Upload
others
View
15
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SKRIPSI
RIAN NORAHMAN
STUDI PENGGUNAAN OBAT GOLONGAN
STATIN PADA PASIEN SINDROM NEFROTIK
(Penelitian Dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum
Daerah Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang)
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2019
ii
iii
84
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala
yang telah melimpahkan kasih dan sayang-Nya kepada kita, karena dengan rahmat
dan hidayah-Nya skripsi dengan judul Studi Penggunaan Obat Golongan Statin
pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik (Penelitian Dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum
Daerah Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang) dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat
waktu.
Selanjutnya penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada :
1. Orang tua tercinta, Mama Hj. Musliani, S.Pd dan Abah H. Iberamsyah S.Pd
sebagai motivasi utama penulis untuk menyelsaikan skripsi ini. Terima kasih
untuk segala do’a, dukungan, baik secara moril dan materi.
2. Direktur dan staf dari Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
beserta jajarannya, khususnya bagian Diklit, dan seluruh staf pegawai bagian
Rekam Medik yang telah memberikan izin, waktu, dan tempat dalam
kelancaran penelitian skripsi.
3. Bapak Faqih Ruhyanudin M.Kep., Sp. Kep.MB selaku dekan Fakultas Ilmu
Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. Ibu Hj. Dian Ermawati, S.Farm., Apt., M.Farm. selaku Ketua Program Studi
Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. Bapak Drs. Didik Hasmono, M.S., Apt selaku pembimbing I yang telah
meluangkan banyak waktu, tenaga, dan pikiran untuk membimbing,
memotivasi, menginspirasi, serta memberikan semangat dan dorongan kepada
penulis selama menempuh pendidikan hingga terselesaikannaya tugas akhir ini,
semoga Allah selalu memberikan kesehatan.
6. Ibu Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si., Apt., Sp. FRS selaku Pembimbing II yang tidak
sedikit menyediakan waktu dan tempat untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan
hingga tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu, semoga
Allah selalu memberikan kesehatan.
7. Ibu Ika Ratna Hidayati, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt. dan Ibu Firasti Agung N.S., M.
Biotech., Apt. selaku penguji I dan II yang telah memberikan kritik dan saran
v
untuk membantu memperbaiki tugas akhir ini dengan sebaik-baiknya, semoga
Allah selalu memberikan kesehatan.
8. Seluruh jajaran prodi, dosen serta staf tata usaha Farmasi yang telah
memberikan dedikasi yang besar kepada penulis.
9. Nenek tercinta, Nini Hj. Masitah yang selalu memberikan motivasi, do’a dan
semangat kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Semoga Allah selalu
melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya.
10. Kakak Tersayang, Nisfi Sasmita S. Si dan Raysya Dewi Lestari S.Pd yang telah
memberikan semangat, dan motivasi untuk penulis demi kelancaran penulisan
skripsi. Semoga Allah selalu melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya.
11. Teman skripsi Sindrom Nefrotik, yang telah banyak memberikan bantuan dan
berjuang bersama demi terselesaikannya penulisan skripi ini. Khususnya
kepada Jeny Rindiantika, Laura Mayang Lestari, Wika Tanika, dan Richa
Faidhatul Laily.
