years that followed, the whole territory of Slovenia was covered three times. It wasfound that if only a certain region was covered at one time, the success rate was poor. And this was the reason that in 1995, we started with a new strategy to combat rabies. The aircraftdistribution of baits has been perfomed twice per year – spring and autumn. The GPS was used tosupport bait distribution and is still used today as a prevailing strategy. Each year, 640,000 baits weredeposited (320,000 per campaign, 20 baits/ km2). The follow up investigations such as antibody andmarker investigations, have been carried out. Specific software has been developed in order to analysedata received from the computer (connected to the GPS). The results of new strategy were veryencouraging. The number of rabies cases decreased from 1089 (996 foxes) in 1995 to only 6 cases (5foxes) in 1999. All cases were detected near the border with Croatia.In 2000, the number of cases increased again. Because of new tax policy the OVF budget decreasedand at the same time there was a deteriorating situation regarding rabies in South – Easternneighbourhood. Therefore, the distribution pattern was changed again.


No human cases were recorded after 1950.In 2004, only 2 positive animals (foxes) were detected. Both cases were on the SE border. In 2005, two rabies cases on the border of vaccination area were detected. Emergency vaccination in30 km radius around this two outbreaks and taking into account the natural barierrs was carried out.With emergency vaccination we tried to avoid the spread of the disease outside the vaccionation area. The third case was detected in May in municipality Ilirska Bistrica on the border region with Croatia.


Slovenia 2006 268

In 2006, 1896 (1.645 foxes) animals were tested on rabies. Two rabid foxes were detected near theborder with Croatia.


Epizootic situation improved since introduction of vaccination of wild animals; no human cases wererecorded after 1950.There is possibility of importation of human cases in spite of fact, that preexposure vaccination isavailable for foreign travellers.


Ongoing oral vaccination of foxes twice per year.


Slovenia 2006 269

2.11.2. Rabies in humans

A. Rabies in humans


Rabies cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases. Medical doctors, laboratories areobliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of publichealth notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.No human cases in Slovenia since 1950.

Case definition



Virologic laboratory of Veterinary Faculty in Ljubljana uses methods:serology (neutralisation test);isolation on cell cultures, also mouse neuroblasts;RTPCR;direct imunofluorescent test.


Rabies cases are notifiable by national Law on Infectious Diseases. Medical doctors are obliged tonotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notifydisease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since second World War.


From 1946 to 1950 13 human rabies casesdeaths were recorded. Since 1950 no human cases havebeen notified in Slovenia. There were no human and animal cases from 1950 to 1973. From 1973 to 1988 rabies spread among wild animals in all regions of Slovenia. In 1988 vaccinationcampaign of wild animals started and continued in 1995 and last years.


No human cases were recorded after 1950. Epizootic situation improved since the start of vaccination of wild animals.


Epizootic situation improved since introduction of vaccination of wild animals; no human cases wererecorded after 1950.(There is possibility of importation of human cases in spite of fact, that preexposure vaccination isavailable for foreign travellers).



Slovenia 2006 270

In Slovenia postexposure prophylaxis of injured persons after bite or injury caused by unknown wildor domestic animal is still obligatory by law.Preexposure prophylaxis is obligatory by law as well for persons, potentially exposed to infectionduring work.Preexposure prophylaxis is also available for foreign travellers.Surveillance of epizootic situation goes on.


Slovenia 2006 271

2.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals

A. Rabies in dogs

Vaccination policy

Compulsorily vaccination of all dogs older than 3 months.


Dogmediated rabies was eradicated soon after World War II, when compulsory vaccination of dogsagainst rabies came into force (1947). Since that time all dogs in Slovenia are compulsorily vaccinatedagainst rabies.


