SKP Engineering Collegeskpec.edu.in/.../uploads/2017/11/Technical-English-I.pdf · 2018-04-05 · S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai I SEM English Department 4 Technical English

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

English Department 1 Technical English I

SKP Engineering College

Tiruvannamalai – 606611

A Course Material

on

Technical English I

By

Assistant Professors

English Department



Quality Certificate

This is to Certify that the Electronic Study Material

Subject Code: HS6151

Subject Name: Technical English I

Year/Sem: I / I

Being prepared by us and it meets the knowledge requirement of the University

curriculum.

Signature of the Author

Name: Ms.P.Suganthi and Ms.M.Kalaivani

Department of English

Designation: Assistant Professors

This is to certify that the course material being prepared by the Department of English is

of the adequate quality. They have referred more than five books and one among them

is from abroad author.

Signature of HD Signature of the Principal

Name: Name: Dr.V.Subramania Bharathi

Seal: Seal:



HS6251 TECHNICAL ENGLISH II L T P C

3 1 0 4

OBJECTIVES:

To make learners acquire listening and speaking skills in both formal and informal

contexts.

To help them develop their reading skills by familiarizing them with different types of

reading strategies.

To equip them with writing skills needed for academic as well as workplace contexts.

To make them acquire language skills at their own pace by using e-materials and

language lab components.

OUTCOMES:

Learners should be able to

speak convincingly, express their opinions clearly, initiate a discussion, negotiate,

argue using appropriate communicative strategies.

write effectively and persuasively and produce different types of writing such as

narration, description, exposition and argument as well as creative, critical, analytical

and evaluative writing.

read different genres of texts, infer implied meanings and critically analyse and

evaluate them for ideas as well as for method of presentation.

listen/view and comprehend different spoken excerpts critically and infer

unspoken and implied meanings.

UNIT I 9 + 3

Listening - Listening to informal conversations and participating; Speaking - Opening a

conversation (greetings, comments on topics like weather) - Turn taking - Closing a

conversation (excuses, general wish, positive comment, thanks); Reading - Developing

analytical skills, Deductive and inductive reasoning - Extensive reading; Writing -

Effective use of SMS for sending short notes and messages - Using ‘emoticons’ as

symbols in email messages; Grammar - Regular and irregular verbs - Active and

passive voice; Vocabulary - Homonyms (e.g. ‘can’) - Homophones (e.g. ‘some’, ‘sum’);



E-materials - Interactive exercise on Grammar and vocabulary – blogging; Language

Lab - Listening to different types of conversation and answering questions.

UNIT II 9 + 3

Listening - Listening to situation based dialogues; Speaking - Conversation

practice in real life situations, asking for directions (using polite expressions), giving

directions (using imperative sentences), Purchasing goods from a shop, Discussing

various aspects of a film (they have already seen) or a book (they have already read);

Reading - Reading a short story or an article from newspaper, Critical reading,

Comprehension skills; Writing - Writing a review / summary of a story / article, Personal

letter (Inviting your friend to a function, congratulating someone for his / her

success, thanking one’s friends / relatives); Grammar - modal verbs, Purpose

expressions; Vocabulary - Phrasal verbs and their meanings, Using phrasal verbs in

sentences; E-materials - Interactive exercises on Grammar and vocabulary,

Extensive reading activity (reading stories / novels), Posting reviews in blogs -

Language Lab - Dialogues (Fill up exercises), Recording students’ dialogues.

UNIT III 9 + 3

Listening - Listening to the conversation - Understanding the structure of conversations;

Speaking - Conversation skills with a sense of stress, intonation, pronunciation and

meaning - Seeking information – expressing feelings (affection, anger, regret, etc.);

Reading - Speed reading – reading passages with time limit - Skimming; Writing -

Minutes of meeting – format and practice in the preparation of minutes - Writing

summary after reading articles from journals - Format for journal articles – elements of

technical articles (abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion,

appendices, references) - Writing strategies; Grammar - Conditional clauses - Cause

and effect expressions; Vocabulary - Words used as nouns and verbs without any

change in the spelling (e.g. ‘rock’, ‘train’, ‘ring’); E-materials - Interactive exercise on

Grammar and vocabulary - Speed Reading practice exercises; Language Lab -

Intonation practice using EFLU and RIE materials – Attending a meeting and writing

minutes.

