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SLEEPING
Sleep stages:• Stage 1- Hallucinations• Stage 2- Sleep spindles• Stage 3- Transitional sleep• Stage 4- Deep sleep
SLEEP CYCLE
There is a five stage cycle• Repeats every 90 minutes
REM sleep
REM increases as night progresses
SLEEP NEEDS AND DEPRIVATION
Sleep needs in age groups:• Newborns will sleep 6 to 8 times in a 24 hour period
(more than 16 hours per day• 6 year old child needs up to 11 or 12 hours of sleep
per night• As the child grows up they need less and less sleep
until they are an adult only needing 7-7.5 hours of sleep per night (they may need even less as they get older.
• During a whole lifetime we need about 1 hour of sleep to every 2 hours we are awake.
SLEEP AND MEMORY
When learning a difficult perceptual task and are kept up all
night after finishing practicing the task, the learning is wiped
out
Sleep after learning is essential for memory consolidation
The memory normally deteriorates unless sleep occurs.
**Pulling an all nighter to study for an exam is not the best
option because the information being learned will not stick in
your memory*** EXTREME SLEEP LOSS CAN BE FATAL!!
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Sleep deprivation can have a detrimental effect
even on the healthiest of young people; it can cause
an increase in irritability, reduce acuity and reaction
time, and increase depression. People who do not get
enough sleep are also more prone to accident and
injury.
REM SLEEP AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Memory problems and excessive aggression are
observed in both humans and rats when awakened
whenever the REM activity starts.
SLEEP DISORDERS
Medication: People use sleep medication to help
with Insomnia but this is not always a benefit• Most sleeping pills are addictive • Sedatives can interfere with the normal sleep cycle• Reduce the proportions of time spent in REM and
slow-wave sleep• Grogginess and irritability during the day• Stopping the treatment to abruptly can cause
insomnia worse than before.
DISORDERS
Insomnia: Difficulty in falling asleep or staying
asleep• About 15% of adults suffer from severe insomnia• About 15% of adults suffer from a mild case of
insomnia • Causes for insomnia include anxiety associated with
stressful life events.
Sleep Paralysis: The experience of waking up
unable to move• Associated with narcolepsy• Only lasts a few moments and can cause pressure on
the chest
DISORDERS CONT.
Sleep Apnea: Disorder in which the person stops
breathing for brief periods while asleep.• Occurs most often in middle-aged, overweight men • Snoring and noisy gasping for air are some signs of
sleep apnea • Usually this disorder goes undiagnosed because it is
easy for the sleeper to not notice.• Sleep may seek treatment because of excessive
sleepiness during the day.• Some treatment include weight loss, drugs, or
external breathing aids
DISORDERS CONT.Somnambulism (Sleepwalking): Person arises and walks
around while asleep. Common in children around the age
of 11 or 12 • 25% of children experience at least one episode• Sleepwalking happens early in the night usually during
slow-wave sleep, and sleepwalkers may awaken during their walk or return to their bed without waking.
• Sleepwalker will usually not remember the sleep walk the following morning
• The eyes of the sleepwalker are usually open and glossed over when walking occurs.
• The only problem is the physical harm that can come to the sleepwalker by tripping over objects or falling down stairs.
• It is safe to wake a sleepwalker or lead them back to their bed if necessary.
THE LAST OF DISORDERS
Narcolepsy: A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks
occur in the middle of waking activities.• Attacks can last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes depending on
the individual • Is hereditary and runs in families and can be treated
effectively by medication
Night terrors (Sleep terrors): Abrupt awakenings with
panic and intense emotional arousal. Usually occurs in boys
ages 3-7• Occur during NREM or at the beginning of sleep cycle and
dreams are not associated with night terrors
“Dreaming permits each and every
one of us to be quietly and safely insane
every night of our lives.”-William C.
Dement (1959)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA
5 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
1. We feel emotion
2. Dream thought is illogical
3. Sensation is formed and is meaningful
4. Dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptance
5. Difficulty remembering the dream after it is over
DREAM THEORIES
Sigmund Freud• Dreams are confusing and obscure. Dynamic
unconscious creates them to be confusing and obscure.
• They represent wishes and some are unacceptable, taboo and anxiety producing
-Problem: infinite number of interpretations of any dream-BUT evidence that dreams do feature the return of suppressed thoughts.
DREAM THEORIES CONT.
Hobson and McCarley 1977• Activation-synthesis model: dreams are produced
when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.
• In the dream state mind does not have access to external sensations. The information is from neural activations without perception of reality.
• The interpretive mechanisms of the brain can run free!
DREAMING BRAIN
Different brain areas show activation during REM
sleep.
Brain area responsible for fear or emotion work
overtime in dreams. For example the amygdala
(responses of stressed or threatening events) is quite
active during REM
Areas responsible for visual perception are NOT
activated, but visual association in the occipital lobe
is activated
THE BRAIN CONT.
During REM sleep:• Prefrontal cortex shows less activity• The eyes move rapidly but the body is very still, so
motor cortex activated but spinal neurons inhibit expression of motor activation