10. Seluruh teman-teman farmasi angkatan 2015 khususnya Farmasi C yang telah
berjuang bersama penulis untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan di Program Studi
Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Akhir kata, penulis memohon maaf apabila terdapat kekurangan dan
ketidaksempurnaan dalam penulisan skripsi ini dan penulis dengan senang hati
untuk menerima kritik dan saran yang membangun. Semoga skripsi ini dapat
memberikan manfaat dalam perkembangan ilmu dalam bidang farmasi klinis bagi
penulis dan pembaca.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
Malang, 9 Juli 2019
Rian Norahman
ix
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
Lembar Pengesahan .............................................................................................. ii
Lembar Pengujian ................................................................................................ iii
KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... iv
RINGKASAN ....................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ..................................................................................... xv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah...................................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................................................ 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ........................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Bagi RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang ........................................ 5
1.4.2 Manfaat Bagi Ilmu Pengetahuan ............................................................... 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................... 6
2.1 Tinjauan Tentang Glomerulus ................................................................... 6
2.2 Tinjauan Tentang Sindrom Nefrotik (SN) ................................................. 8
2.2.1 Definisi SN ................................................................................................ 8
2.2.2 Epidemiologi SN ....................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Etiologi SN .............................................................................................. 10
2.2.4 Patofisiologi SN ....................................................................................... 15
2.2.5 Manifestasi Klinik SN ............................................................................. 16
2.2.6 Penatalaksanaan SN ................................................................................. 20
2.2.7 Komplikasi............................................................................................... 24
x
2.3 Tinjauan Statin ......................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 Definisi Umum Statin .............................................................................. 26
2.3.2 Indikasi Statin .......................................................................................... 27
2.3.3 Farmakokinetika Statin ............................................................................ 28
2.3.4 Mekanisme Kerja Statin .......................................................................... 30
2.3.5 Efek Farmakologis dan Dosis Statin ....................................................... 32
2.3.6 Efek Samping Statin ................................................................................ 33
2.3.7 Interaksi Statin ......................................................................................... 34
2.3.8 Kontraindikasi ......................................................................................... 34
2.4 Terapi Statin pada Hiperlipidemia ........................................................... 34
2.4.1 Mekanisme Kerja Statin pada SN ............................................................ 34
2.4.2 Penggunaan Statin pada SN ..................................................................... 36
2.4.3 Obat Golongan Statin .............................................................................. 37
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ............................................................ 50
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .............................................................................. 50
3.2 Kerangka Operasional ............................................................................. 51
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................... 52
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian .............................................................................. 52
4.2 Populasi dan Sampel ................................................................................ 52
4.2.1 Populasi ................................................................................................... 52
4.2.2 Sampel ..................................................................................................... 52
4.2.3 Kriteria Inklusi ......................................................................................... 52
4.2.4 Kriteria Eksklusi ...................................................................................... 52
4.3 Metode Pengambilan Sampel .................................................................. 52
4.4 Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................ 52
4.5 Tempat dan Waktu ................................................................................... 53
4.6 Metode Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................... 53
4.7 Analisa Data ............................................................................................ 53
4.8 Definisi Operasional ................................................................................ 53
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................... 55
5.1 Data Demografi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik............................................... 55
5.1.1 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Usia .................................. 55
5.1.2 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Jenis Kelamin .................. 56
xi
5.1.3 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Status Pasien .................... 56
5.2 Diagnosa Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ......................................................... 56
5.2.1 Diagnosa Utama Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik .............................................. 56
5.2.2 Diagnosa Penyerta Sindrom Nefrotik ...................................................... 57
5.3 Pola Pemberian Terapi Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik 58
5.3.1 Pola Terapi Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik .................. 58
5.3.2 Lama Pemberian Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik .......... 58
5.4 Terapi Selain Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ............... 59
5.5 Lama Perawatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit ................................................. 64
5.6 Keadaan Pasien Saat Keluar Rumah Sakit .............................................. 64
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN .................................................................................... 65
