Slide Kinh Te Cong Cong

8/3/2019 Slide Kinh Te Cong Cong

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MN HC

KINH T CNG CNG

Ths. NGUYN KIM LANKhoa Kinh t quc ti hc Ngoi thng

[email protected]

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NI DUNG MN HCChng I: TNG QUAN V VAI TR CA CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH

T TH TRNG V I TNG NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINHT CNG CNG

Chng II: CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN B NGUN LC NHM NNGCAO HIU QU KINH T

Chng III: CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN PHI LI THU NHP V M

BO CNG BNG X HI

Chng IV: CHNH PH VI VAI TR N NH KINH T VM

Chng V: LA CHN CNG CNG

Chng VI:NHNG CNG C CHNH SCH CAN THIP CH YU CA

CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH TRNG

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CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V VAI TR CA

CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T

TH TRNG V I TNG

NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINH

T CNG CNG

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NI DUNG CHNH

1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T THTRNG

2. C S KHCH QUAN CHO S CAN THIPCA CHNH PH VO NN KINH T

3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CACHNH PH VO NN KINH T THTRNG

4. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHPNGHIN CU MN HC

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1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T THTRNG

1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc v vai trca Chnh Ph

1.2 S thay i vai tr Chnh Ph trong thc

tin pht trin ca th k 201.3c im chung ca khu vc cng cng

1.4 Khu vc cng cng Vit Nam

1.5 Chnh Ph trong vng tun hon kinh t6

1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc v vaitr ca Chnh Ph

Khi nim Chnh Ph: CP l mt t chcc thit lp thc thi nhng quyn lcnht nh, iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn

sng trong x hi nhm phc v cho li chchung ca x hi v ti tr cho vic cungcp nhng hng ha, dch v thit yu mx hi c nhu cu.


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Chc nng ca Chnh ph:- iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn.- Phc v li ch chung ca X hi

- Cung cp hng ho v dch v cngcng

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L thuyt Bn tay v hnh ca AdamSmith nn KTTT thun ty

Quan im ca Karl Marx, Angel, Lenin nn KT k hoch ha tp trung

Ci cch kinh t (trong c VN)

nn KT hn hp

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1.2 S thay i vai tr CP trong thc tinpht trin ca th k 20

Thp k 50-70: Chnh ph ng vai trquan trng

Thp k 80: thu hp s can thip caChnh ph

Thp k 90: kt hp vi KVTN trong qutrnh pht trin

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1.3c im chung ca khu vc cngcng

Khi nim khu vc cng cng

Phn b ngun lc:

Theo c ch th trng

Theo c ch phi th trng

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1.3c im chung ca khu vc cngcng (tip)

Cc lnh vc c bn c coi l KVCC:

H thng cc c quan quyn lc ca NN

H thng quc phng, an ninh, trt t an ton

XH H thng KCHT k thut v x hi

Cc lc lng kinh t ca Chnh ph

H thng an sinh x hi

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1.3c im chung ca khu vc cngcng

Quy m ca KVCC:Ln hay nh ty thuc vo quan h gia

KVCC v KVTN


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1.4 Khu vc cng cng Vit Nam

Trc nm 1986 KVCC gi vai tr ch o

KVTN nh b, b bp nght

Sau nm 1986 Ngh quyt H ng ln th VI: chuyn nn KT sang

vn hnh theo c ch TT KVCC c chuyn bin su sc KVCC bc l nhng yu km cha theo kp yu cu

i mi Nguyn nhn nhng yu km ca KVCC

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1.5 CP trong vng tun hon kinh t

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119

6

4

10

8 2 1

2

7

8

CC H GIA NH

DOANH NGHIP

CHNH PH

Th trng yut sn xut

Th tr ngvn

Thtrnghngha

3 5

Hinh 1.1: Chinh ph trong vng tun hon kinh t

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2. C S KHCH QUAN CHO S CANTHIP CA CP VO NN KINH T

2.1 Tiu chun v hiu qu s dng ngunlc

2.2nh l c bn ca Kinh t hc Phc li

2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s Chnhph can thip vo nn kinh t

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2.1 Tiu chun v s dng ngun lc

2.1.1 Hiu qu Pareto v hon thin Pareto

Hiu qu Pareto: Mt s phn b ngunlc c gi l t hiu qu Pareto nunh khng c cch no phn b li ccngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngic li hn m khng lm thit hi nbt k ai khc

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Hon thin Pareto:Nu cn tn ti mtcch phn b li cc ngun lc lm cho tnht mt ngi c li hn m khng

phi lm thit hi cho bt k ai khc thcch phn b li cc ngun lc l honthin Pareto so vi cch phn b ban u.

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2.1.2iu kin hiu qu Pareto

iu kin hiu qu sn xut:

MRTSX KL = MRTSY KL

Hiu qu trong sn xut t c khi v chkhi t sut chuyn i kthut bin gia 2ngun lc ca cc ngnh bng nhau


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iu kin hiu qu phn phi:

MRSA XY = MRSB XY

Hiu qu phn phi t c khi v ch khit l thay th bin gia 2 loi hng ho cacc c nhn bng nhau

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iu kin hiu qu hn hp:

MRTXY = MRSA XY = MRSB XY

Hiu qu hn hp t c khi v ch khi tl chuyn ibingia 2 hng hobng tl thay th bin ca cc c nhn.


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- MB>MC:cha hiuqu v tng sn lngcn lm tng cPLXH- MB


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2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t

2.3.1 Tht bi v tnh hiu qu (C2)

- c quyn

- Ngoi ng- Hng ha cng cng- Thng tin khng i xng

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2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t

2.3.2 Tht bi do s bt n nh mang tnhcht chu k ca nn kinh t (C4)

2.3.3 Tht bi v cng bng (C3)

2.3.4 Hng ha khuyn dng v phikhuyn dng

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3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CA CPVO NN KTTT

3.1 Chc nng ca CP

3.1.1 Phn b ngun lc nhm nng caohiu qu kinh t

3.1.2 Phn phi li thu nhp vm bocng bng x hi

3.1.3nnh ha kinh t vm

3.1.4i din cho quc gia trntrngquc t 28

3.2 Nguyn tc c bn cho s can thipca CP vo nn KTTT

3.2.1 Nguyn tc h tr

3.2.2 Nguyn tc tng hp

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3.3 Nhng hn ch ca Chnh ph khican thip

3.3.1 Hn ch do thiu thng tin

3.3.2 Hn ch do thiu kh nng kim sotphn ng ca cc c nhn

3.3.3 Hn ch do thiu kh nng kim sotb my hnh chnh

3.3.4 Hn ch do qu trnh ra quyt nhcng cng

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4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC

4.1 Phng php phn tch thc chng lmt phng php phn tch khoa hc nhm

tm ra mi quan h nhn qu gia cc bin skinh t

4.2 Phng php phn tch chun tc lphngphp phn tch da trn nhng nhnnh chquancbn v iu gng c hoccn lm t c nhng kt qu mongmun


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CHNG 2CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN B

NGUN LC NHM NNG CAO

HIU QU KINH T

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1. C QUYN

1.1 c quyn thng

1.1.1 Khi nim

c quyn thng l trng thi th trngch c duy nht mt ngi bn v snxut ra sn phm khng c loi hng hano thay thgn gi.