Slovenia 2006 272

Table Rabies in animals


Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Lyssavirus (rabies)

unspecified Lyssavirus

European Bat Lyssavirus unspecified

classical rabies virus (genotype 1)

Cattle (bovine animals) VARS animal 16 0

Sheep VARS animal 12 0

Goats VARS animal 1 0

Pigs VARS animal 0 0

Solipeds, domestic VARS animal 0 0

Dogs VARS animal 63 0

Cats VARS animal 65 0

Foxes wild VARS animal 1645 2 0 0 2

Wolves wild VARS animal 11 0

Badgers wild VARS animal 20 0

Marten wild VARS animal 43 0

Deer VARS animal 13 0

wild roe deer VARS animal 13 0

Rats wild VARS animal 2 0

Hamsters pet animals VARS animal 1 0

Bears wild VARS animal 1 0

Polecats wild VARS animal 1 0

Mice wild VARS animal 2 0


Slovenia 2006 273

2.12. QFEVER


2.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals


Slovenia 2006 274

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE


Slovenia 2006 275

3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC


A. Escherichia coli general evaluation


According to Law on infectious diseases (Official Gazette 69/ 95) E.coli infections are notifiable.Doctors and laboratories are obliged to notify them in three days after diagnosis. The number of allE.coli infections in 2005 was 117, 22 from them were identified as other E.coli infections. In 2006there were 121 notifications, among those 25 were diagnosed as other E.coli infections. Theproportion or incidence of nonpathogenic E.coli is not clear, because most E.coli notifications do nothave serotype data, may be nonpathogenic E.coli are diganosed as "concomitant" bacteria and areprobably not notified at all.


Nonpathogenic E. coli (100 strains, of which 13 from cattle, 66 from poultry (Gallus gallus), 5 frompigs, 4 from turkeys, 8 from dogs and 4 from zoo moose) were tested in indicators of antimicrobialresistance. Also 21 strains of E. coli O:157 from animals and food were included. The same battery of20 antimicrobials as for Salmonella was used.Of poultry strains only 9% of strains were fully susceptible, while 30% of strains were resistant tomore than 4 antimicrobials. Of cattle strains 61% of strains were resistant to 1 antimicribial, and 23%of strains were fully susceptible. From turkeys we had only 4 strains, which is not enough to draw arelevant conclusion. Strains resistant to more than one antimicrobial were found. Similar situation isin pigs and in zoo animals. Although a small number of strains from dogs were tested, the results arenot encouraging. Two strains resistant to 8 antimicrobials were found. Due to close contact betweendogs and their owners and the rest of the family including children, this source of multiresitant strainsand the possible transfer of resistant determinants to other bacterial species (especially enterobacteriaincluding Salmonella) this source of risk should not be neglected.


Slovenia 2006 276

3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates


Slovenia 2006 277


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Pigs quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Pigs


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

5

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

52

22

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

50

12

2

Florfenicol

50

12

2

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

50

11

12

Ceftiofur

50

11

12

Ceftriaxon

50

11

12

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

50

11

11

1

Enrofloxacin

50

11

3

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

51

11

12

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

51

11

21

Trimethoprim

51

11

21

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

52

21

2

Gentamicin

51

11

12

Neomycin

50

13

1

Kanam

ycin

51

11

12

Spectinom

ycin

51

11

12

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

52

11

12


52

11

12


Slovenia 2006 278

Ampicillin

53

32

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

51

12

11


Slovenia 2006 279


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Moose zoo animal quantitative data [D

iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Moose zoo animal


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

4

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

42

21

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

41

11

11

Florfenicol

40

11

2

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

40

4

Ceftiofur

40

12

1

Ceftriaxon

40

12

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

41

11

2

Enrofloxacin

41

11

11

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

41

11

11

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

42

21

1

Trimethoprim

41

11

11

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

42

21

1

Gentamicin

40

31

Neomycin

41

12

1

Kanam

ycin

41

12

1

Spectinom

ycin

40

11

11

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 280

Amoxicillin

42

21

1


40

12

1

Ampicillin

42

21

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

41

11

11


Slovenia 2006 281


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Cattle (bovine animals) quantitative data

[Diffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Cattle (bovine animals)