BAB VII KESIMPULAN ................................................................................... 74
7.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 74
7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 74
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 75
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2. 1 Struktur Glomerulus ......................................................................................... 6
2. 2 Lapisan Membran Glomerulus ......................................................................... 7
2. 3 Podosit Kapsul Bowman .................................................................................. 8
2. 4 Kelainan Lesi Minimal ................................................................................... 11
2. 5 Glomerulosklerosis Fokal dan Segmental ...................................................... 11
2. 6 Nefropati Membranosa................................................................................... 12
2. 7 Diabetik Nefropati .......................................................................................... 13
2. 8 Amiloidosis .................................................................................................... 14
2. 9 Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik ......................................................................... 14
2. 10 Patofisiologi Sindrom Nefrotik. ................................................................... 16
2. 11 Lipid Abnormal pada Sindrom Nefrotik ...................................................... 19
2. 12 Obat Golongan Statin ................................................................................... 27
2. 13 Site of Action Statin pada Biosintesis Kolesterol ......................................... 30
2. 14 Mekanisme Kerja Statin ............................................................................... 31
2. 15 Struktur Atorvastatin .................................................................................... 37
2. 16 Struktur Simvastatin ..................................................................................... 39
2. 17 Struktur Fluvastatin ...................................................................................... 42
2. 18 Struktur Pravastatin ...................................................................................... 44
2. 19 Struktur Lovastatin ....................................................................................... 46
2. 20 Struktur Rusovastatin .................................................................................. 48
3. 1 Kerangka Konseptual ..................................................................................... 50
3. 2 Kerangka Operasional .................................................................................... 51
5. 1 Skema Inklusi Penelitian pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik .............................. 55
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
II. 1 Interpretasi Hasil Tes Dipstik Urin untuk Proteinuria ................................... 17
II. 1 Farmakokinetik Statin ................................................................................... 29
II. 2 Dosis Obat Golongan Statin untuk Hiperkolestrolemia pada SN ................. 32
II. 3 Dosis Statin untuk Mencapai Penurunan Kolesterol LDL ............................ 33
II. 4 Rangkuman berbagai obat golongan statin.................................................... 33
V. 1 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Usia ....................................... 55
V. 2 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Jenis Kelamin ........................ 56
V. 3 Distribusi Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik Menurut Status Pasien ......................... 56
V. 4 Diagnosa Utama Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ................................................... 56
V. 5 Diagnosa Penyerta Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ................................................ 57
V. 6 Pola Pemberian Terapi Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ...... 58
V. 7 Pola Terapi Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ........................ 58
V. 8 Lama Pemberian Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ............... 58
V. 9 Terapi Selain Golongan Statin pada Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik ..................... 60
V. 10 Lama Perawatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit ..................................................... 64
V. 11 Keadaan Pasien Saat Keluar Rumah Sakit .................................................. 64
xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran halaman
1 Daftar Riwayat Hidup ........................................................................................ 83
2 Surat Pernyataan................................................................................................. 84
3 Surat Izin Penelitian ........................................................................................... 85
4 Surat Laik Etik ................................................................................................... 86
5 Lembar Pengumpulan Data Pasien .................................................................... 87
6 Tabel Data Induk .............................................................................................. 186
75
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agrawal, S., Joshua J, Z., Alessia, F., William E, S., 2017. Dyslipidaemia in
nephrotic syndrome: mechanisms and treatment. Nature Reviews
Nephrology. Nature Publishing Group, 14(1), pp. 57–70. doi:
10.1038/nrneph.2017.155.
Alalwan, Y., & Alawainati, M., 2017. Nephrotic syndrome in an adult patient
with minimal change disease (Vol. 3). Bahrain. https://doi.org/10.5348/Z09-
2017-38-CR-10
Alldredge, B. K., Robin L, C., Michael E, E., B. Joseph, G., Pamala A, J., Wayne
A, K., Bradley R, W., 2013. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of
Drugs. 10th edn. Edited by D. B. Troy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins. Available at: lww.com.
Almarzooq, Z. & Singh, P. 2016. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs and Therapies in
Cardiovascular Disease. Intech, (5), p. 64. doi: 10.5772/32009.
Amerman, E. C., 2016. Human Anatomy & Physiology. Global. England: Pearson
Education Limited.
Andolino, T. P., & Reid-Adam, J., 2015. Nephrotic Syndrome. Pediatrics in
Review, 36(3), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-3-117
Arsita, E., 2017. Pendekatan Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Sindroma Nefrotik.
Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 23, pp. 73–82.
Ashley, C. and Currie, A. 2019. The Renal Drug Handbook: The Ultimate
Prescribing Guide for Renal Practitioners. 5th edn. Boca Raton: CRC
Press. Available at: www.copyright.com.
Ashley, C. & Dunleavey, A. 2014. The Renal Drug Handbook : The Ultimate
Prescribing Guide for Renal Practitioners. 4th edn. Boca Raton: CRC
Press. Available at: http://www.copyright.com/.
Asinobi, A. O., Ademola, A. D., Okolo, C. A., & Yaria, J. O., 2015. Trends in the
histopathology of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Ibadan Nigeria:
preponderance of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. BMC
Nephrology, 16(1), p. 213. doi: 10.1186/s12882-015-0208-0.
