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Which of the Following Which of the Following Is an Example of a Group?Is an Example of a Group?

Cheerleaders at a schoolA high school football teamPeople lined up to voteWomen at a baby showerPedestrians at a crosswalk

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Cheerleaders Cheerleaders at a Schoolat a School

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Football TeamFootball Team

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People Lined Up to VotePeople Lined Up to Vote

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Women at a Baby ShowerWomen at a Baby Shower

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Pedestrians Pedestrians in a Crosswalkin a Crosswalk

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Families, couples in love, street gangs, social clubs

Relationships that are face-to-face and personal

Primary GroupsPrimary Groups

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Four Features Four Features of a Primary Groupof a Primary Group

Continuous, face-to-face interaction

Strong ties Multifaceted Enduring

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Organized around specific, impersonal goals

Not as much interaction as in primary groups

School classes, political parties, sports teams

Secondary GroupsSecondary Groups

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Secondary Secondary Group CharacteristicsGroup CharacteristicsLimited face-to-face interactionModest or weak personal identity with

the groupWeak ties of affectionLimited/shallow relationsNot very enduring

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Why Join a Group ?Why Join a Group ?To satisfy the need to belongTo compare experiencesTo use group standards to evaluate

ourselvesFor companionshipTo lessen anxiety and provide comfortGroup accomplishments

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A Case StudyA Case StudyHow many of the reasons for joining a

group exist for the cheerleaders at San Luis Obispo Senior High School in California?

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Satisfy Satisfy Our Need to BelongOur Need to Belong

“I joined the group so that we can entertain the students. I enjoy belonging to this group.”

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Allows Us to Accomplish Allows Us to Accomplish Things We Could Not Do AloneThings We Could Not Do Alone

“Yes, we all work together and are able to impress the people we perform for.”

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Use Group Use Group Standards for EvaluationStandards for Evaluation

“Yes, definitely, to see how others are like me.”

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CompanionshipCompanionship “We are like a

family, a good team. I have a great deal of friends on the cheer and dance team and I made a lot of new friends. It’s a big plus when you get along with everyone.”

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ComparingComparingOurselves To OthersOurselves To Others

“I had been dancing and performing my whole life and I wanted to see where I stood in a performing group.”

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A group of friends or associates of about the same age and social position

Form cliques, clubs, gangs

Peer GroupsPeer Groups

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A group that serves as a standard for evaluating one’s achievement, behavior, or values

Reference GroupsReference Groups

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Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics The impact of group

size The dyad, or two-

person group The triad Multiples (division of

labor)

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The TriadThe Triad

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LeadershipLeadership Groups need

leaders for two reasons

1. To direct tasks

2. Maintain good spirits

Groupthink

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GroupthinkGroupthink Emphasizes group

decisions in large organizations

People working together will make better decisions than an individual

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When Does When Does Groupthink Occur?Groupthink Occur? When group

members are unable to evaluate other available options

Inability to comprehend negative consequences

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Conditions Conditions for Groupthinkfor Groupthink The group is

isolated from the outside

There are time limits Not having an

impartial leader

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Examples of GroupthinkExamples of GroupthinkPearl Harbor and FDRJFK’S invasion of CubaNixon’s Watergate fiascoWaco, Texas standoff

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Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 U.S. leaders decide

not to take special measures to defend Pearl Harbor, making it an easy target for the Japanese

“A date which will live in infamy”

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The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion An inheritance from

Ike The invasion plan JFK’s response

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Watergate: June 1972Watergate: June 1972 Bungled burglary CREEP 29 people indicted

or arrested

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““I Am Not a Crook”I Am Not a Crook”

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Waco, Texas: 1993Waco, Texas: 1993 Standoff between

federal agents and David Koresh

The Attorney General had waited long enough

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A group with which a person identifies and feels that he or she belongs

A “greedy group”

In-groupsIn-groups

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Characteristics Characteristics of In-groupsof In-groups1. Sacrifice2. Investment3. Renunciation4. Communication5. Mortification6. Transcendence

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A group with which a person does not identify and does not feel that he or she belongs to

Out-groupsOut-groups

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GangsGangs

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Types Of GangsTypes Of GangsSocial gangsDelinquent gangsViolent gangs

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Gang LocationsGang Locations L.A. is the gang

capital of America Chicago, Seattle,

Kansas City Importance of drugs

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Public Housing ProjectsPublic Housing ProjectsA breeding ground for gangsFamily structure“Trophies” / “graveyards”

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Ethnic/Gender BreakdownsEthnic/Gender BreakdownsIn the 1950s, gang members tended to

be white malesToday four-fifths of gang members are

African-American or LatinoWomen have now entered the ranks as

well

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History of GangsHistory of GangsBorn out of the chaos of inner city life

(“Zoot Suit riots”)Gangs offer ultimate controlBlack gangs arose after the Watts riots

in 1965

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Gang DivisionsGang Divisions Gang divisions are

called “sets” There are variations

even within each set Gangs and colors

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Hand SymbolsHand Symbols Hand signals are

used as defiant gestures toward other gangs

Each gang has their own hand signals

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GangbangingGangbanging Los Vatos