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1.1 c quyn thng

1.1.2 Nguyn nhn xut hin c quyn c quyn xut hin l kt qu ca qu

trnh cnh tranh Do c CP nhng quyn khai thc th

trng

Do ch bn quyn i vi pht minh,sng chv s hu tr tu

Do s hu c mt ngun lc c bit

Do c kh nng gim gi thnh khi mrng sn xut c quyn t nhin 34

1.1 c quyn thng (tip)

1.1.3 Tn tht phc li do c quynthng gy ra

Cnh tranh: MB = MC = Pc quyn: MR = MCdt ABC l dt mt trng haytn tht v ch do c quyn(CM)

Li nhun c quyn =Q1(P1- AC(Q1))

0 Q1 Q0 Q

c quyn thng

D = MB

P

P1

P0

MR

C

AC

MC

A

B

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1.1 c quyn thng (tip)

1.1.4 Cc gii php can thip ca CPBan hnh lut php v chnh sch chng

c quyn

Kim sot gi cnh thuS hu nh nc

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1.2 c quyn t nhintrng hp cacc ngnh dch v cng

1.2.1 Khi nim

c quyn tnhin l tnh trng trong ccyu thm cha trong qu trnh sn xut

cho php hng c th lin tc gim chi ph snxut khi quy m sn xut m rng, do dn n cch t chc sn xut hiu qu nhtl ch thng qua mt hng duy nht.


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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hpca cc ngnh dch v cng

1.2.2 Sphi hiu qu ca c quyn tnhinkhi cha b iu tit

CP s lm thno iu tit thtrng QTN?

E

G B M

$

A

AC

MC

MR D

Q1

Q2

Q0

Q

P2

P1

F

N

P0

0

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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch v cng (tip)

1.2.3 Cc chin lc iu tit QTN ca CP

Mc ti u: gim P, tng Q n mc sn lng tiu i vi x hi.

Gii p hp:

t gi trn PC = P0. u im: nhc im:

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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch v cng (tip)

nh gi trn PC= AC u im: nhc im:

nh gi hai phn: u im: nhc im:

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2. NGOI NG

2.1 Khi nim v phn loi

2.1.1 Khi nim: Khi hnh ng ca mt itng (c th l c nhn hoc hng) c nhhng trc tip n phc li ca mt i tngkhc, nhng nhng nh hng li khngc phn nh trong gi c th trng th nhhng c gi l cc ngoing.

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2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)

2.1.2 Phn loi: gm 2 loi

Ngoi ng tiu cc & ngoi ng tch cc

Ngoing tiu cc

N going tch cc

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2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)

2.1.3 c im

Chng c th do c hot ng sn xut ln

tiu dng gy raNgoi ng tch cc v tiu cc ch l tng

i, ph thuc vo i tng chu tc ng.

Tt c cc ngoi ng u phi hiu qu, nuxt di quan im x hi.


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2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc2.2.1 Sphi hiu qu ca n goi n g ti u cc

Gi s nh my ha cht vmt HTX nh c ang sdng chung mt ci h.

MPC+ MEC= MSCMc sn lng ti u thtrng: Q1: MPC = MBMc sn lng ti u xhi: Q0: MSC = MBQ1>Q0 => tn tht PLXH =dt ABC

A

0 Q0 Q1 Q

Ngo i ng t iuc c

Eb

a

MB, MC

Thit hiHTX phichu thm

Linhunnhmycthm

MEC

B

C

MSC = MPC + MEC

MPC

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2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc (tip)

Cc g ii php ca Ch nh p h

nh thu Pigou: ThuPigou l loi thu nh vomi n v sn phm u raca hng gy nhim, sao chon ng bng chi ph ngoing b in ti mc sn lng tiu x hi.=> H n ch

Mc t i u: gim sn lng ca hng gy Ntiu cc v snlng ti u XH

ba

E

A

MSC = MPC + MECMB, MC

MPC + t

0 Q0 Q1 Q

nhthu i vi ngoi ngtiucc

MEC

B

MPC

C

MB

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Tr cp: vi mi n vsn lng m nh myngng sn xut th chnhph s tr cp cho h mtkhon bng MEC ti QO=> Hn ch

E

A

0 Q0 Q1 Q

Trcp i vi ngoi ngtiucc

C

MB, MC

B

MPC

MEC

a b

MB

MSC = MPC + MEC


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2.2 .2 G ii ph p khc phc n goi n g ti u cc

Cc gii php ca t nhn Quynh quyn shu ti sn:nh l Coasepht biu rng, nu chi ph giao dch l khng ngk th c th a ra mt gii php hiu qu i vingoi ng bng cch trao quyn s hu cc ngunlc c cc bn s dng chung cho mt bn no. Ngoi ng s bin mt thng qua m phngia cc bn.

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Gi s quyn SH h c trao cho NMHC. HTX sn sng n b:

MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J

Gi s quyn SH h c trao cho HTX. NMHC sn sng n b:

MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J

Hn ch: Vic trao QSH ngun lc chung cho bn no c ngha phn phi

khc nhau. l Coase chp dng trong TH chi ph m phn ko ng k. nh l ny cng ngm nh l ch s hu ngun lc c th xc

nh c nguyn nhn gy thit hi cho ti sn ca h v c thngn chn iu bng lut php.

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Sp nhp: ni ha ngoi ng bngcch sp nhp cc bn lin quan vinhau.

Dngd lun x hi:S dng d lun,tp tc, l thi x hi. Kh ph bin gpphn ci thin mi trng sinh thi.


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2.3 Ngoi ng tch cc

Khi khng c s iu titca CP, tn tht PLXH timc tiu dng Q1 l dtUVZ.

Gii p hp: Mc tiu tngsn lng ln mc snlng ti u ca x hi.

0 Q1 Q0 Q

Ngoi ngtchcc

V

MPB MC

MSB = MPB + MEB

MB, MC

MEB

Z

U T

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2.3 Ngoi ng tch cc (tip)

Trcp P igou: l mc trcp trn mi n v snphm u ra ca hng to rangoi ng tch cc, sao chon ng bng li ch ngoing bin ti mc sn lngti u x hi

MPB mi = MPB + s

sn lng ti u ti Q00 Q1 Q0 Q

Trcp i vi ngoi ngtchcc

M

N

MPB+s

V

MPBMC

MSB = MPB + MEB

MB, MC

MEB

Z

U T

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2.3 Ngoi ng tch cc (tip)

Hn ch:

- Tr cp to gnh nng cho ngi trthu

- Mt hnh ng to ra li ch cho XHcha ngh tr cp cho hnhng .

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3. HNG HA CNG CNG

3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC

3.1.1 Khi nim chung v HHCC:

Hng ha cng cng l nhng loi hng ham vic mt c nhn ny ang hng th lich do hng ha to ra khng ngn cnnhng ngi khc cng ng thi hng thli ch ca n.

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3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnh c bn caHHCC (tip)

3.1.2 Thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC:

Khng c tnh cnh tranh trong tiu dng:khi cthm mt ngi s dng HHCC s khng lmgim li ch tiu dng ca nhng ngi tiu

dng hin c.