Banh, T. H. ., Hussain-Shamsy, N., Patel, V., Vasilevska-Ristovska, J., Borges, K.,
Sibbald, C., Lipszyc, D., Brooke, J., Geary, D., Langlois, V., Reddon, M.,
Pearl, R., Levin, L., Piekut, M., Licht, C. P.B., Radhakrishnan, S., Aitken-
Menezes, K., Harvey, E., Hebert, D., Piscione, T. D., Parekh, R. S., 2016.
Ethnic Differences in Incidence and Outcomes of Childhood Nephrotic
Syndrome. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,
11(10). doi: 10.2215/CJN.00380116.
Bennett, P. N., Brown, M. J. and Sharma, P., 2012. Clinical Pharmacology. 11th
edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Blaine, J., 2016. Proteinuria: Basic Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Relevance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-
319-43359-2.
Boron, W. F. & Boulpaep, E. L., 2012. Medical Physiology. Philadelphia:
Saunders Elsevier.
Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B. A. and Knollmann, B. C. 2011. Goodman &
Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th edn. United
States: McGraw Hill Medical.
76
Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R. and Knollmann, B. C. 2018. Goodman &
Gilman’s: The Pharmaological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th edn.
McGraw Hill Education. New York: McGraw Hill Education.
Bryant, B. & Knights, K., 2015. Pharmacology for Health Professionals. 4th edn.
Australia: Mosby Elsevier.
Buemi, M., Nostro, L., Crascì, E., Barillà, A., Cosentini, V., Aloisi, C., Sofi, T.,
Campo, S., Frisina, N., 2005. Statins in nephrotic syndrome: A new weapon
against tissue injury. Medicinal Research Reviews, 25(6), pp. 587–609.
doi: 10.1002/med.20040.
Chaudhury, A. R., Rajarajan, T., Yousuf, R., Fernando, E., & Kurien, A. A., 2016.
Lupus podocytopathy: An important differential diagnosis of nephrotic
syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Available at:
http://www.indianjnephrol.org/text.asp?2016/26/4/284/169566.
Clark, M. A., Finkel, R., Rey, J. A., & Whalen, K. 2012. Lippincott’s Illustrated
Reviews: Pharmacology. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Available at: http://www.lww.com.
Couser, W. G. & Johnson, R. J., 2014. The etiology of glomerulonephritis: roles of
infection and autoimmunity. Kidney International. Elsevier Masson SAS,
86(5), pp. 905–914. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.49.
Cross, S. S., 2019. Underwood’s Pathology: A clinical approach. 7th edn.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Available at:
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1jtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA503&lpg=
PA503&dq=nephrotic+syndrome+underwood&source=bl&ots=IlXfr_ZIe
U&sig=PwtqssdK3O-mce7Uz0AFk7yfQ-
k&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAxMO35v7dAhXQWysKHZ84BTIQ6A
EwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=nephrotic syndrome unde.
Cross, S. S., 2013. Underwood’s Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th edn.
Edinburgh: Elsevier. Available at: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Deck, D. & Winston, L., 2012. Basic and clinical Pharmacology. 12th edn. Edited
by B. G. Katzung, S. B. Masters, and A. J. Trevor. San Francisco: The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Dewi, I. P. and Merry, M. S., 2017. EDITORIAL PERANAN OBAT GOLONGAN
STATIN. 02(September), pp. 2–4.
DiPiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., & Posey, L.
M., 2005. PHARMACOTHERAPY: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th
edn. United States: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. doi:
10.1177/0145445517735492.
Dogra, G. K., Watts, G. F., Chan, D. C., & Stanton, K., 2005. Statin therapy
improves brachial artery vasodilator function in patients with Type 1
diabetes and microalbuminuria. Diabetic Medicine, 22(3), 239–242.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01382.x
Elliott, J., Grauer, G. F. & Westropp, J. L., 2017. Nephrology and Urology. 3rd
edn. UK: BSAVA.
Feehally, J., Floege, J., Tonelli, M., & Johnson, R. J., 2019. Comprehensive
Clinical Nephrology. 6th edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Inc.