Locos/Latino gang of the 1970s

Drugs of the 70’s/PCP

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Going “Loc”Going “Loc” The Boo-Yah Tribe Sawed-off shotguns New drugs: speed,

crack-laced joints

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Levels of MembershipLevels of Membership

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Why Join a Gang?Why Join a Gang?PowerIdentityA surrogate familySecurity

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Women in GangsWomen in Gangs Makeup The raccoon look Tattoos Clothes Pregnancy

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Gang Members in PrisonGang Members in Prison When someone

goes to prison in California, they get put into a “car”

A gang member’s “ride” in prison

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Self-Help GroupsSelf-Help Groups

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Causes VaryCauses Vary Phobias, drunk

driving, child rearing, addictions, cancer, hyperactivity, hospice

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RyanRyan

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People have abandoned primary groupsPeople find substitutes to fill needsThose who learn to cope often turn

around and help new members

Why Do People Join Support Why Do People Join Support Groups?Groups?

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They provide moral support from people in similar situations

They offer empathy and understandingThey give people the opportunity to

become members of an in-group

What Purposes Do Support What Purposes Do Support Groups Serve?Groups Serve?

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Members exchange numbers and communicate

No professional charges, but no professional help

24-hour service and information

The Networking EffectThe Networking Effect

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Attitudes Attitudes

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Definition of “Attitude”Definition of “Attitude”A predisposition to respond in a

particular way3 main elements

1. A belief or opinion

2. A feeling about something

3. A tendency to act toward something in a particular

way

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Cognitive SourcesCognitive Sources Factual information Cognitive

dissonance Inoculation effect

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Emotional SourcesEmotional Sources Strong feelings

without knowing why Classical

conditioning Subliminal

techniques

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A Subliminal ExampleA Subliminal Example 1971 ad in Time

magazine Cost: $75,000 24.2 million readers Free associate

(What do you see?)

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Subliminal Example # 2Subliminal Example # 2

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Objects Have GenderObjects Have Gender A sphere or oval is

feminine, a cube is masculine

A flower is feminine, a tree is masculine

A cat is feminine, a dog is masculine

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The Importance of ColorThe Importance of Color Red excites Yellow promotes

well-being Green soothes Dark colors add

weight Light colors suggest

lightness

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Size of an ObjectSize of an ObjectClose-ups = larger than life, sense of

urgency, used to sell necessary products

Far away = luxury items, removes the sense of urgency and replaces it with a feeling of extravagance

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Social SourcesSocial Sources Culture Reference groups

as a standard for evaluation

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Behavioral SourcesBehavioral Sources Behavior itself can

cause attitudes to change

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How Are How Are Attitudes Measured?Attitudes Measured?

Psychologists use many different techniques to measure attitudes

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Public Opinion PollsPublic Opinion Polls

Selecting a representative sample is crucial

Important to avoid biases

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Attitude ScalesAttitude Scales Likert Scale

1. Strongly agree

2. Agree

3. Undecided

4. Disagree

5. Strongly disagree

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Semantic DifferentialSemantic Differential

Good/bad Happy/sad Beautiful/ugly Wise/foolish Funny/humorless

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Unobtrusive MethodsUnobtrusive Methods

Milgram/lost letter

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How Are How Are Attitudes Changed?Attitudes Changed?People are always trying to change your

attitude

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ConformityConformity Asch conformity

study, 1950 People will usually

conform to other people’s ideas even when they disagree with those ideas

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Asch’s ExperimentAsch’s Experiment

Which line segment, is closest in length to the sample line: a, b, or c?

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Scare TacticsScare Tactics

Smoking/lung cancer

Driver training and highway patrol films

Scared Straight

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Obedience to AuthorityObedience to Authority

Stanley Milgram The psychologist as

experimenter

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Military Basic TrainingMilitary Basic Training

Boot camp Ten weeks of

indoctrination “In your face”

attitude change From civilian to

soldier

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Who Were Milgram’s Subjects?Who Were Milgram’s Subjects?In all but one version of the experiment,

the subjects were males40%=skilled and unskilled40%=white collar (sales and business)20%=professionals

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The Set-UpThe Set-Up

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Making MistakesMaking MistakesAfter 75 volts are administered for a

mistake, the learner moansAt 90 volts, the learner cries out in painAfter 180 volts, the learner screams,

saying he cannot stand the pain, and then begins to bang on the wall

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39 Psychiatrists Surveyed 39 Psychiatrists Surveyed Believed That…Believed That…

Most subjects would stop at 150 voltsOnly 4% would go as high as 300 voltsOne in 1000 would go to 450 volts

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5 Versions5 Versionsof the Experimentof the ExperimentFirst version: all men, 65% went all the

way (450 volts)Experimenter absent: 20.5%Women: 65%Experimenter chooses shock level:

2.5%High school students: 85%

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Why Do People Obey?Why Do People Obey?