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

13

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

132

22

61

2

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

131

11

41

42

Florfenicol

130

13

24

11

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

130

13

44

1

Ceftiofur

130

11

12

41

3

Ceftriaxon

130

25

15

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

130

21

51

31

Enrofloxacin

130

11

52

11

2

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

131

12

22

22

11

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

132

21

22

32

1

Trimethoprim

139

91

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

122

24

51

Gentamicin

131

11

33

32

Neomycin

130

11

65

Kanam

ycin

130

11

26

21

Spectinom

ycin

131

15

31

3

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 282

Amoxicillin

130

13

12

42


130

17

22

1

Ampicillin

131

11

21

31

22

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

130

11

25

31


Slovenia 2006 283


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Dogs quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Dogs


programme

no

Num


the laboratory

8

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

80

15

11

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

82

22

21

1

Florfenicol

72

23

11

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

81

12

13

1

Ceftiofur

81

11

42

Ceftriaxon

81

12

31

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

82

21

21

2

Enrofloxacin

82

21

41

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

82

21

11

12

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

83

31

11

2

Trimethoprim

83

31

11

11

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

83

34

1

Gentamicin

82

21

31

1

Neomycin

80

14

21

Kanam

ycin

80

22

31

Spectinom

ycin

82

21

31

1

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

81

12

23


81

12

21

11


Slovenia 2006 284

Ampicillin

83

31

11

11

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

82

21

11

11

1


Slovenia 2006 285


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in All animals quantitative data [D

iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

All animals


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

21

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

211

12

16

61

31

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

210

13

25

51

22

Florfenicol

210

21

62

32

21

11

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

210

11

35

47

Ceftiofur

210

21

54

23

22

Ceftriaxon

210

11

43

12

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

210

11

25

17

4

Enrofloxacin

210

33

24

32

22

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

210

33

44

21

31

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

212

21

11

22

27

21

Trimethoprim

211

11

12

12

21

32

14

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

211

12

47

42

1

Gentamicin

210

16

45

5

Neomycin

210

33

66

21

Kanam

ycin

210

21

13

54

22

1

Spectinom

ycin

210

43

55

31

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 286

Amoxicillin

211

13

18

25

1


210

11

57

51

1

Ampicillin

211

13

18

31

21

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

211

11

12

26

43

1

Footnote

E. coli O

157 from

monitoring of animals and food in veterinary laboratories


Slovenia 2006 287

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in animals


E. coliCattle(bovineanimals)

Pigs Gallus gallus(fowl)

Turkeys All animals Dogs Moose zooanimal


yes yes yes yes yes no no


13 5 66 4 21 8 4

Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n N nTetracyclines

Tetracyclin 13 2 5 2 66 28 4 2 21 1 8 0 4 2Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol 13 1 5 0 66 6 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 1Florfenicol 13 0 5 0 66 2 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 0

CephalosporinsCefotaxim 13 0 5 0 66 1 4 0 21 0 8 1 4 0Ceftiofur 13 0 5 0 66 2 4 0 21 0 8 1 4 0Ceftriaxon 13 0 5 0 66 3 4 0 21 0 8 1 4 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 13 0 5 0 66 16 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 1Enrofloxacin 13 0 5 0 66 17 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 1

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 13 1 5 1 66 41 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 1

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 13 2 5 1 66 19 4 0 21 2 8 3 4 2

Trimethoprim 13 9 5 1 66 31 4 2 21 1 8 3 4 1

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 13 2 5 2 66 20 4 0 21 1 8 3 4 2Gentamicin 13 1 5 1 66 10 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 0Neomycin 13 0 5 0 66 3 4 0 21 0 8 0 4 1Kanamycin 13 0 5 1 66 4 4 0 21 0 8 0 4 1Spectinomycin 13 1 5 1 66 11 4 0 21 0 8 2 4 0

PenicillinsAmoxicillin 13 0 5 2 66 34 4 0 21 1 8 1 4 2Amoxicillin / Clavulanicacid