Feingold, K. R. & Grunfeld, C., 2018. Cholesterol Lowering Drugs. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395573/.
77
Field, M. J., Pollock, C. A. & Harris, D. C. 2010. The Renal System: Basix Science
and Clinical Conditions. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier.
Fogo, A. B., Cohen, A. H., Colvin, R. B., Jennette, J. C., & Alpers, C. E., 2014.
Fundamentals of Renal Pathology. 2nd edn. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Berlin Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39080-7.
Fourla, N., Kapellos, G., Pană, C., Fășie, D., & Tuță, L., 2018. Journal of
Nephrology & Therapeutics 17 Years Old Patient with Nephritic Syndrome
Induced by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 8(3), pp. 8–9. doi:
10.4172/2161-0959.1000311.
Gazzerro, P., Proto, M. C., Gangemi, G., Malfitano, A. M., Ciaglia, E., Pisanti, S.,
Santoro, A., Laezza, C., Bifulco, M., 2012. Pharmacological Actions of
Statins: A Critical Appraisal in the Management of Cancer.
Pharmacological Reviews, 64(1), pp. 102–146. doi:
10.1124/pr.111.004994.
Geary, D. F. & Schaefer, F., 2008. Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology.
Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
Golightly, L. K., Teitelbaum, I., Kiser, T. H., Levin, D. A., Barber, G. R., Jones, M.
A., Stolpman, Nancy M., Lundin, K. S., 2013. Renal Pharmacotherapy.
New York, NY: Springer New York. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5800-5.
Hari, P., Bagga, A., & Mantan, M., 2004. Short Term Efficacy of Intravenous
Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone Therapy in Steroid Resistant
Nephrotic Syndrome. INDIAN PEDIATRICS, 41, 993–1000.
Herumuryawan, M., Purwadi, G., & Widajat, R., 2016. Penggunaan
Cyclophosphamide Pulse pada Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid di
Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Kariadi,
Semarang. Sari Pediatri, 9(5), 309.
https://doi.org/10.14238/sp9.5.2008.309-13
Indonesia, I. A., 2017. ISO INDONESIA. 51st edn. Jakarta Barat: PT ISFI
Penerbitan.
Indonesia, P. D. S. K., 2013. Pedoman Tatalaksana Dislipidemia. PERKI, I. doi:
10.1136/bcr.09.2008.0970.
Ismail P, P., Fitri, L. E. & Subandijah, K., 2012. Hubungan Kadar Transforming
Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) Urin dengan Proteinuria pada Anak
Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid. 27(2), pp. 83–88.
Jameson, J. L., Kasper, D. L., Longo, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., & Loscalzo,
J., 2018. Harrison’s: Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th edn. New
York: McGraw Hill Education.
Königshausen, E., & Sellin, L., 2017. Recent Treatment Advances and New Trials
in Adult Nephrotic Syndrome. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–
9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7689254
Kaneko, K., 2016. Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic
Nephrotic Syndrome. Tokyo: Springer Japan. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-
55270-3.
Kelishadi, R., 2012. DYSLIPIDEMIA - FROM PREVENTION TO
TREATMENT. Croatia: INTECHWEB.ORG.
KEMENKES RI., 2004. Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional. Undang-Undang
Republik Indonesia.
78
Khan, A. Z., Javed, S., Shah, H., Anwar, N., & Hakeem, F., 2013. ORIGINAL
ARTICLE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF NEPHROTIC
SYNDROME IN PATIENTS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
AT PESHAWAR. 25, pp. 31–34.
Kharisma, Y., 2017. Tinjauan umum penyakit sindrom nefrotik. Universitas
Islam Bandung.
Khider, S. I., Mohamed, A. R., Mahmoud, N. F., & Essame, R., 2017. Nephrotic
Syndrome Knowledge and Health Care Related Practices among School
Age Children and their Mothers. Medical Journal of Cairo University,
85(2), pp. 515–522. Available at:
www.medicaljournalofcairouniversity.net.
Kliegman, R., Lye, P. S., Bordini, B. J., Toth, H., & Basel, D., 2018. Nelson:
Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.