Khng c tnh loi tr trong tiu dng:khng th loi tr hoc rt tn km numun loi trnhng c nhn tchi khngchu tr tin cho vic tiu dng ca mnh.

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3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v HHCN thun ty

HHCN thun ty va c tnh cnh tranh trongtiu dng, va d dng loi tr tt c nhng ai

khng sn sng thanh ton theo mc gi thtrng.

HHCC thun ty l HHCC c y hai thuctnh ni trn


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3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v khng thun tyHHCC thun ty: l nhng hng ha cy

hai thuc tnhcbn ca HHCC

HHCC khng thun ty: l nhng hng ha ch

c mt trong hai thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC

hoc c c hai thuc tnhnhng mt trong hai

thuc tnh mnht

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HHCC khng thun ty gm 2 loi:Loi 1: HHCC c th loi trbng gi: l nhng thhng ham li ch do chng to ra c th nh gi.

V d: thu ph qua cu

Loi 2: HHCC c th tc nghn: l nhng hngha m khi c thm nhiu ngi cng s dngchng th c th gy ra stc nghn khin li chca nhng ngi t iu dng trc b gim st.

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3.2 Cung cp Hng ha cng cng

Phn bit 4 khi nim

Cung cp cng cng # cng cng cung cp

Cung cp t nhn # T nhn cung cp(c nhn) (c nhn)

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3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty

Xt th trng chgm 2 c nhn A, Btiu dng mt loi HHCN X.Lng cu tng hp: qX = qA + qB

TT cnh tranh HH nn: pX = pA = pB

ng cu tng hp v HHCN xcnh bng nguyn tc cng ngangcc ng cu c nhn ca HHCN.

a. Xy dngng cu tng hp

ng cu tng hp v HHCN

SX

P

p E

DA DB DX

0 qA qB QX HHCN (X)

Cngngang ng cuHHCC

im cn bng E l giao cang cu tng hp ving cung lim phn b hng ha Xt hiu qu Pareto

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3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip)

ng cu tng hp v HHCC

Xt th trng gm 2 c nhn A v B,tiu dng mt loi HHCC l pho hoaGG l HHCC nn: qA = qB = qG

Tng li ch bin ca XH: MBG = MBA

+ MBB

Nguyn tc ny c gi l nguyntc cng dc cc ng cu cnhn ca HHCC.

SG

E

DG

DB

DA

MB,T

T*

tB

tA

F

0 Q* HHCC (G)

Cng dc ng cu HHCC

a thm ng cung HHCC, im cn bng trn th trng HHCC tiim F, c lng HHCC cung cp l Q0 t hiu qu Pareto.Ghi ch: Sn lng tiu dng cng nhiu th ng cu v HHCN cngthoi nhng ng cu v HHCC cng dc

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N guyn t c t nguyn ( Kh u v c t nhncung cp) : tt c cc c nhn s phi tr tincho 1 n v sn lng tiu dng ng = li ch

bin h nhn c tHHCC k n khng

b. Cung cp HHCC thun ty v vn k n khng

3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip)

K n khngl nhng ngi tm cch hng thli ch ca HHCC m khng ng gp mt ng nocho chi ph sn xut v cung cp HHCC .


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3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty

a. HHCC c th loi trbng giQuan im chung l nn dng gi c loi tr bt vic tiu dng HHCC.Tuy nhin, khi hng ha khng btc nghn, s dng gi lm gimmc tiu dng th s gy tn thtFLXH

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V d: thu ph qua mt chic cuCng sut thit k (im tcnghn: Qc)Lt qua cu ti a: QmNu Qm Qc MC = 0.Nu Qm > Qc MC >0.P = 0, PLXH ?P >0, PLXH?; Tn tht PLXH ?

Kt lun: Nu HH c th loi trbng gi, nhng MC = 0 th nncung cp min ph hay cung cpcng cng.

A

Ph

Tn tht phcli khi thuph qua cu

imtcnghn

0 Q* Qm Qc

P*

E

S ltqua cu

(Q)

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b. HCCC c kh nng tc nghn i vi nhng HHCC c th tc nghn, nn

loi tr bt vic tiu dng trnh tnhtrng tc nghn.

Nu chi ph thc hin vic loi tr liqu ln th CP s phi chp nhn cung cpcng cng hng ha ny.

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3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty (tip)

V d: thu ph qua mt cy cu.Khi Q>Qc th MC >0 v tng dn Ti uti E (P*,Q*). thc hi n thu ph qua cu xhin chi ph giao dch ph tng ln nP1C 2 la chn:Cung cp c nhn (P1,Q1) chng minh?

dt TTPLXH W1 = dt BQ1QcECung cp cng cng (0,Qm) chng minh?

dt TTPLXH W2 = dt ECQm.Nu W1 > W2 cung cp cng cng hiuqu

W2 > W1 cung cp t nhn hiu qu.

ngc u

P($)

A

P1

P*

0 Q1 Qc Q* Qm Q

Cung cpHHCC mvic lo i trtnkm

B

E

Cngsutthitk

C

MC

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3.3 Cung cp cng cng Hng ha c nhn

3.3.1 Khi no HHCN c cung cp cng cng

Do mc ch tthin Khi chi ph ca vic cung cp c nhn ln hn so vi chi

ph ca vic cung cp cngcng

P

0 Q1 QM Q

P

P1

P0

Tuynhin vic cung cpcng cng HHCN s dn nhin tng tiudng qumc

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3.3.2 Khc phc hin tng tiu dng qu mc

ng cung SX c gi thit l

ng nm ngang MC.-Khng hn chtiu dng: Qm- tiu dng ti u ti Q*.-Hn chtiu dng bng cch nhsut ng u mc tiu dngQ*/2.

-- u im-- Hn ch

DA DB DX

0 q1Q* q2 Q* Qm Q2

nhsut ng u

MC

P

n h sut ng u l hnh thccung cp mt ln g HHCN nhn ha u ch o tt c mi ngi, khngcn cvo cu c thca h.


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3.3.2 Khc phc hin tng tiu dng qu mc

Xp hng: L vic thc hin nguyn tc ain trcc phc v trc hay buc cnhn phi tr gi cho hng hoc cungcp min ph bng thi gian ch i.

=> Hn ch

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4. THNG TIN KHNG I XNG

Tht bi v thng tin ca th trnggm c 2 dng:

Thng tin mang tnh cht ca HHCC nntht bi ging mi HHCC khc.

Tht bi v thng tin khng i xng haytnh trng xut hin trn th trng khi mtbn no tham gia giao dch th trngc c thng tin y hn bn kia vcc c tnh ca sn phm.

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4.1 Tnh phi hiu qu ca TT do thng tinkhng i xng

P0

D1

D0

A

B

C

P

P1

0 Q1 Q0 Q

Thng tin khng i xng v phangi mualmth trngcung cp

di mc hiu qu

SV d 1: TT ko i xng v pha ngimuaDt ABC l tn tht PLXH do vic tiudng di mc hiu qu (do ngi muanhn c thng tin ko i xng bngngi bn)

Do , nu ngi SX c th cung cpthng tin v cht lng ch thc ca snphm cho ngi TD vi chi ph nh hnphn mt trng th nn xc tin vic cungcp thng tin .

