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Slide 9.Slide 9.11
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
In This Chapter We Will Cover
Models with multiple dependent variables, where the independent variablesare not observed. This is called Factor Analysis. We cover
The factor analysis model
A factor analysis example
Measurement properties of the unobserved variables
Maximum Likelihood estimation of the model
Some interesting special cases
When statistical reasoning is applied to factor analysis, as it will be inthis chapter, we often call this Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
Slide 9.Slide 9.22
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Regression with Multiple Dependent Variables
Y = XB +
np2n1n
p22221
p11211
p*k2*k1*k
p11211
p00201
*nk1n
*k221
*k111
np2n1n
p22221
p11211
eee
eee
eee
xx1
xx1
xx1
yyy
yyy
yyy
These matrices have only one columnin univariate regression analysis
Slide 9.Slide 9.33
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Comparing Regression with Factor Analysis
ip2i1i
p*k2*k1*k
p11211
p00201
*ik1iip2i1ieeexx1yyy
Looking at a typical row corresponding to the data from subject i:
iii
eBxy
Slide 9.Slide 9.44
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
We Transpose It and Drop the Subscript i
iii
eBxy
y = Bx + e
Then dropping the subscript i altogether gets us to
iii
exBy
From the previous slide we have
Transpose both sides to get
Slide 9.Slide 9.55
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Factor Analysis Model
.εηληληλy
εηληληλy
εηληληλy
pmpm22p11pp
2mm22221212
1mm12121111
.
y
y
y
p
2
1
m
2
1
pm2p1p
m22221
m11211
p
2
1
ΛηyObserved variables
Factor LoadingsCommon Factors
Unique Factors
Slide 9.Slide 9.66
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Assumptions of the Model
Ληy
Random inputs of the model:
~ N(0, )
~ N(0, )
Cov(, ) = 0
Slide 9.Slide 9.77
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Now We Can Deduce the V(y)
)(E)(E)(E)(E
))((E
)(E)(V
εεΛηεεηΛΛηηΛ
εΛηεΛη
yyΣy
Named
Assumed 0
Named
We end up with only components 1 and 4 from the above equation
V(y) = +
Slide 9.Slide 9.88
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
A Simple Example to Get Us Going
Variables Description
y1 Measurement 1 of B
y2 Measurement 2 of B
y3 Measurement 3 of B
y4 Measurement 1 of C
y5 Measurement 2 of C
y6 Measurement 3 of C
Slide 9.Slide 9.99
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Pretend Example in Matrices
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
1
62
52
42
31
21
11
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
y
y
y
y
y
y
εΛηy
.
00
00
00
66
22
11
2221
11
Θ
Ψ
Slide 9.Slide 9.1010
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Graphical Conventions of Factor Analysis
y2
y3
y4
y5
y6
y1
1 2
11
21
31
42
52
62
21
Note use of
boxes circles single-headed arrows double-headed arrows unlabeled arrows
Slide 9.Slide 9.1111
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Assume I have a model with just one y and one .
My model is then
y = +
Now assume you have a model y = ** +
where * = a∙ and
* = /a
Whose model is right?
Two Alternative Models
Slide 9.Slide 9.1212
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Ambiguity in the Model
alsoandaa
**y
2
2
2
2 aa
**)y(V
My Model
y = +
V(y) = 2 +
Your Model
y = ** +
where * = a∙ and* = /a
but
Slide 9.Slide 9.1313
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Resolving the Ambiguity by Setting the Metric
2221
11
62
52
31
21
and,
0
0
10
0
0
01
ΨΛ
1
1and,
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
62
52
42
31
21
11
ΨΛ
Plan A
Plan B
Slide 9.Slide 9.1414
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Degrees of Freedom
2
)1p(p 4 ’s3 ’s6 ’s
13 parameters
The General Alternative The Model
H0: = + HA: = S
Slide 9.Slide 9.1515
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
ML Estimation of the Factor Analysis Model
i
1
i2/12/pi 2
1exp
||)2(
1)Pr( yΣy
Σy
n
ii
1
i2/n2/np
n
ii0 2
1exp
||)2(
1)yPr( yΣyl
]n[TrTrTr 11n
iii
1
i
n
ii
1
i
SΣΣyyyΣyyΣy
i
The likelihood of observation i is
The likelihood of the sample is
Because eaeb = ea+b
Slide 9.Slide 9.1616
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Log of the Likelihood
)(tr||lnn2
1ttancons
)(trn2
1||lnn
2
1)2(lnpn
2
1Lln
1
1
00
SΣΣ
SΣΣl
n
ii
1
i2/n2/np
n
ii0 2
1exp
||)2(
1)yPr( yΣyl
Slide 9.Slide 9.1717
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Log of the Likelihood Under HA
p||lnn2
1SLA = constant -
)(tr||lnn2
1ttanconsln 1
A
SSSl
)(tr||lnn2
1ttanconsln 1
0
SΣΣl
Slide 9.Slide 9.1818
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Likelihood Ratio
)df(~LL2ln2 2
A0
A
0
ll
p)(tr||ln||lnnˆ 12 SΣSΣ
From L0 From LA
S, 0 2ˆ
n , 2ˆ
Slide 9.Slide 9.1919
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The Single Factor Model
p
2
1
p
2
1
p
2
1
y
y
y
= +
if V() = 11 = 1
The latent variable is called a true score
The model is called congeneric tests
Slide 9.Slide 9.2020
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Even More Restrictive Models with More Degrees of Freedom
p21
pp2211
-equivalent tests
Parallel tests
00
00
00
Σ
Slide 9.Slide 9.2121
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Multi-Trait Multi-Method Models
y21 y31y11 y22 y32y12 y32 y33y13
1 2 2
4 5 6
Slide 9.Slide 9.2222
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
The MTMM Model in Equations
33
23
13
32
22
12
31
21
11
6
5
4
3
2
1
9693
8583
7473
6662
5552
4442
3631
2521
1411
33
23
13
32
22
12
31
21
11
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
1000
1000
1000
1
1
1
)(V
3231
21
3231
21
Ψη
β0
α
Slide 9.Slide 9.2323
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Goodness of Fit According to Bentler and Bonett (1980)
j
2
j df
ˆQ
2
s
2
0
2
s
0s ˆ
ˆˆ
1Q
S
0S
0s
Define
HA: = S
H0: = +
HS: = (with diagonal)
Then we could have
Perfect Fit (1)
No Fit (0)(for off-diagonal)
Slide 9.Slide 9.2424
Confirmatory Confirmatory Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis
MathematicalMathematicalMarketingMarketing
Goodness of Fit
)(tr
tr1GFI
1
21
SΣ
ISΣ
)GFI1(df2
)1p(p1AGFI
0
2/)1p(p
)s(RMSE
p
1i
i
1j
2
ijij