UNIT IV 9 + 3

Listening - Listening to a telephone conversation, Viewing model interviews (face-to-

face, telephonic and video conferencing); Speaking - Role play practice in telephone

skills - listening and responding, - asking questions, -note taking – passing on

messages, Role play and mock interview for grasping interview skills; Reading -

Reading the job advertisements and the profile of the company concerned – scanning;

Writing - Applying for a job – cover letter - résumé preparation – vision, mission and



goals of the candidate; Grammar - Numerical expressions - Connectives (discourse

markers); Vocabulary - Idioms and their meanings – using idioms in sentences; E-

materials - Interactive exercises on Grammar and Vocabulary - Different forms of

résumés- Filling up a résumé / cover letter; Language Lab - Telephonic interview –

recording the responses - e-résumé writing.

UNIT V 9 + 3

Listening - Viewing a model group discussion and reviewing the performance of each

participant - Identifying the characteristics of a good listener; Speaking - Group

discussion skills – initiating the discussion – exchanging suggestions and proposals –

expressing dissent/agreement – assertiveness in expressing opinions – mind mapping

technique; Reading - Note making skills – making notes from books, or any form of

written materials - Intensive reading; Writing – Checklist - Types of reports – Feasibility

/ Project report – report format – recommendations / suggestions – interpretation of

data (using charts for effective presentation); Grammar - Use of clauses; Vocabulary –

Collocation; E- materials - Interactive grammar and vocabulary exercises - Sample GD -

Pictures for discussion, Interactive grammar and vocabulary exercises; Language Lab -

Different models of group discussion.

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

TEXTBOOKS

1. Department of English, Anna University. Mindscapes: English for Technologists

and Engineers. Orient Blackswan, Chennai. 2012

2. Dhanavel, S.P. English and Communication Skills for Students of Science and

Engineering. Orient Blackswan, Chennai. 2011

REFERENCES

Anderson, Paul V. Technical Communication: A Reader-Centered Approach.

Cengage. New Delhi. 2008

Muralikrishna, & Sunita Mishra. Communication Skills for Engineers. Pearson,New

Delhi. 2011

Riordan, Daniel. G. Technical Communication. Cengage Learning, New

Delhi. 2005



4. Sharma, Sangeetha & Binod Mishra. Communication Skills for Engineers and

Scientists. PHI Learning, New Delhi. 2009

5. Smith-Worthington, Darlene & Sue Jefferson. Technical Writing for

Success. Cengage, Mason USA. 2007

EXTENSIVE Reading (Not for Examination)

Khera, Shiv. You can Win. Macmillan, Delhi. 1998.



CONTENTS

S.No Particulars Page

1 Unit – I 8

2 Unit – II 23

3 Unit – III 33

4 Unit – IV 40

5 Unit – V 44



UNIT – I

PART – A GENERAL VOCABULARY CO1-L1

Match the words with their meanings:

EXAMPLE:

1. A B

a)amalgamation - bring together

b)chip - device composed of silicon

c)radiation - giving out rays

d)depletion - getting completely exhausted

2. A B

a)contamination - pollution

b)fission - division of the atom

c)aggravate making worse

d)abuse - misuse

3. A B

a) countless - numerous

b)tranquil - calm, peaceful

c)produce - generate

d)trekking - extended walking

4. A B

a) hazard - danger

b)core - innermost part

c)stimulus - something that rouses people to activity

d)option - choice

5. A B

a)coagulum - thick, sticky solid mass

b)drawback - disadvantage

c) proliferate - to reproduce rapidly

d)impediment - hindrance, obstacle.