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4.1 Tnh phi hiu qu ca TT do thng tin khngixng (tip)

V d 2: TT ko i xng v pha ngi bn

Th trng bo him. Thng tin khng ixng lm th trng cung cp nhiu hnmc ti u x hi (ngi bn nhn cthng tin khng i xng bng ngi mua)

71

4.2 Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tngthng tin ko i xng

Nu mi th khc nh nhau th chi ph ny s ph thucvo cc nhn t ch yu sau:

Chi ph thm nh hng ho

Tnh ng nht trong mi quan h gia gi cv cht lng hng ho

Mc thng xuyn mua sm hng ho cangi tiu dng.

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4.3. Mc nghim trng ca TTKX cc loi hng ho

- Hng ho c th kim nh trc khi tiu dng, c chiph kim nh = 0 nn tn tht do thng tin khng i xngl khng ng k.

- Hng ho chc th kim nh khi tiu dng, c chi ph

kim nh = gi hng ho nn tn tht do thng tin khngi xng s ph thuc gi.

- Hng ho chc th kim nh khi tiu dng s lng lnhoc khng th kim nh c, c chi ph kim nh vcng ln nn tn tht do thng tin khng i xng rt ln.


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4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khng ixng

Cc g ii php ca tnhn Xy dng thng hiu v qung co Bo hnh sn phm Chng nhn ca cc t chc c lp, cc

hip hi ngh nghip Cung cp thng tin

74

4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khng ixng (tip)

Cc g ii php ca Ch nh Ph Xy dng cc khun kh php l Chnh ph ng ra lm c quan cp

chng nhn, chng ch H tr vic cung cp thng tin

75

CHNG 3

CHNH PH VI VAI TR

PHN PHI LI THU NHP V

M BO CNG BNG X HI

76

1. CNG BNG X HI TRONGPHN PHI THU NHP

1.1 Khi nim cng bng1.1.1 Cng bng dc Cng bng dc l s i xc phn bit gianhng ngi c v tr khc nhau trong x hi. Nguyn tc chung: Nu hai ngi c v tr khcnhau trong x hi th sau khi stc ng ca chnhsch phn phi li th khong cch gia h phigim xung.

77

1.1 Khi nim cng bng (tip)

Cng bng ngang l s i x nhnhau ivi nhng ngi c v tr ban u nhnhau trongx hi. Nguyn tc chung: Nu hai ngi c v tr banu nhnhau trong x hi th sau khi stc ngca c/sch phn phi li th h vn phi c v trnhnhau.

1.1.2 Cng bng ngang

78

1.1 Khi nim cng bng (tip)

1.1.3 Mt s lu

Cc chnh sch v cng bng thng

gy ra tranh ci rt ln v vic hiunhthno v scng bng, tranh ci xut pht ts m h v khi nimv trnhnhau.


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1.2 Thc o mc bt bnh ngtrong phn phi thu nhp

Khi nim: ng cong Lorenz biu th milin h gia t l phn trm thu nhp quc dncng dn v phn trm dn scng dn tng ng.

1.2.1 ng Lorenz

80

1.2.1ng Lorenz (tip)

Cc bc xy dng ng cong Lorenz:

- B1: Sp xp dn c theo th t c thu nhp tng dn.

- B2: chia dn s thnh cc nhm c s dn bng nhau(thng chia thnh 5 nhm, mi nhm c gi l ngphn v).

- B3: Tnh phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn caphn trm dn s cng dn tng ng.

- B4:a phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn votrc tung, % dn s cng dn vo trc honh. Ni ccim phn nh %TNQD cng dn ca % dn s cngdn tng ng, ta c ng cong Lorenz.

81

u im:

- ng Lorenz phn nh t l phn trm ca tngTNQD cng dn c phn phi tng ng vi t l phntrm cng dn ca cc nhm dn s bit.

- ng L cung cp mt ci nhn trc gic v BB thunhp

- ng L trong thc t lun nm gia ng B tuyti v BB tuyt i.


82


Hn ch:

- Cha lng ha c mc BB thnhmt ch sdo mi sso snh ch mangtnh cht nh tnh.

- Trong trng hp cc ng L giao nhau thkh c c mt cu kt lun nht qun ivi mc BB.

83

1.2 Thc o mc bt bnh ng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)

1.2.2 H sGini

Khi nim: H sGini l h scho bitt l gia din tch to ra bi ngphn gic OO v ng Lorenz vi dintch tam gic OEO.

84

1.2.2 H s Gini (tip)

Kt lun v h sGini:

u im: L mt thc o kh thun li so snhs BB gia cc quc gia, cc vng min qua cc giaion khc nhau.

Hn ch:

- Khng c kt lun nht qun khi hai ng L ctnhau.

- Cha tch c s BB chung thnh cc nguynnhn khc nhau gy ra s BB .


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1.2 Thc o mc bt bnh ng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)

Khi nim: Ch sTheil L l i lng xc nh sBB da trn l thuyt thng tin/ xc sut.

Ch sTheil L c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

1.2.3 Ch sTheil L

n

i=1 yiN

Y

L = ln

86

1.2.3 Chs Theil L (tip)

u im ca ch sThei l L:

- Lm tng trng sca ngi c thu nhp thp

- Khc vi h sGini, ch sTheil L cho php chng taphn tch sbt bnh ng chung thnh bt bnh ngtrong tng nhmnh.

87

T sKuznets: L t trng thu nhp ca x% ngi g iu nhtchia cho y% ngi ngho nht. Nhng gi tr ca t snythc tht l nhng mu nm trn ng Lorenz.

1.2.4 Cc ch skhc

Thu nhp x% giunht

Thu nhp y% nghonhtk = % thunhp =

u imNhc im

88

1.2.4 Cc chs khc

T trng thu nhp / tiu dng ca x% dns ngho nht: khc phc c nhcim ca G v L l bin thin khi c sphn phi thay i, bt k s thay i din ra nh, y hay gia. Thc otrc tip ny ko bin thin khi c thay i nh.

89

1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt bnhng trong phn phi thu nhp

1.3.1 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhptti sn

Nhm cc nhn t nh sn: y l nhng

nhn t gy ra s bt bnh ng v thunhp nm ngoi kh nng kim sot v chiphi ca cc c nhn.

90

1.3.1 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhp t tisn (tip)

Thu nhp ny c hnh thnh t ccngun:

Do c tha k ti sn

Do hnh vi tiu dng v tit kim khcnhau ca cc c nhn nh hng lnn s khc nhau v ca ci tch lyc.

Do kt qu kinh doanh


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1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt bnh ngtrong phn phi thu nhp (tip)

1.3.2 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhptlao ng

Nhm cc nhn tdo ti nng v cng scca cc c nhn chi phi: cc c nhn c knng lao ng, iu kin lao ng v tnhcht ngh nghip khc nhau s dn n thunhp khc nhau

92

1.3.2 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thunhp t lao ng (tip)

Mt s nguyn nhn dn n bt bnh ng trongphn phi TN t lao ng:

Do khc nhau v kh nng, k nng L dn nkhc nhau v thu nhp.