13 0 5 2 66 11 4 0 21 0 8 1 4 0

Ampicillin 13 1 5 3 66 41 4 0 21 1 8 3 4 2

Trimethoprim +sulfonamides

13 0 5 1 66 7 4 0 21 1 8 2 4 1

Fully sensitive 13 3 5 2 66 6 4 1 21 19 8 3 4 2

Resistant to 1 antimicrobial 13 8 66 12 4 1 8 1


66 12 4 2 8 2


5 2 66 12 21 1


13 1 66 4 21 1


13 1 5 1 66 20 8 2 4 2

Footnote


Slovenia 2006 288

"All animals" stands for E. coli O:157 from monitoring of animals and food in veterinary laboratories.


Slovenia 2006 289


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Turkeys quantitative data [D

iffusion method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Turkeys


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

4

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

42

21

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

40

11

11

Florfenicol

40

11

2

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

40

12

1

Ceftiofur

40

11

11

Ceftriaxon

40

12

1

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

40

11

11

Enrofloxacin

40

11

11

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

40

11

11

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

40

12

1

Trimethoprim

42

21

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

40

12

1

Gentamicin

40

11

2

Neomycin

40

21

1

Kanam

ycin

40

22

Spectinom

ycin

40

11

2

Penicillins

Amoxicillin

40

11

11


40

11

11


Slovenia 2006 290

Ampicillin

40

12

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

40

13


Slovenia 2006 291


sceptib

ility testing of E. coli in Gallus gallus (fowl) quantitative data [D

iffusion

method]

Num




l) or zone (m


E. coli

Gallus g

allus (fowl)


programme

yes

Num


the laboratory

66

Antimicrobials:

Nn

<=6

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

>=35

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclin

6628

281

133

32

82

41

1

Amphenicols

Chloram

phenicol

666

51

61

73

912

65

71

21

Florfenicol

662

11

43

126

54

93

72

62

1

Cephalosporins


0

Cefotaxim

661

11

21

41

181

112

1410

Ceftiofur

662

23

11

23

76

163

146

2

Ceftriaxon

663

31

32

310

212

210

39

6

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

6816

64

21

21

12

33

33

33

36

82

64

2

Enrofloxacin

6617

112

11

23

36

15

13

22

68

14

13

Quinolones

Nalidixic acid

6641

401

24

47

43

1

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamide

6619

191

31

58

38

56

13

11

1

Trimethoprim

6631

301

11

11

11

15

36

65

11

1

Aminoglycosides

Streptom

ycin

6620

191

722

103

21

1

Gentamicin

6610

51

11

212

1113

125

21

Neomycin

663

21

28

2512

93

21

1

Kanam

ycin

664

31

513

2210

73

11

Spectinom

ycin

6611

51

41

24

1718

73

21

1

Penicillins


Slovenia 2006 292

Amoxicillin

6634

221

22

75

73

54

41

11

1


6611

71

31

46

97

46

76

41

Ampicillin

6641

401

23

32

48

11

1

Trimethoprim + su

lfonamides

667

61

11

11

11

63

193

122

71


Slovenia 2006 293

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in humans


E. colihumans

Isolates out of a monitoringprogramme Number of isolatesavailable in the laboratory(1)

2



Chloramphenicol 2 0Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin 2 0Quinolones


Gentamicin 2 0Kanamycin 2 0Spectinomycin 2 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0


2 0

(1) : VTEC strains


Slovenia 2006 294

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Animals

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS

Escherichia coli,nonpathogenic

Standard forbreakpoint

Breakpoint concentration (microg/ ml) Range tested concentration(microg/ ml)

Disk content Breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 12









Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin 30 17 12

Kanamycin 30 18 13



25 16 10


Ceftiofur 30 20 16

Ceftriaxon 30 21 13




30 17 13

Ampicillin 10 17 13


Slovenia 2006 295

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Humans

Test Method Used

Disc diffusion

Agar dilution

Broth dilution

Etest


NCCLS

Escherichia coli,nonpathogenic

Standard forbreakpoint

Breakpoint concentration (microg/ ml) Range tested concentration(microg/ ml)