EXERCISE

1. A B

a) abnormal - wrong use

b) abuse - abundant; rich

c) accumulated - different in an undesirable ways from what is normal

d)affluent - stored up



2. A B

a) afforestation - make worse or more serious

b) deforestation - growing old

c) ageing - clearing of forests

d) aggravate - expansion of forests, planting of trees

3. A B

a) remedial - choice between two things

b) alternate - intended to provide cure

c) alternative - organism able to live both on land and in water

d) amphibian - one of every two; every second one

4. A B

a) artificial intelligence - beautiful

b) artistic - property

c) assets - make use

d) avail - the capacity of a computer for learning

and decision taking

5. A B

a) chip - arranged according to dates

b) choreography - refined; of ancient Greek and Roman art

c) chronological - designing of dance

d) classical - device composed of silicon

Answers:

1. (a)iii (b)i (c)iv (d)ii

2. (a)iv (b)iii (c)ii (d)i

3. (a)ii (b)iv (c)i (d)iii

4. (a)iv (b)i (c)ii (d)iii

5. (a)iv (b)iii (c)i (d)ii

WH-QUESTIONS CO1-L3

Wh- Question allows a speaker to find out more information about topics. They are as follows:

QUESTION WORD QUESTION ANSWER

Who = person Who is your teacher? My teacher is Ms. Weiss.

What = thing What is your name? My name is Linda.

When = time When is your birthday? It‘s in June.

Why = reason Why is Mr. Park absent? He‘s absent because he‘s sick.

Where = place Where is China? It‘s in Asia.

How = description, health How is the weather? It‘s warm today.



EXAMPLE:

1. He came here last week.

Ans: When did he come here?

2. I was late because the bus was late.

Ans: Why were you late?

3. I reached home at 9 O‘ clock.

Ans: When did you reach home?

4. The Principal gave away the prizes.

Ans: Who gave away the prizes?

5. My father goes to the office at 8.30 a.m.

Ans: When does your father go to the office?

6. He bought the book yesterday.

Ans: When did he buy the book?

7. The function is on Wednesday.

Ans: When is the function?

8. The Correspondent will preside over the function.

Ans: Who will preside over the function?

9. I am going to my native place next week.

Ans: When are you going to your native place?

10. Gopal knows the answer to this question.

Ans: Who knows the answer to this question?

SENTENCE COMPLETION CO1-L1

EXAMPLE:

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE WORDS GIVEN IN BRACKETS:

(Accessible, antenna, communicate, installation, transmission, connect, metallic, current,

parallel, symmetrical)

a. Wire is used to ----- two points in a circuit.

b. The car is painted with ------paint.

c. A road runs ------ to the railway line.



d. people use telephone to ------- with the people in other parts of the country.

e. The crystal is perfectly ------------.

f. Despite the broken-------- the radio in the car picked up signals.

g. The desert is -------- only by helicopter.

h. The centre has started the ------------- of programme to the rural students.

i. He swam to the shore against a strong -------

(Ans: a.connect b.metallic c.Parallel d.Communicate e.Symmetrical f.Antenna

g.accessible h.Transmission i.current )

PREPOSITION CO1-L3

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in

front of gerund verbs).

Some of the commonly used prepositions:

in about beside over with

on above between since without

at across down through

by after during till

from as into towards

to before near under

of after off until

for behind on up

EXAMPLE:

1. Peter is playing tennis on Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is on the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is in May.

4. We are going to see my parents at the weekend.

5. In 1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets at night.

7. What are you doing in the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada for two years.

9. I have been waiting for you since seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay by Friday.



EXERCISE:

1. The progress ------- the field------chemistry has resulted ------- the development ---- all

kinds ---- industries. The applications -------- chemistry ------- the fields ------ medical

and biological are significant.(May 2004)

2. The Gobar gas plant is a simple apparatus used ---- turning animal wastes ---- bio-gas

plus nitrogen fertilizer. ‗gobar‘ comes --- the Hindi word ----- cow. Cattle –dung forms

the primary source --- fuel ---- the rural population ---- India. Other supplementary

material like organic wastes can be used, wherever the availability ---cattle-dung is found

to be inadequate.(May 2006)

3. Nuclear wastes remain dangerously radioactive ------ hundreds or perhaps thousands ----

years. The disposal ------ these wastes is a serious problem. ----- present, they are often

stored --- underground tanks or sealed containers or dropped -----deep-ocean trenches.

As the threat------environmental pollution is always there, nuclear plants need to be

located away ----residential areas.

4. The present day computer viruses are very different ------ their ancestors. Earlier, these

programmes were spread ----users who shared programmes and data via floppies. These

viruses either hid ----- the boot sector ---- floppy disks or ------ programme files, infecting

other files when programmes were launched. But today, they spread ----- a dizzying

speed ----way of file transfers and e-mail—the internet.