Do khc nhau v cng lm vic

Do khc nhau v ngh nghip v tnh cht cngvic

Do nhng nguyn nhn khc

93

1.4 L do can thip ca Chnh ph nhmm bo cng bng x hi

Th trng c th tc ng n phn b ngun lc nng cao hiu qu sdng ngun lc nhng li ko tcng c x hi cngbng hn

Phn phi li thu nhp tuy khng lm tng mc ca cichung ca x hi nhng c kh nng lm tng mcPLXH

m bo cng bng l m bo kh nng tip cn ccdch v c bn m con ngi phi c hng vi tcch l cc quyn ca cng dn. Do , phn phi lithu nhp c th coi nh to ra mt ngoi ng tchcc

94

2. CC L THUYT V PHNPHI LI THU NHP

Hm phc li x hi: L mt hm ton hc biu th mi quan hgia mc PLXH v tha dng ca tng cc nhn trong x hi.

2.1 Mt skhi nim c bn

im ti u ha PLXH: l tipim gia ng bng quan xhi vng gii hn kh nng tha dng v lim ti u mmi x hiu c gng tm cchtc.

95

2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn (tip)

Khi nim: l qu tchca tt c cc im kthp gia tha dngca mi thnh vin trongx hi m nhng im mang li mc PLXH bngnhau.

tho dng c nhn A (UA)

ngbng quanx hi

thodngc

nhn

B (UB)

0

W1

W2

M E

N

n g b n g qu an x hi

96

2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn (tip)

- Khi nim: Cho bitnhng kh nng ti a vphc li m mt x hi vinhng iu kin v ngunlc v cng ngh nhtnh c th mang li chocc thnh vin ca mnh

thodngca

nhmB

(UB)

tho dng ca nhm A (UA)ng KNTD &

phn phi FLXH ti u

0W1

W3

M

E

N

W2

n g gii hn kh nng tha dng


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2.2 Thuyt v li

2.2.1 Ni dung v Hm phc li

2.2.2 M t

2.2.3 Phn phi thu nhp theo thuyt vli

98

2.2.1 Ni dung v hm FLXH

Ni dung:FLXH suy cho cng ch ph thuc vo tha dngca cc c nhn. FLXH l tng i s tha dngca tt c cc thnh vin trong x hi v mc tiu cax hi l phi ti a ha tng i s .

Hm phc li x hi:

W = U1 + U2 + ... + Un = Ui

n

i = 1

99

2.2.2 M t

0

ngbngquanx hi theothuyt vl i

tha dng ca nhm A ( UA)

thadngca

nhm B(U B)

100

2.2.3 Phn phi thu nhp theo thuyt v li

Gi nh:

- Hm tho dng ca cc c nhn l nhnhau.

- Cc c nhn u tun theo qui lut thodng bin gim dn.

- Tng thu nhp khng thay i trong qutrnh phn phi li.

101

Phn tch

thodngbin

ca A(MU A)

thodngbin

ca B

(MU B)

O O'm b a

n

f

eM UBM UA

Thu nhp ca A Thu nhp ca B

cd

102

nh gi

u im

- a ra mt nguyn tc v phn phi li lphn phi cho n khi tha dng bin ca

tt c cc c nhn trong x hi bng nhau.- Nu cc gi nh ca thuyt v li c thamn th phn phi li thu nhp cui cng sm bo s bnh ng tuyt i gia tt ccc thnh vin.


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nh gi (tip)

Nhc im- Ba gi nh c nh gi l qu cht

ch, ko c trn thc t.- Nu hm tha dng bin l khng bng

nhau th PP li ti im m cha chc xa b c s phn cch giu ngho

- Khi tin hnh phn phi li c th b thtthot ngun lc

104

Kt lun

Phn phi thu nhp ti u theo thuytv li s l phn phi thu nhp c:

MUA = MUB

Khi , phn phi thu nhp tuyt ibnh ng

105

2.3 Thuyt cc i thp nht (Thuyt Rawls)


2.3.2 M t

2.3.3 Phn tch

2.3.4 Kt lun

106


Ni dungFLXH chph thuc vo li ch ca ngi nghonht. V vy, mun c FLXH t ti a th phi cci ha tha dng ca ngi ngho nht

Hm FLXHRawls t trng s bng 1 i vi ngi c tha dng thp nht, cn nhng ngi khc ctrng s bng 0.

W = minimum {U1, U2, , Un}

107

2.4.2 M t

ng bng quan xhi theo thuyt Rawls

thadngca

nhm

B (UB)

tha dng ca nhm A (UA)OU1

U2

Phn phi thu nhp ti u theothuyt cc i thp nht

W1

W*E

108

2.4.3 Phn phi thu nhp theo thuytRawls

a. Phn tch

b. nh gi

c. Kt lun


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a. Phn tch

Bt u t vic phn phi li bng cchtng tha dng cho ngi ngho nhtn khi a v ca h c ci thin schuyn sang i tng khc m lc nyc mc li ch thp nht trong x hi.

110

b.nh gi

u im- Khc phc c mt phn nhc

im ca thuyt v li do t trng s100% vo phc li ca ngi ngho.- Nu gi thit ca thuyt ny ctha mn th phn phi phc li cuicng s m bo s bnh ng tuyti.

111

b.nh gi (tip)

Nhc im- Thuyt ny d dn n ch ngha bnh qun lm

gim ng lc phn u nhm ngi ngho vgim ng c lm vic nhm ngi c nnglc, do lm gim nng sut lao ng x hi.

- Thuyt ny vn chp nhn cch phn phi lmcho li ch ca ngi giu tng nhiu hn li chca ngi ngho.

112

c. Kt lun

Kt qu cui cng phn phi ti u xhi s t c khi:

UA = UB

113

2.5 Cc quan im khng da trn tho dng c nhn

Cn quan tm n mt mc sng ti thiu m tt cmi c nhn trong x hi c quyn c hng,c xc nh trc tip bng thu nhp m bngnhng hng ho tiu dng c coi l thit yu

nh thc phm, qun o, hc hnh, cha bnh,nh .... Chi phcho nhng khon tiu dng tithiu ny s c tp hp li tnh ra mc thunhp ti thiu m nhng ai c thu nhp di mc tithiu s c chnh ph gip qua cc chngtrnh trcp v ASXH.

114

3. Quan h gia hiu qu kinh tv cng bng x hi

3.1 Quan im gia hiu qu v cng bngc mu thun.

3.2 Quan im gia hiu qu v cngbng khng c mu thun.

3.3 Quan h gia hiu qu v cng bngtrong thc t.


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3.1 Quan im gia hiu qu v cngbng c mu thun.

Qu trnh phn phi li thu nhp lm tngchi ph hnh chnh.

Gim ng clm vic.

Gim ng ctit kim.

Tc ng v mt tm l

116

3.2 Quan im gia hiu qu v cngbng khng c mu thun.

Tng thu nhp cho ngi ngho s kchcu trong nc.

PPTN cng bng kch thch pht trin lnhmnh.

Thu nhp thp nh hng ti sc kho,dinh dng v gio dc.

Ngi giu c xu hng dng nhiu hngxa x.