Disk content Breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=




AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 15 12

Florfenicol TetracyclinesTetracyclin 30 19 16 14




SulfonamidesSulfonamide

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 13 11

Gentamicin 10 15 13 12

Neomycin Kanamycin 30 18 16 13

Spectinomycin


CephalosporinsCefotaxim Ceftiofur Ceftriaxon 3rd generationcephalosporins

PenicillinsAmoxicillin Amoxicillin /Clavulanic acid Ampicillin 10 17 15 13


Slovenia 2006 296

4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS


Slovenia 2006 297

4.1. HISTAMINE


A. Histamine General evaluation


Human cases of microbial food intoxication are notifiable by National Law on infectious diseases(Official Gazette number 69/ 1995).Medical doctors, laboratories are obliged to notify cases to local institutes of public health. Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Histamin intoxication is according to Law on infectiou diseases (Official Gazette number 69/ 1995)not notifiable. (It could be notified as gastroenterocolitis acuta, without identified agent). Mostpatients with symptoms of histamin intoxication, which is not severe, do not seek medical help. Ifthey go to doctor, cases are mostly not notified.Therefore the disease is underreported. From 1980 on to January 2005 less than 15 cases of histamin intoxication were officially recorded inSlovenia. Cases were intoxicated by eating fishes in sandwich, on pizza, noodles with tuna fish and tomatosauce.


Last case was recorded 2002. The patient ate tunna salad and went ill one hour later. Later there wereno official notifications.


The source of infection was mostly canned fish: tuna fish, mackerel.

Recent actions taken to control the hazard

Sampling of food in restaurants, in food shops, education of food workers against: storing fishes, opened canned fish on room temperature; using large amounts of fish instead of opening smaller canns, containing fish;measuring temperature in refrigerators, where fishes are kept etc.

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

Occasional sampling of canned fish for laboratory evaluation of histamin content?


Slovenia 2006 298

4.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs

A. Histamine in foodstuffs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRS has taken samples at the retail level.


Samples are taken once per year.


Samples are taken randomly from the available lot.


Definition of positive finding as written in the Regulation 2073/ 2005.


HLPC


Regular monitoring.



Regular monitoring.


In case of noncompliance with the regulation 2073/ 2005 recall follows.


All positive samples are evaluated by RASFF unit.


HIRS took 10 samples in 9 subunits and none was posititive on presence of histamin.


Slovenia 2006 299

Table Histamine in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units in non conform

ity

<= 100 mg/ kg

>100 <=

200 mg/ kg

>200 <=

400 mg/ kg

> 400 mg/ kg

Fish

Fishery products from fishspecies associated with a highamount of histidine notenzyme maturated

HIRS batch 9* 10 0 10 0 0 0

Footnote

9* number of subunits of the sampleeach weighting 125 195g.


Slovenia 2006 300

4.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII


A. Enterobacter sakazakii general evaluation


Infections with Enterobacter sakazakii are according to our Law on infectious diseases ( OfficialGazette 69/ 95) not notifiable. Therefore we do not have any offcial notifications.


Unknown.


Law on infectious diseases from 1995 is beeing modified in the moment. Enterobacter sakazakii infections could be added to the list of obligatory notifiable diseases.


Slovenia 2006 301

4.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs

A. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

HIRS is executing monitoring at wholesale level, where samples of different producers aretaken.


Once per year all samples are taken.


Prepacked baby food is taken randomly from the available part of the consignment.


Presence of E.sakazakii in 25g.


Method according to U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition, july 2002; Revised August 2002


GMP, GHP, HACCP


Recall from the market, inspection at the producer.


All of the positive results are evaluated at the RASFF unit, in 2006 none was positive.


None of 10 samples was positive.