5. Any development ---- trace the development ---- the noises babies make ---- their first

spoken words leads ----- considerable difficulties. It is evident that babies enjoy making

noises, and that -----. The first few months, one or two noises sort themselves out as a

particularly indicative ------ delight, distress, sociability and so on.

ANSWER:

1. In,of,in,of,of, of, in,of

2. for,into,from,for, of, for, in, of

3. for,of,of,at,in,into,of,from

4. from,to,in,of,in,at,by,through

5. to,from,to,to,during,of



TENSES CO1-H3

EXPLANATION

A verb indicates action, condition or process. Tense is used to refer different forms of the verb

indicating time of action.

Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect

continuous

Present V/s Am/is/are

V+ing

Has/have+V3 Has/have been

V+ing

Past V2 Was/were

V+ing

Had+V3 Had been

V+ing

Future Shall/will+V1 Shall/will

beV+ing

Will have+V3 Will have been

V+ing

EXAMPLE:

PRESENT FORM:

1. He goes to temple daily.

2. I am preparing for my examination.

3. He has finished his project.

4. I have been doing this work for two years.

PAST FORM:

1. We went to Kashmir last year.

2. I was reading my lesson when my friend came.

3. I had longed to get news from my brother before today.

4. I had been watching movie when my uncle had scolded me.

FUTURE FORM:

1. I will help you if you need it.

2. Next year, this time I will be preparing to go abroad.

3. By this time next month, I will have finished my examination.

4. By next November, I will have been working in this company for six years.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense form:

1. The clay used by Spartek is really sediment deposits which _____ (collected) at the bottom of

irrigation tanks. This mined clay _________(bring) to the Tirupathi plan and _________(mix)

with other ingredients and __________(wet grind) into a fine slip.



2. Rajesh _________ (works) as a farmer in a village near Salem till June 2000. In July 2000, he

__________ (change) his profession. After the change he ______ (migrate) to Chennai and

through hard work he became rich. At present, he_______ (be) the owner of two factories in the

city.

3. Rice husk _________ (obtain) from rice mills. It _________ (produce) in such a large

quantity that its disposal sometimes becomes a problem. When it __________ (sum) under

controlled temperature in a furnace it _________(leave) a residue in the form of a highly

reactive ash.

4. Before a house _______ (build) secure foundations __________(lay). Simply because the

foundations cannot __________ (see) by prospective buyers __________(not mean) that they are

not the most important part of the building.

5. Gold ________ (be) important for another reason. The nations of the world _________

(accept) it as a medium of international exchange.

6. During fission, radiation ___________ (produce). This radiation ___________ (to be)

harmful even in small quantities. It _________ (attack) living tissues and it _______ (alter) the

genes in body cells.

7. Hardy __________(show) a colleague Ramanujan‘s strange letter, which ____________

(cram) with as many as 60 mathematical theorems and formulas __________(state) without any

proofs. It ________ (not take) them long to realize that Ramanujan was a genius.

8. The Egyptians _____________ (know) the art of jewellery making as early as 3000 B.C. In

ancient India India too skilled craftsmen ___________ (make) exquisite gold ornaments.

9. I ________ (be) an employee of the Central Government. I ________ (start) my career in

Bombay in 1955. In 1970, I ________ (get) a transfer to Calcutta. At present, I______(work) in

Chennai.

10. Over the last forty years computers__________ (develop) dramatically. The first computers

___________ (can do) relatively few calculations a second, whereas the present mainframe can

carry out many instructions per second. In the past only highly __________ (train) computer

experts __________ (are) able to use computers.

ANSWER:

1) is collected, is brought, mixed, wet ground

2) worked, changed, migrated, is

3) is obtained, is produced, is summed, leaves

4) is built, are laid, be seen, does not mean

5) is, accept

6) is produced, is, attacks, alters

7) showed, was crammed, stated, did not take

8) knew, made

9) am, started, got, am working

10) have been developed, could do, trained, were



WORD FORMATION and WORD EXPANSION CO1-L2

No. Verb Noun Adjective

1 Accept Acceptance Acceptable

2 Act Action Active

3 Advise Advice Advisory

4 Analyse Analysis Analytic

5 Announce Announcement -

6 Assume Assumption Assumed

7 Beautify Beauty Beautiful

8 Bleed Blood Bloody

9 Calculate Calculation Calculable

10 Classify Classification Classifiable

11 Communicate Communication Communicative

12 Compare Comparison Comparable

S.N0 Noun Adjective Person Concerned

1 Geology Geological Geologist

2 Chemistry Chemical Chemist

3 Environment Environmental Environmentalist

4 Genetics Genetic Geneticist

5 Nature Natural Naturalist

6 Ecology Ecological Ecologist

7 Botany Botanical Botanist

8 Sociology Sociological Sociologist

9 Pathology Pathological Pathologist

10 Technology Technological Technologist

S.NO Noun Adjectives Verbs Adverbs

1 Ability Able Enable Ably

2 Acceptance Acceptable Accept Acceptably

3 Activity Active Activate Actively

4 Addition Additional Add Additionally

5 Admiration Admirable Admire Admirably

6 Agreement Agreeable Agree Agreeably

7 Approval Approving Approved Approvingly



8 Attraction Attractive Attract Attractively

9 Collection Collected Collect Collectively

10 Comfort Comfortable Comfort Comfortably

11 Comparison Comparable Compare Comparably

12 Completion Complete Complete Completely

13 Definition Definite Define Definitely

14 Enjoyment Enjoyable Enjoy Enjoyably

15 Equality Equal Equalise Equally

16 Excellence Excellent Excel Excellently

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES CO1-H1

A Prefix is a word placed at the before of a word to qualify its meaning and form a new

word:

Example: incorrect; disqualify

1. Make antonyms of the following words by adding suitable prefixes

1. relenting = unrelenting

2. purity = impurity

3. sensitive = insensitive

4. advantage = disadvantage

5. associate = disassociate

6. sufficient = insufficient

7. common = uncommon

8. normal = abnormal

9. reliable = unreliable

10. ability = inability

2. Add suitable prefixes –hyper; ultra; sub; super to the following words to match the meaning

given against them

1. super- sonic : having a speed greater than that of sound

2. ultra- sonic : having wavelength beyond violet end of the

spectrum

3. sub -standard : not having the required or normal quality

4. hyper- tension : abnormal blood pressure

5. multi racial : a nation having many races of people

6. impractical : not practical

7. para staff : supplementary /supporting staff

8. malfunction : not working properly

9. undervalue : value something below the level

10. belittle : make something or someone unimportant

11. outnumber : more than something

12. empower : give more power

13. subsect : division within

14 . unofficial : not official

15. supermarket : store where everything is available



EXERCISE:

Add suitable prefixes to the following words to match the meaning given against them.

1. ---------embark; leave air craft

2. ---------stand; endure (something) without another image.

3. ---------impose: an image placed over another image.

4. --------peep: a first quick look at an object, situation.

5. ---------governing: autonomous

6. --------- bearable: that cannot be tolerated or endured

7. ---------national: operating across boundaries.

8. ---------mediate: coming between two things, place etc.

9. -------- lingual: speaking two language.

10. ---------thumbed: a book read often.

Answer:

1.Dis 2. With 3. Super 4.super 5. Self 6. Un 7.trans 8.inter 9.bi 10.well

SUFFIX

A Suffix is a syllable placed at the end of a word to qualify its meaning and form a new word.

Example: childhood; loyalty

Add suffixes to the following to give the meaning given against them.

1. Simplify : make simple

2. Microscope : instrument for seeing

3. Weightless : without weight.

4. Speedometer : instrument for measuring.

5. Geology : study of the earth

6. Reddish : resembling.

7. Spoonful : full of

8. Understandable : that which can be understood.

9. Construction : act of combing.

10. Requirement : something necessary.

Suffixes – ance, ence, ation, ion, ism, ment, sion, ty, age, ency, etc. can be used to form

functional nouns:

Refer -reference

Immerse -immersion

Maintain - maintenance

Invest - investment

Tour -tourism



Examine -examination

Transparent - transparency

Secure - security

Cultivate - cultivation

Bond -bondage.

Adjectives are formed by adding suffixes like;- able,-al,-ative, -ical,- ing, ive-ory –tic ,ation.