117

3.3 Quan h gia hiu qu v cngbng trong thc t.

Hs

Gini

GDP tr n u ng ing Kuznets hnh chU ngc

118

4. I NGHO V CC GII PHPXA I GIM NGHO

4.1 Quan nim v i ngho v thco i ngho

4.2 Tnh hnh i ngho Vit Nam vnh hng chnh sch xa igim ngho

119

4.1 Quan nim v i ngho v thc oi ngho

4.1.1i ngho v cc kha cnhca i ngho

4.1.2 Thc o i ngho

120

4.1.1i ngho v cc kha cnh cai ngho

S khn cng v vt cht, c olng theo mt tiu chthch hp v thunhp hoc tiu dng.

S hng th thiu thn v gio dc vy t.

Nguy c d b tn thng v d gp riro, tnh trng khng c ting ni vquyn lc ca ngi ngho.


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4.1.2 Thc o i ngho

a. Xc nh cc chs phc li

b. La chn v c tnh ngng ngho

c. Cc thc o i ngho thng dng

122

a. Xc nh cc chs phc li

Phi tin t

Tin t: Thu nhp hay chi tiu?

123

b. La chn v c tnh ngngngho

Khi nimngng ngho:

Ngng ngho l ranh gii phn bitgia ngi ngho v ngi khngngho

124

b. La chn v c tnhngng ngho (tip)

Ngng ngho tuyti: l chun tuyti v mc sng c coi l ti thiu cnthit c nhn hoc h gia nh c thtn ti kho mnh.Ngng nghotng i:c xc nhtheo phn phi thu nhp hoc tiu dngchung trong c nc phn nh tnhtrng ca mt b phn dn c sng dimc trung bnh ca cng ng

125

c. Cc thc o i ngho thngdng

Cng thc:

yil mc chi tiu (hoc thu nhp) tnh trn

u ngi, tnh cho ngi th i, zlngng ngho, Nl tng dn s, Ml sngi ngho v l i lng o mc quan tm n s bt bnh ng gianhng ngi ngho.

P =

M

i

i

z

yz

N 1

)(1

126

Gii thch cng thc

= 0, ng thc phn nh chs muhay tl i ngho.

= 1, ng thc th hin khong ngho.

Khong nghoc tnh l tng cc mcthiu ht ca tt c ngi ngho trong nn kinht.

= 2, ta c chs bnhphngkhongngho. Chs ny th hin mc nghimtrng (hay cng ) ca i ngho


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Khong ngho

Thunhphngnm

VP

0 50 % dns

N c AThunhphngnm

VP

0 50 % dns

N c B

So snh khongnghogia cc nc

128

4.2 Tnh hnh i ngho Vit Nam vnh hng chnh sch XGN

Tho lun

129

CHNG 5

LA CHN CNG CNG

130

NI DUNG CHNH

1. Li ch ca la chn cng cng.2. La chn cng cng trong c ch

biu quyt trc tip.3. La chn cng cng trong c ch

biu quyt i din.

131

1. LI CH CA LA CHNCNG CNG

1.1. Khi nim ca la chn cng cng

1.2.c im ca la chn cng cng

1.3. Li ch ca la chn cng cng

132

1.1. Khi nim ca LCCC

La chn cng cngl mt qu trnh mtrong mun ca cc c nhnc kt

hp li trong mt quytnh tp th.


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1.2.c im ca LCCC

Tnh cht khng th phn chiaTnh cht cng chTc dng ca LCCC: huy ng c

ngun lc v sc mnh tp th t nng kh nng li ch.

134

1.3. Li ch ca la chn cng cng

Min IMin II(IIA; IIB)

Min III

UB thodngca B

0 UA tho dng ca A

Cc kt cc c t hxy r a k hi c hnh ng tp th

II B I

III IIA

135

2. LA CHN CNG CNG TRONG CCH BiU QUYT TRC TIP

2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cng cng

2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s

2.3 nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow

136

2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cngcng

2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i

2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a sgin n (tng i)

2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i

137

2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc

b. M t m hnh Lindahl

c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahld. Hn ch ca m hnh Lindahl

138

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc

Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i l mt nguyntc quy nh: mt quytnh ch c thngqua khi v chkhi c s thng nht (ng )ca tt c cc thnh vin (100%) trong mtcng ng no .


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b. M t m hnh Lindahl

Hon cnh nghin cu

M t - Gii thch

Phn tch

Kt lun

140

Hon cnh nghin cu

C 2 c nhn A v B ang bn bc raquyt nh thu ngi bo v.

Gi tA l gi thu m ngi A phi tr thu ngi bo v;

tB l gi thu ca ngi B phi tr.

=> tA + tB = 1.

141

M t - Gii thch

O'

O

t* E

DB

DA

Q*

Q

Q

tB

tA

S ngi bo v

S ngi bo v

Gi thu

M hnh Lindahl

142

Phn tch

Nu tA # t* (hay tng ng l tB#1-t*) thcha c mt s nht tr chung v lngdch v c cung cp.

Nu tA = t* (hay tng ng l tB=1-t*) thc mt s nht tr chung v lng dchv c cung cp l Q*.

143

Kt lun

Cn bng Lindahl l mt cp gi Lindahlm ti cp gi , mi c nhn u nhttr v mt lng HHCC nh nhau.

Cn bng Lindahl l cn bng c thchin da trn nguyn tc nht tr tuyti.

144

c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahl

Nu tm ra c cn bng ny th s mbo mc cung ng HHCC l hiu qu vphn nh c ng li ch m tng c

nhn nhn c t HHCC .


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d. Hn ch ca m hnh Lindahl

Nu c ngi mun thnh k n khng th cnbng Lindahl s tht bi.

Tn thi gian t c nht tr tuyt i do chi phquyt nh thng cao, t hiu qu.

Sc mnh ph quyt ca mt ngi bng ttc biu quyt ca nhng ngi khc nn rtkh a ra quyt nh chung

Nguyn tc ny dng kim ch quyn lcca nhau.

146

2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stng i

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i

b. Hn ch ca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i

c. C tri trung gian v nh l c tri trunggian

147

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i

Nguyn tc Hon cnh nghin cu M t Phn tch

148

Nguyn tc

Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s l mtnguyn tc quy nh: mt vn ch cthng qua khi v chkhi c hn mt nas ngi b phiu (50%) cng nht tr

149

Hon cnh nghin cu

Kt qu phng vn th t u tin ccphng php hc i vi 3 sinh vin nhsau:

Phng n A: t hcPhng n B: hc trn lpPhng n C: hc nhm

150

M t

AACu tin 3

CBBu tin 2

BCAu tin 1

SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn


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Phn tch

u cpA vs B: B thngB vs C: B thng

B thngCch chn cp u khcA vs C: C thngC vs B: B thng

B thngKt lun chung: cho d thay i lch trnh u cp,kt qu cui cng vn nh nhau

Hin tng Cn bng biu quyt152

b. Hn ch ca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i

b1. S p ch ca a s

b2. Hin tng quay vng trong biuquyt

153

b1. S p ch ca a s

Nu s ngi chnphng n A chim as v B chim thiu sth min IIA cng trthnh min la chn vkhi chn min ny emli li ch cho a s.