Slovenia 2006 302

Table Enterobacter sakazakii in food


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested

Total units positive for Enterobacter sakazakii

Infant formula

dried HIRS single 25g 10 0


Slovenia 2006 303

4.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS


A. Staphylococcal enterotoxins general evaluation


Human cases of Stapylococcal intoxication are notifiable by National Law on Infectious Diseases(official Gazette number 69/ 1995). Notifiable are sporadic cases and outbreaks as well.Medical doctors are obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notificated formore than 30 years.


From 2000 to 2006 the average number of sporadic notificated cases of staphylococcal food poisoningwas 15 (from 1 to 63) yearly. Staphylococci are the second most frequent bacteria, which cause food intoxication outbreaks inSlovenia (after Salmonella spp). During the same period number of notificated outbreaks varied from zero to 5 yearly (Places ofintoxication were: schools, school camps, restaurants, family outbreaks. In 2006 we notified threeoutbreaks of staphylococcal poisoning. (Two in school camps and one in a restaurant).


Sources of infection from outbreaks are differentfrom human cariers to milk/ milk products, potatosalad etc.


Implementation of HACCP system in public kitchens, food industry.Education of food workers about Staphyloccocus spp.infections.


Slovenia 2006 304

4.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs


Slovenia 2006 305

5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS

Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infection where thecases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which the observed human casesexceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source is suspected, is also indicative of afoodborne outbreak.

A. Foodborne outbreaks

System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks

System for identification of foodborne outbreaks is:mandatory and national.It covers: family, general and international outbreaks;and all classes of microbiological agents.An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illness orthe situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.Oubreaks of foodborne infections are notifiable by national Law on Infectious diseases, issued in1995. Public health professionals in regional institutes are requested to report regularly allinvestigated outbreaks of infectious intestinal diseases to the Institute of public health of the RepublicSlovenia, using a preliminary notification form.At the end of investigation a final report is also forwarded by the lead investigator.An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illness orthe situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.

Description of the types of outbreaks covered by the reporting:

Reporting covers:family, general and international outbreaks.It covers all range of microbiological agents.

National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:

Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved

In 2006 66 different outbreaks were recorded with 1796 ill persons.From those; 25 were food borne, 31 were transmitted contactly;4 via droplets, aerosol;there were no waterborne outbreaks; 1 nosocomial outbreak and 5 other outbreaks.Agents, which caused the foodborne outbreaks were:Salmonella Enteritidis (16 outbreaks);Calicivirus (3 outbreaks);Staphyloccocus aureus (3 outbreaks);Cryptosporidium parvum (1 outbreak)Gastroenterocolitis, agent not identified (2 outbreaks).


Slovenia 2006 306

Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/ foodcategory combinations

Agents, which caused the foodborne outbreaks were:Salmonella Enteritidis (16 outbreaks);Calicivirus (3 outbreaks);Staphyloccocus aureus (3 outbreaks);Cryptosporidium parvum (1 outbreak)Gastroenterocolitis, agent not identified (2 outbreaks).Cause of enteral outbreaks:patient/ carrier (4 outbreaks);chicken (2 outbreaks);fish (1 outbreak);home made cream cake (1 outbreak);beefsteak (1 outbreak);other.

Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks

Number of foodborne outbreaks increased for 79% in comparison with 2005, but is still for21% lower than 5years average. 64% of foodborne outbreaks in 2006 were caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. 99,99%comparability among epidemic, Salmonella Enteritidis from source of outbreaks andSalmonella Enteritidis of ill persons, was confirmed by PFGE in all outbreaks.

Descriptions of single outbreaks of special interest

Salmonella outbreak in summer sport camp for children; the same Salmonella Enteritidis PFGEserotype was found in cakes and in feces of children and kitchen workers (99,99%comparability).Imported Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak from Serbia; from 38 bus pasangers from Slovenia,who went for a trip to Serbia and ate supper in Belgrade, 31 went ill. From 31 patients, 13 werediagnosed with Salmonella sepsis. No one died. Food samples were not available. Serotypes ofSalmonella spp. of patients were the same according to PFGE analysis.