1. reason-

2. develop-

3. collect –

4. transit-

5. preserve –

6. technology –

7. paralyze-

8. environment-

9. communicate-

10. inform

Answers :

1. reasonable , 2. Developing, 3.collective 4. Transitory , 5.preservation

6. Technological, 7. Paralytic 8. Environmental, 9. Communicative ,

10. Information.

Complete the following using suitable prefixes like sub, super, infra, hyper, multi, ultra etc.

1. Less than zero : Sub zero

2. Below normal : abnormal

3. Having zero resistance : super conductivity

4. Those invisible rays below the red end of the spectrum : infra red.

5. Those invisible rays above the violet end of the spectrum: ultraviolet.

REFERENCE WORDS CO1-L1

Reference and link words help to show the link between the sentences. These words help to

arrange the sentences in a logical sequence and achieve coherence. Some of the reference words

are:

Pronouns

Pronouns or reference words help to show the connection with the previous sentence.

For example,

1. Scientists don‘t agree on their predictions.

2. While they agree that an increase in green house gases will cause the earth‘s temperature to

rise, they disagree on what may happen next.

However, care should be taken in using the pronouns clearly without causing any ambiguity.



PART-B

READING COMPREHENSION CO1-L2

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given at the end of it:

Think of an electric car that can accelerate swiftly to cruising speed, laptop computers

that can recharge in a couple of minutes rather than hours and a generation of super-miniature

mobile phones. That‘s the vision sketched by a pair of scientists in the United States, unveiling

an invention that they say could lead to a smaller, lighter and more power-packed lithium battery

than anything available today.

Current batteries made of lithium iron phosphate (LiFeP04) are good at storing large

amounts of electricity but stumble at releasing it. They are better at dispensing the power in a

steady flow than at discharging it or gaining it in a sudden burst. As a result, electric cars

perform best when traveling along the motor way at a constant speed rather than when they are

accelerating, and their batteries take hours to recharge when they run down.

Until now, the finger of blame has pointed at charged lithium atoms. These ions, along

with electrons, move too sluggishly through the battery material before arriving at the terminal to

deliver their charge- - or so it was thought. But two materials experts at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) say the problem lies not with the ions but

rather at how the ions gain access to nano-scale tunnels that riddle the material and transport the

electrons to their destination. Their solution was a lithium phosphate coating that, like a system

of feeder roads, nudges the ions towards the tunnels. The ions then zip instantly down the tunnel

entrance and to the terminal.

A small cell phone battery can be recharged in just 10 seconds, thanks to the improved

ion flow, they report in the British journal Nature. In theory, a large battery that would be used to

power a plug-in hybrid electric car could be recharged in just five minutes, compared to up to six

or eight hours at present. But this would only be possible if a beefed-up electricity supply were

available.

Unlike other battery materials, the tweaked LiFeP04 does not degrade as much when

repeatedly charged and recharged. This opens the way to smaller and lighter batteries, which will

not need such heft to deliver the same power. The invention, which was supported by US

government funds, has already been licensed by two companies. Because the material involved is

not new—the difference is the way it is made—―the work could make it into the market place

within two or three years‖ it said. The invention is the latest claimed advance in the quest to

replace conventional electro-chemical batteries, which are heavy, lack energy density and take

time to recharge.

Choose the correct answer:

(i) What idea do the US scientists visualize?

1) Electronic car

2) Laptop computers

3) Fast recharging of batteries

4) Super miniature mobile phones



Answer: 3) fast recharging of batteries

(ii) What are the present day batteries made of?

1) lithium iron

2) lithium iron phosphate

3) electro chemical batteries

4) lithium phosphate

Answer: 2) lithium iron phosphate

iii) What is the major problem with current batteries?

1) they don‘t give power steadily

2) they store enormous electricity

3) they are difficult to use

4) they cannot be charged often

Answer: 1) they don’t give power steadily

(iv) What solution do the MIT scientists give?

1) lithium coating

2) phosphate coating

3) lithium phosphate coating

4) lithium battery coating

Answer: 3) lithium phosphate coating

(v) What is new in the solutions?