UB (thiu s)

0 UA (a s)

II B I

III IIA

154

b2. Hin tng quay vng trongbiu quyt

M t Phn tch Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay

vng trong biu quyt Kt lun

155

M t

ABCu tin 3

CABu tin 2

BCAu tin 1

SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn

156

Phn tch

u cp:

A vs B: A thngB vs C: B thng

B vs C: C thngA thng B, B thng C, theo tnh cht bc

cu c th kt lun A thng.Nhng nu A u vi C th C li thngHin tng quay vng trong biu quyt


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Khi nim c lin quan

Cn bng biu quyt:L tnh trng trong biuquyt theo a s tm ra c mt phng ncui cng m kt qu b phiu l nht qunv khng ph thuc vo lch trnh b phiu.

Quay vng trong biu quyt:L tnh trng din rakhi la chn theo nguyn tc a s gin nkhng tm ra c mt phng n thng cuccui cng m nht qun vi tt c cc lch trnhb phiu.

158

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay vng

Khi nim clin quannh trong sla chn ca c nhn

La chnn nh

La chna nh

159

M t

0 A B C phngn hc tp

Biu m t sla chn ca c c ctri

Lich La chn a

nh ca ctri 2

La chn nnh ca ctri 1

La chn nnh ca ctri 3

160

nh l v la chn n nh

Nu tt c cc c tri u c la chn n nhth nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s s tc cn bng biu quyt v s khng cnghch l biu quyt.

Nhng nu c mt ngi c la chn a nh,cha chc c quay vng biu quyt cng nhcn bng biu quyt. y l nh l ca biuquyt theo a s gin n.

161

c. C tri trung gian v nh l c tritrung gian

Khi nim c tri trung gian

nh l c tri trung gian

V d minh ha

Kt lun

162

Khi nim c tri trung gian

Ctri trung gian l ngi c s la chnnm chnh gia trong tp hp la chnca tt c cc c tri


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nh l c tri trung gian

nh l c tri trung gian: nu tt c ccc tri u c la chn n nh th kt qubiu quyt theo a s phn nh ng sla chn ca c tri trung gian.

164

2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i

Nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tuytil mt nguyn tc quynh:Mt vn ch c thng qua khi v chkhi c nhiuhn mc a s gin n (t 50% - 100%)s ngi b phiu cng nht tr, chng hnphi t c hai phn ba s phiu thun.

165

2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i (tip)

Nguyn tc ny l trung gian gia ngtc biuquyt theo a s gin n v ngtc nht trtuyt i (t 50% - 100%).

Ty theo t l quy nh v s ngi tn thnhcng ln th cng c u nhc im gingngtc nht tr tuyt i, cng nh cng c unhc im ging ngtc biu quyt theo a sgin n.

166

2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s

2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bnnguyn tc biu quyt theoa s gin n

2.2.2 Mt s phin bn nguyn tcbiu quyt theo a s tuyti

167

2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s gin n

a. Hn ch

Hnh thc u cp ch c ngha khi ccphng n biu quyt c th sp xp ctheo mt tiu ch chung thng nht

Ngay khi iu kin trn c tha mn th ktqu cn bng biu quyt theo phng phpu cp vn ph thuc vo la chn ca mtc nhn l c tri trung gian.

168

2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s gin n (tip)

b. Nguyn nhn Biu quyt theo phng php u cp

quan tm n vic c nhn u tin p/n

no nht nhng cha phn nh cmc quan trng ca tng c nhntheo p/n a ra.


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2.2.2 Mt s phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s tuyt i

a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lc

b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im

c. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo a s

170

a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lc

Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc

171

Trnh t thc hin

Biu quytnhiu phng n cng lc.

Mi c tri s xp hng cc phng n theo tht u tin. Phng n no c u tin nhts c xp v tr th 1.

Tnh tng s xp hng ca cc c tri cho tngphng n.

Phng n no c tng s xp hng nh nhts l phng n c chn.

172

u nhc im ca nguyn tc

u im: Khc phc c hin tngquay vng trong biu quyt

Nhc im: Khng cho php cc cnhn phn nh mc a thch camnh i vi cc phng n

173

b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im

Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc

174

Trnh t thc hin

Mi c tri c mt s im nht nh.Cc c tri c th phn phi im gia cc

phng n khc nhau ty thch.

Cng im m cc c tri phn phi chocc phng n.

Phng n no c s im ln nht lphng n c la chn.


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u nhc im ca nguyn tc

u im: Cho php cc c tri phnnh mc a thch ca mnh i vicc phng n.

Nhc im: Mi ngi u cho imti a phng n ca mnh. C th xyra hin tng cc c tri s dng chinlc trong biu quyt, lin minh trongbiu quyt.

176

c. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo as

Khi nimLin minh bu c lm tng phc li x

hiLin minh bu c lm gim phc li x

hi

177

Khi nim

Lin minh l mt h thng cho phpcc c nhnc traoi phiu bu vinhau v do c th bc l c mc quan tm khc nhau ca c nhnivi tng vn c biu quyt.

178

Lin minh bu c lm tng PLXH

Hon cnh nghin cu:Mt cng ng ang xem xt ba d n xydng bnh vin, trng hc hay th vin.Cng ng ny c ba c tri X, Y v Z.Mi c tri c quyn cho im t do tngphng n m khng b gii hn bi tngs im c php.

179

M t

220400-60-120Th vin

80-30150-40Trng hc

95-55- 50200Bnhvin

ZYXTng lich rng

C triD n

180

Phn tch

Nu khng lin minh th c phng nno c thng qua khng?

Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?

Khng/c lin minh th nh hng tiPLXH nh th no?


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Lin minh bu c lm gim FLXH

-10400-140-270Th vin

-10-120150-40Trng hc

-15-105- 110200Bnhvin

ZYXTng lich rng

C triD n

Thay i mc nh gi li ch 3 d n ca ccc tri

182

Phn tch

Nu khng lin minh th c phng nno c thng qua khng?

Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?

Khng/c lin minh th nh hng tiFLXH nh th no?

183

2.3 nhl Bt kh thi ca Arrow

t vn :Tt c cc phng n bu phiu

chng ta xt u c nhc imring.Liu c th tm c mt c ch bu

phiu no m m bo cng bng vhiu qu?

184

2.3nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow

Ni dung nh l

1. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh tp th phi c tnh chtbc cu.

2. Cc phng n la chn phi c kh nng sp xtth t u tin

3. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi theo ng s la chnca cc c nhn.

4. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi m bo tnh khchquan.

5. Khng cho php tn ti s c ti.

185

2.3nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow (tip)

ngha ca nh l:

Nu hin tng quay vng xy ra th ai ckh nng kim sot lch trnh b phiu, sc c hi thao tng la chn ca x hi.

Cc bn yu th c th to ra s quay vng trnh kt cc ko c li cho mnh

186

CHNG 6

CC CNG C CHNH SCHCAN THIP CH YU

CA CHNH PH TRONG

NN KINH T TH TRNG


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NI DUNG CHNH

1. Nhm qui nh php l

2. Nhm c ch thc y th trng3. Nhm n by kinh t

4. Nhm s dng khu vc nh nc5. Nhm bo him v gim nh nguy c

tn thng

188

1. NHM QUY NH PHP L

1.1 Qui nh khung1.2 Cc quy nh kim sot trc tip

189

1.1 Qui nh khung

L nhng hnh lang php l cn thit mchnh ph phi xy dng v bo v nhmm bo th trng t do c th vn hnh mc ti u.