American society places a high value on obedience to people in positions of authority

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Military PilotsMilitary Pilots

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Prestige And CredibilityPrestige And Credibility Volunteers were

influenced by their role as a subject in an experiment

Done by a professor at Yale university

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Not Everyone Is Equally Not Everyone Is Equally ObedientObedient

Sadistic or obedient?

Personality variables

Life experiences

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Nuremberg Nuremberg War Crimes TrialWar Crimes Trial

The tribunal did not intend to punish all Germans, only the ringleaders

22 Nazi leaders were indicted

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My Lai, Vietnam: 1968My Lai, Vietnam: 1968

300–400 victims, mostly women and children

Company C lands on the LZ outside the village

Capt. Medina, Lt. Calley in charge

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Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience Rosa Parks and the

Montgomery bus boycott

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AggressionAggression

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Violent CrimesViolent Crimes 1.5 million violent

crimes are committed in the U.S. each year, including 90,000 rapes and 20,000 murders

3 ½ times more likely to be murdered by a relative

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Why Are We Aggressive?Why Are We Aggressive?

Thanatos—Freud’s death instinct

View of evolutionary psychologists

Hereditary aggression

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The Brain and AggressionThe Brain and Aggression

Amygdala Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex

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Hormones Hormones and Aggressionand Aggression

Testosterone, a primary male hormone

Alcohol and other drugs

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Learning and AggressionLearning and Aggression People learn

aggression by watching and imitating others

People become more aggressive if rewarded

Frustration

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Pornography ConnectionPornography Connection

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Altruism/Unselfishness Altruism/Unselfishness Concern for Another’s WelfareConcern for Another’s Welfare

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The Cost–Reward TheoryThe Cost–Reward Theory People find the sight

of another person being victimized as anxiety-provoking; helping relieves this anxiety

Diffusion of responsibility

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Empathy-Altruism TheoryEmpathy-Altruism Theory People are more

likely to act altruistically—even when the cost of helping is high—if they feel empathy toward the person in need

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Evolutionary TheoryEvolutionary Theory “Survival of the

fittest”: A person will risk their life for someone else because if they survive, it increases the likelihood that their traits will endure through generations

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The Rise of CultsThe Rise of Cults

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Death CultsDeath Cults Charles Manson’s

“family” Rev. Jim Jones:

People’s Temple, Jonestown, New Guyana

David Koresh: Branch Davidian cult

Marshall Applewhite: Heaven’s Gate cult

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Conversion ModelConversion ModelTension or strain (job failure, marital

breakup)Religiously-oriented problem-solving

perspectiveOpen to a new religious outlookBe at a turning point in life

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Situational FactorsSituational FactorsNeed to possess a close personal tie

with one or more cult memberTies with people on the outside must be

neutralized/nonexistentIntensive, daily interaction with cult

members

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Tactics of Cult LeadersTactics of Cult Leaders Brainwashing/mind

control Isolation Sleep deprivation,

protein-deficient diet Exotic rituals

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Qualities of Cult LeadersQualities of Cult Leaders Charismatic

personalities Apocalyptic world

view Interest in the Bible Prophet status

among their followers

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An Early CultAn Early Cult Definition of a cult:

a religious organization that is largely outside of society’s cultural traditions and norms

Ghost Dance: 1870s

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Jonestown 1979Jonestown 1979

Early years The People’s

Temple in San Francisco

Life in Jonestown, Guyana

The Leo Ryan investigation

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Vernon Howell,Vernon Howell,A.K.A. David KoreshA.K.A. David Koresh

Offshoot of Seventh Day Adventists

Early years Waco and the

Branch Davidians

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The Davidian RulerThe Davidian Ruler

Dietary controls Apocalyptic world

view Polygamy The Star of David

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The Final AssaultThe Final Assault

Initial ATF raid 51-day standoff Psychological

warfare Send in the tanks

and the riot gas

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Heaven’s GateHeaven’s Gate Largest suicide on

U.S. soil Early years/rituals “Set thine house in

order: for thou shalt die, and not live” (Isaiah)

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Are Cult Are Cult Members Brainwashed?Members Brainwashed?Brainwashing Techniques

1. Total control and uncertainty

2. Isolation and torture

3. Physical weakening and personal humiliation

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Attitude and PrejudiceAttitude and Prejudice

Prejudice is a preconceived notion toward a person or a group

Prejudice is strengthened by stereotyping

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A 1950s Male A 1950s Male Stereotype: The RebelStereotype: The Rebel

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The Private EyeThe Private Eye

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An Early Jock StereotypeAn Early Jock Stereotype

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The HippieThe Hippie

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Racial Racial Stereotypes: The JewStereotypes: The Jew

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The MexicanThe Mexican

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The ItalianThe Italian

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The PoleThe Pole

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Native Native American StereotypesAmerican Stereotypes

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Stereotypes of African American Stereotypes of African American WomenWomen

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Little Black SamboLittle Black Sambo