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Sleep and Biological Rhythms. Introduction Measuring Sleep Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep Biological Clocks. Dolphin Brain during Sleep. Neurotransmitters Involved in Arousal. Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Sleep and Biological Rhythms
I. IntroductionII. Measuring SleepIII. Stages of Wakefulness and SleepIV. Why Do We Sleep?V. Physiological Mechanisms of SleepVI. Biological Clocks
Dolphin Brain during Sleep
Neurotransmitters Involved in ArousalNorepinephrine Locus coeruleous (pons)
Acetylcholine Basal forebrain and reticular formation (in pons and medulla)
Serotonin Raphe nuclei (pons and medulla)
Histamine Tuberomammillary nucleus (hypothalamus)
Orexin (Hypocretin) Hypothalamus
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep
• Ventrolateral preoptic area (basal forebrain, in front of the hypothalamus; vlPOA)
• Destruction -> insomnia, coma, & death• Injection of adenosine into the basal forebrain
produces sleep• Sleep promoting brain area of the Sleep/Waking
Flip-Flop (Sleep ON neurons)
Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop
Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop
Neural Control of REM Sleep
• REM ON region: sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) located in the dorsal pons
• REM OFF region: ventolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) located in the midbrain
• These two structures make up the REM Sleep Flip-Flop
REM Sleep Flip-Flop