190

1.2 Cc quy nh kim sot trc tip

1.2.1 Qui nh v gi1.2.2 Qui nh v lng1.2.3 Qui nh v cung cp thng tin

191

1.2.1 Qui nh v gi

a. Gi trnb. Gi sn

192

a. Gi trn

Khi nim:

Gi trn l mc gi ti a c phptrao i trn th trng


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a. Gi trn

M t P

Q0

D

S

P0Gi trn

Pc

Q0

PX

A

B

C

E

Q1 Q2

H nh 6.1: T c ng ca gi trn

194

a. Gi trn

Phn tch:o V tnh hiu qu:ko hiu quo V tnh cng bng: cha r rng

195

b. Gi sn

Khi nim:

Gi sn l mc gi ti thiuc traoitrn th trng

196

b. Gi sn

M t P

Q0

D

S

P0

Gi sn

Q0

Pf

A

B

C E

Q1 Q2

H nh 6.2: T c ng ca gi s

n

F

M

197

b. Gi sn

Phn tch: Gii php ca chnh ph c hnch g?

Kt hp kim sot gi sn vi vic kim sotbng nh lng

Chnh ph mua lng dcung trn th trng(Q1Q2) ri bn li cho ngi tiu dng

Chnh ph mua ton b lng dcung ri thiuhy (hoc vin trkhng hon li cho nckhc)

198

1.2.1 Qui nh v gi (tip)

Kt lun: Cc gii php qui nh gi u an nhng tc ng phn phi nht nh,nhng i tng chnh sch c thc s

c li hay khng l iu cha r rng.Chc mt iu chc chn l cc gii php u phi hiu qu.


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1.2.2 Qui nh v lng

M t

Hnh 6.3: Tc ng ca hn chv lng

P

Q0

D

S

P0

Q0

Pq

A

B

C

Qq

M

Sq

S

200

1.2.2 Qui nh v lng (2)

Nu CP chcho php sn xut Qq v phnpht hn ngch sx cho cc DN theo slng tng ng th ng cung S s dcln n B, sau c chiu thng ng nhng Sq. Lng cung dng li Qq, vgi s tng ln n Pq. X hi s mt trngdin tch ABC.

201

1.2.3 Qui nh v cung cp thngtin (1)

Cung cp thng tin trc tip:CP yu cungi sn xut cung cp cc thng tin linquan n c tnh, cht lng, thnh phnc bn ca sn phm

Cung cp thng tin gin tip: Chnh phthng qua vic cp giy php, giy chngnhn chng t ngi sn xut c cpphp c iu kin hnh ngh

202

1.2.3 Qui nh v cung cp thngtin (2)

Phn bit:- Giy php hnh ngh- Chng chngh nghip

203

2. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH TO CCH THC Y TH TRNG

2.1 T do ho th trng

2.2 H tr s hnh thnh th trng

2.3 M phng th trng

204

2.1 T do ho th trng

2.1.1 Ni lng s iu tit

2.1.2 Hp thc ho2.1.3a dng ho cc loi hnh cung cp

hng ho dch v


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2.2 H tr s hnh thnh th trng

2.2.1 Xc lp quyn v ti sn i vinhng hng ho hin c

2.2.2 To ra nhng hng ho mi c thtrao i trn th trng

206

2.3 M phng th trng

U THU HOC U GI

207

3. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH IUTIT BNG THU V TR CP

3.1 Thu

3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung3.1.2 Thu nh bn cu

3.2 Tr cp3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung

3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu

208

3.1 Thu

Thu: l khonng gp bt buc ca ccc nhn v doanh nghip cho NSNN trang tri chi ph cung cp HHCC hoc hnch lng cung hng ho trn th trng.

209

3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (1)

Thu u ra: l thu nh vo sn lngdo cc doanh nghip sn xut ra

Thu quan: l loi thu nh vo hngho nhp khu

210

3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (2)

M tP

0 Q

StS

D

A

B

CG

E

F

Pm

P0

Pb

Q1 Q0

Tc ng ca thu bncung


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Kt lun:

Tc ng thc s ca thu khng ph thuc vovic lut thu qui nh thu do bn mua hay bnbn np m chu nh hng ca co ginng cung v ng cu.

Ngi mua v ngi bn khi phi chu thu uc gng chuyn bt thu sang cho ngi kia.Kh nng chuyn thu ca h cng cao khi hc th phn ng cng mnh vi s thay i gic, tc l ng cu (hoc cung) cng co gin

212

3.2 Tr cp

Tr cp: l chuyn giao ca chnh ph tora mt khon m gia gi m ngi tiudng tr v chi ph sn xut khin cho githphn chi ph bin.

Tr cp c th c p dng cho bn cunghoc bn cu.

213

3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (1)

Tr gi hay b l: vi mi n v hngho sn xut ra, chnh ph s tr cp chomt s tin hoc theo mt tl nht nh.

Tr thu sn xut: cho php ngi snxut c tr bt mt khon nht nhkhi thu nhp chu thu ca doanh nghipmnh.

214

3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (2)

M t

D

P

0 Q

S

Ss

P0

Q0

Pm

Q1

Pb A

B

C

Tc ng ca trcp bn cung

215

3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu

Tr cp bng hin vt

Tem phiu

M t v phn tch tng t nh tr cpbn cung

216

Kt lun chung cho thu v tr cp

Tc ng ca thu hoc tr cp khng ph thucvo vic nh thu (hay tr cp) cho bn cung haybn cu m ph thuc vo co gin ca ngcung v ng cu

Nu cc yu t khc nh nhau th ng cung(hoc cu) cng co gin th ngi bn (hocngi mua) cng phi chu t thu (hoc chng t li ch ca tr cp).

C hai cng c ny u i km vi ci gi phi hysinh v tnh hiu qu, l tn tht v ch do thu(hoc tr cp) gy ra.


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4. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH S DNG KHUVC KINH T NH NC THAM GIA CUNG NG

HNG HO DCH V

4.1 Chnh ph cung ng trc tip4.1.1 Cung ng trc tip qua b my hnhchnh s nghip

4.1.2 Cung ng qua cc doanh nghip nhnc

4.2 Chnh ph cung ng gin tip

218

5. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH V BOHIM V GIM NH NGUY C TN THNG

5.1Bo him5.1.1 Bo him bt buc5.1.2 Tr cp bo him

5.2Gim nh nguy c tn thng5.2.1 D tr quc gia5.2.2n b tm thi5.2.3 Tr cp kh khn

219

5.1 Bo him - Mt s khi nim

La chn ngc l hin tng xy rakhi nhngngi c nhiu kh nngnhn liphc li t cng ty bo him nht li chnhl nhngngi c xuhng tham gia muabo him

220

5.1 Bo him (2)

Hnh vi li dng bo lnh, c lmliu. l sgiatngnguycri ro phibithngi vi cng ty bo him do sthayi hnh vi caitngc bohim gy ra

Hi chng bn thba tr tin

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