Control measures or other actions taken to improve the situation

Improvement of general hygienic conditions in kitchens, cleaning and disinfection of public kitchens;education of public kitchen workers about food hygiene;excluding of public kitchen workers with diarrhea from food handling;excluding of public kitchen workers from food handling because of lack of knowledge of foodhygiene;control of HACCP system;booklet with information about Salmonella in food for consumers.


Slovenia 2006 307

Table Foodborne outbreaks in hum

ans

Causative agent

General

outbreak

Household

outbreak

Total Num

ber of

persons

Food im

plicated

Type of

evidence for

implication

of the food

Place where

food was

consum

ed

Contributing

factors

ill (in total)

died

in hospital

Food (sub)category

Suspected as a source

Confirmed as a source

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

Cryptosporidium C. parvum

18

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

arrest

unknow

n

Food borne viruses calicivirus (including norovirus)

16

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n


16

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

hospital

unknow

n


18

02

lunch

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school

breakdow

n of

HACCP


110

01

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school cam

punknow

n


113

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n


113

07

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

hospital

unknow

n


114

00

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

hotel

breakdow

n of

HACCP


114

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

health resort

unknow

n


117

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

canteen

breakdow

n of

HACCP


120

01

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


122

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

restaurant

breakdow

n of

HACCP


126

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


131

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

health resort

unknow

n


134

01

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

factory of

medicines

breakdow

n of

HACCP


140

03

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

hotel

breakdow

n of

HACCP


Slovenia 2006 308


143

03

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n


144

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n


171

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

health resort adn

home for the

eldely

unknow

n


172

01

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school

breakdow

n of

HACCP


174

01

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n


178

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

eldely

unknow

n


185

01

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

breakdow

n of

HACCP

Food borne viruses rotavirus

110

01

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


111

04

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


113

01

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


117

05

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


167

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


184

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

home for the

elderly

unknow

n

Salmonella S. Enteritidis

18

08

home made cream cake

1laboratory

confirm

edfamily

celebration

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


15

00

roast fish and potato salad

1Laboratory

confirm

edcanteen

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


15

02

food

1Laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


17

01

carrier

1Laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

breakdow

n of

HACCP


19

02

carrier

1laboratory

confirm

edhome for the

elderly

unknow

n


114

00

food

1Laboratory

confirm

edkindergarten

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


114

01

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

incidence

restaurant

breakdow

n of

HACCP


115

02

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school cam

pdeficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


115

07

food

1laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


Slovenia 2006 309


116

02

roast m

eet

1Laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


119

02

chicken

1laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


120

01

Tartar beefsteak

1Laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


122

00

foodunknown

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school cam

punknow

n


131

013

food (smoked ham

, vegetables, roast m

eet, sweets)

1laboratory

confirm

ed

excursion

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


133

05

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school and

kindergarten

unknow

n


173

06

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

restaurant

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling


198

09

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Staphylococcus S. aureus

16

00

carrier

1Laboratory

confirm

edrestaurant

breakdow

n of

HACCP


18

00

carrier

1Laboratory

confirm

edschool cam

punknow

n


138

00

food

1Laboratory

confirm

edschool cam

punknow

n

Unknown

15

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n

Unknown

17

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Unknown

110

00

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school cam

punknow

n

Unknown

116

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Unknown

116

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Unknown

117

00

food

1Epidem

iological

evidence

rustic cottage

deficiencies in

the preparation

or food handling

Unknown

117

01

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Unknown

119

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n

Unknown

121

00

food unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Unknown

136

04

unknow

n1

Epidem

iological

evidence

canteen

breakdow

n of

HACCP

Unknown

1134

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

school

unknow

n

Yersinia Y

. enterocolitica

133

00

carrier

1Epidem

iological

evidence

kindergarten

unknow

n


Slovenia 2006 310

Documents

SLOVENIASlovenia VARS Competent authority Monitoring program preparing Collect data in animals, food and feed Epidemiological investigation National report preparing Contact point