Kong, X., Yuan, H., Fan, J., Li, Z., Wu, T., & Jiang, L. 2013. Lipid-lowering agents
for nephrotic syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
12(12).
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005425.pub2
Kopač, M., 2018. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children – Present State and Future
Perspectives. Journal of Nephrology Research, 4(1). Available at: http:
//www.ghrnet.org/index.php/jnr/article/view/2289.
Kumar, S., Purushothaman, S., Ponnaiya, P., Kishor, K., & Anand, V., 2016. Role
of Atorvastatin on Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in
Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science,
6(6), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.60627
Kumar, V., K.Abbas, A. & C.Aster Jon., 2018. Robbins: Basic Pathology. 10th
edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.
Lacy, C. F., Armstrong, L. L., Goldman, M. P., & Lace, L. L., 2008. Drug
Information Handbook. 17th edn. Lexi-Comp.
Langslet, G., Breazna, A. & Drogari, E., 2016. A 3-year study of atorvastatin in
children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Journal of Clinical Lipidology. Elsevier Inc, 10(5), p. 1153–1162.e3. doi:
10.1016/j.jacl.2016.05.010.
Liebeskind, D. S., 2014. ‘Nephrotic syndrome’, in Neurologic Aspects of
Systemic Disease Part I. 1st edn. Elsevier B.V., pp. 405–415. doi:
10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00026-6.
Liumbruno, G., Bennardello, F., Lattanzio, A., Piccoli, P., & Rossetti, G., 2009.
Recommendations for the use of albumin and immunoglobulins. Blood
Transfusion, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 216–234. doi: 10.2450/2009.0094-09.
Mandal, A. K., 2017. Textbook of NEPHROLOGY. 3rd edn. New Delhi: Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers (P). Available at: www.jaypeebrothers.com.
McCance, K L., & Huether, S. E., 2014. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: THE
BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN.
7th edn. St. Louis: Elsevier. Available at: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Meor Anuar Shuhaili, M. F. R., Samsudin, I. N., Stanslas, J., Hasan, S., &
Thambiah, S. C., 2017. Effects of Different Types of Statins on Lipid
Profile: A Perspective on Asians. International Journal of Endocrinology
and Metabolism, 15(2), pp. 1–12. doi: 10.5812/ijem.43319.
79
Mendes, P., Robles, P. G., & Mathur, S., 2014. Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis: A
comprehensive review of case reports. Physiotherapy Canada, 66(2), 124–
132. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2012-65
Merseburger, A. S., Kuczyk, M. A. & Moul, J. W., 2014. Urology at a Glance.
Moul. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-
642-54859-8.
Moman, R. N., & Varacallo, M., 2018. Albumin Physiology. StatPearls,
(December). Retrieved from
http://www.ccmtutorials.com/misc/albumin/page_02.html
Moutzouri, E., Kei, A., Elisaf, M. S., & Milionis, H., 2010. Management of
dyslipidemias with fibrates, alone and in combination with statins: role of
delayed-release fenofibric acid. Vascular Health and Risk Management.
p. 525. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S5593.
Nakagomi, A., Shibui, T., Kohashi, K., Kosugi, M., & Kusama, Y., 2015.
Differential Effects of Atorvastatin and Pitavastatin on Inflammation,
Insulin Resistance, and the Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with
Dyslipidemia. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 22(11), pp.
1158–1171.
National Kidney Foundation. 2019. Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome.
https://www.kidney.org. Diakses tanggal 10 Juli 2019.
Nazar, C. M. J., 2014. Diabetic nephropathy; principles of diagnosis and treatment
of diabetic kidney disease. Journal of nephropharmacology, 3(1), pp. 15–
20. doi: 10.1353/dis.2001.0019.
Nilawati, G., 2012. Pasien Sindrom Nefrotik pada Ruang Perawatan Anak RSUP
Sanglah Denpasar. Sari Pediatri, 14(4), pp. 269–272.
Nishi, S., Ubara, Y., Utsunomiya, Y., Okada, K., Obata, Y., Kai, H., Kiyomoto, H.,
Goto, S., Konta, T., Sasatomi, Y., Sato, Y., Nishino, T., Tsuruya, K.,
Furuichi, K., Hoshino, J., Watanabe, Y., Kimura, K., Matsuo, S., 2016.
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nephrotic syndrome 2014.
Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. Springer Japan, 20(3), pp. 342–
70. doi: 10.1007/s10157-015-1216-x.
Noone, D. G., Iijima, K. & Parekh, R., 2018. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in
children. The Lancet. Elsevier Ltd, 392(10141), pp. 61–74. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30536-1.
O’Callaghan, C. A., 2009. The Renal System at a Glance. 3rd edn. UK: Wiley-
Blackwell.
Olbricht, C. J., Wanner, C., Thiery, J., & Basten, A., 1999. Simvastatin in nephrotic
syndrome. Kidney International, 56, pp. S113–S116. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-
1755.1999.07128.x.
OP Kalra; A. Amitesh., 2012. Rational Use of Diuretics and Pathophysiology of
Edema. Medicine Update, 22, 601–610.
Pagana, K. D., Pagana, T. J. & Pagana, T. N., 2015. Diagnostic laboratory Test
and Reference. 12th edn, Development. 12th edn. St. Louis: Mosby
Elsevier. Available at: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Pambudi, A. R., & Muryawan, M. H., 2015. KARAKTERISTIK KEJADIAN
PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK PADA SINDROM NEFROTIK ANAK.
Media Medika Muda, 4(4), 418–426. Retrieved from http://ejournal-
s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/medico%0AArif
80
Pardede, S. O., 2017. Tata Laksana Non Imunosupresan Sindrom Nefrotik pada
Anak. Sari Pediatri, 19(1), p. 53. doi: 10.14238/sp19.1.2017.53-62.
Park, S. J. & Shin, J. Il., 2011. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. 54(8), pp.
322–328.
PERKI. 2017. Panduan Tata Laksana Dislipidemia. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis
Kardiovaskular Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis
Kardiovaskular Indonesia. Retrieved from http://jki.or.id
Ping, N. H., Lim, C., Evaria, & Tharesa M., M. (Eds.)., 2014. MIMS Petunjuk
Konsultasi. 14th edn. Jakarta: PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer.
Ponticelli, Claudio; Glassock, R. J., 2009. Treatment of Primary
Glomerulonephritis. 2nd edn. New York: OXFORD UNIVERSITY
PRESS.
Prabu, O. G. & Shatri, H., 2015. Penggunaan ACE -Inhibitor untuk Mengurangi
Proteinuria pada Sindrom Nefrotik. 3(2).
Preston, R. R., Editor, A. and Taylor, C., 2015. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews
Flash Cards Physiology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
Rachmadi, D., 2013. Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten
Steroid *. In Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten
Steroid. Bandung.
Rollins, D. E. & Blumenthal, D. K., 2016. Workbook and Casebook for
Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York: McGraw Hill Education.
Saad, A., 2018. Pharmacological Parameters Study on Loop diuretic Drug-
Furosemide. Journal of formulation science & bioavaibility. Faculty of
medicine, Mansourah University, Egypt.
Sahebkar, A., Catena, C., Ray, K. K., Vallejo-Vaz, A. J., Reiner, Ž., Sechi, L. A.,
& Colussi, G., 2016. Impact of statin therapy on plasma levels of
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. A systematic review and meta-analysis
of randomised controlled trials. Thrombosis and haemostasis, 116(1), pp.
162–71. doi: 10.1160/TH15-10-0770.
Sasinka, M. A., Podracka, L., Boor, A., Jurkovic, I., Mitro, A., & Kovacs, L., 1999.
Enalapril treatment of proteinuria in normotensive children. Bratislavské
Lekárske Listy, 100(9), 476–480.
Satoskar, R., Rege, N. & Bhandarkar, S., 2015. Pharmacology and
Pharmacotherapeutics. 24th edn. India: Elsevier.
Schijvens, A. M., ter Heine, R., de Wildt, S. N., & Schreuder, M. F., 2019.
Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prednisone and prednisolone in
patients with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric Nephrology, 34(3), 389–403.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3929-z
Schmitz, P., Martin, K. J. & Miller, D. D., 2008. INTERNAL MEDICINE Just
the Facts. United States: McGraw-Hill. doi: 10.1036/0071468870.
Schrier, R. W., 2018. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders. 8th edn. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer.
Setiati, S., Alwi, I., Sudoyo, A. W., K., M. S., Setiyohadi, B., & Syam, A. F., 2014.
Pendekatan Terhadap Pasien Anemia. I, Imu Penyakit Dalam. I.
Jakarta Pusat: Interna Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-40397-7_44.
Sherwood, L., 2016. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th edn.
Boston: Cengage Learning. Available at: www.cengage.com/global.
81
Singh, Ajay K; Loscalzo, J., 2019. The Brigham Review of Intensive Internal
Medicine. 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc. Available at:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Sirtori, C. R., 2014. The pharmacology of statins. Pharmacological Research.
Elsevier Ltd, 88, pp. 3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.03.002.
Steddon, S., Ashman, N., Chesser, A., & Cunningham, J., 2014. Oxford Handbook
of Neohrology and Hypertension. 2nd edn. United Kingdom: Oxford
University Press.
Sweetman, S. C., 2009. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. 36th edn.
USA: Pharmaceutical Press.
Swiatecka-Urban, A., Woroniecki, R. P. & Kaskel, F. J., 2017. Nephrotic Syndrome
in Pediatric Patients, Frontiers in pediatrics. Frontiers Media SA
(Frontiers Research Topics). doi: 10.3389/978-2-88945-298-9.
Teeninga, N., 2013. Glucocorticoid Treatment in Childhood Nephrotic
Syndrome. Netherland: FSC. Available at:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/124/2/747.full.pdf.
Thalgahagoda, R. S., Abeyagunawardena, S., Karunadasa, U. I., &
Abeyagunawardena, A. S., 2017. Managing a child with nephrotic
syndrome. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 46(3), 267.
https://doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v46i3.8330
Trihono, P. P., Alatas, H., Tambunan, T., & Pardede, S. O., 2012. TATA
LAKSANA SINDROM NEFROTIK IDIOPATIK PADA ANAK. 2nd edn.
Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia.
Turner, N., Lameire, N., Goldsmith, D. J., Winearls, C. G., Himmelfarb, J., &
Remuzzi, G., 2016. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. 4th edn.
United Kingdom: Oxford Univeraity Press. doi: 10.1007/s13398-014-0173-
7.2.
Varner, J. D., Chryst-Stangl, M., Esezobor, C. I., Solarin, A., Wu, G., Lane, B.,
Hall, G., Abeyagunawardena, A., Matory, A., Hunley, T. E., Lin, J. J.,
Howell, D., Gbadegesin, R., 2018. Genetic Testing for Steroid-Resistant-
Nephrotic Syndrome in an Outbred Population. Frontiers in Pediatrics,
6(October), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00307
Vaziri, N. D., 2016. Disorders of lipid metabolism in nephrotic syndrome:
mechanisms and consequences. Kidney International. Elsevier Inc, pp. 1–
12. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.026.
Wakasugi, M., 2017. Premature mortality due to nephrotic syndrome and the trend
in nephrotic syndrome mortality in Japan , 1995 – 2014. Clinical and
Experimental Nephrology. Springer Japan. doi: 10.1007/s10157-017-
1417-6.
Weir, M. R. & Lerma, E. V., 2015. Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension.
New York, NY: Springer New York. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1982-6.
Wells, B. G., DiPiro, J. T., Schwinghammer, T. L., & DiPiro, C. V., 2015.
Pharmacotherapy handbook. 9th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill
Education. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.06.013.
Weinacker, A., & Ang, H., 2017. Guidelines for Intravenous Albumin
Administration at Stanford Health Care. Stanford, California: Stanfold
Health Care, pp.1–4.Wijayanto, N. & Kencana, A., 2016. Tinjauan Pustaka
82
Efek Statin dalam Menurunkan Angka Kejadian Penyakit. Jurnal
Kedokteran Meditek, 22(60).