1) the way in which coating is done

2) the way in which the material is prepared

3) the way in which recharging is done

4) the way in which research is carried out

Answer: 2) the way in which the material is prepared

(b) Mention whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

1. We can imagine a day when very quick recharging of batteries is possible.(TRUE)

2. Currently available batteries give power steadily. (FALSE)

3. Materials experts are interested in batteries only. (FALSE)

4. This research result can be put into commercial use soon. (TRUE)

5. The invention claimed the quest to replace traditional electro-chemical batteries. (TRUE)

Choose the appropriate definition for the given words as they are used in the text:

i. Cruising

(1) Crossing

(2) Slow

(3) Miraculous

(4) Steady and moderate

ANSWER: 4) Steady and moderate

ii.unveiling

(1) celebrating

(2) introducing

(3) reducing

(4) publishing

ANSWER: 2) introducing



iii.dispensing

(1) giving medicines

(2) wasting

(3) distributing

(4) doubling of number

ANSWER: 3) distributing

iv. beefed up

(1) strengthened

(2) additional

(3) modernized

(4) badly maintained

Answer: (1) strengthened.

V. run-down

(1) stop functioning

(2) fall down

(3) go down

(4) start functioning

ANSWER: 1) stop functioning

vi. sluggishly

(1) fast

(2) carefully

(3) casually

(4) slowly

ANSWER: 4) slowly

AUTOBIOGRAPHY CO1-H3

An Autobiography is a written account of the life of a person written by that person. It is

not the story of a life; it is the recreation or the discovery of one. In writing of one‘s experience,

you will discover yourself, and in the writing create the pattern you seen to have lived. Often, of

course, autobiography is merely a collection of well- rehearsed anecdotes; but, intelligently

written, it is the revelation, to the reader and the writer, of the writer‘s conception of the life he

or she has lived. Simply but , autobiography is reckoning. This topic will help you shape a

diverse and colorful assortment of personal vignettes and stories about your being into a

graceful, coherent narrative that conveys the larger story of your life.

Example:

My name is Gabriela Arrevillaga. I am 17 years old. I am from Mexico from Tapachula

Chiapas. This city is hot all the time, and we have a beach.

I have a beautiful family. I have one brother and one sister. My father‘s name is Jorge

and my mother‘s name is Irma. My sister‘s name is Irma too, and my brother‘s name is Jorge,

and he is married with Alejandra, and they are going to be parents in November for first time,

and all the family is so exited!



I have a beautiful dog. He is a Siberian husky. He is my baby, and he is very lovely. I

love my dog! My hobbies are dance, sing, swim, skate, be with my friends, and go to the cinema

with they.

I love dance and when I was a child I studied ballet and it was a really good experience to

me. I really enjoyed that. When I went to the Secondary School I studied in 2 different schools,

and it was fun, because I could met new people. The High School was really cool for me. I liked

very much this time.

When I was 9 years old my father told me that I will need come to USA to learn very

well the English, but in this time I started to study English in Tapachula.

Before coming to USA I finished the High School. I studied in the Preparatoria Tapchula.

In this school works my father and my brother too.

When I was in Mexico I had and I have many friends. I like making friends. I was with

them all the time. We went to many places and parties together, and we went to the cinema or eat

together and I really enjoyed this these moments. My best friends are Rosalba, Miriam, Paola,

Anahi, Jorge, Alex, Max, Salvador, Eder, Pauline, and Hugo. I really enjoy be with them,

because they are so nice. But actually my best friends are my mom and my dad, my sister and

my brother, because with them I can talk about all in my life, and when I have a problem, they

always are with me to help.

My brother Jorge is 29 years old. When he was 19 he served a mission in Puebla City.

Then, when came back to Tapachula he started to study to be a lawyer. He finished his mayor 2

years ago, and now he is a lawyer. The last year in December 17th he got married with

Alejandra, and now they are going to have a baby. He is a boy.

My sister Irma is 25 years old. When she was 16 she was living here in USA, but in

Denver Colorado for 1 year to learn English, and she told me that it was a good experience for

her. She got back to Tapachula and she finishes the High School. Then she went to Puebla to

study, and actually she is there studying languages. Now she has a boyfriend, and maybe the next

year they are going to get marry.

I really love animals, and I wanted to study veterinarian medicine, but actually I change

my mind, and when I got back to Mexico I want to study international tourist, but I will want to

have many animals, because I really love them.

I want to study my mayor in Tapachula, the city where I am from. There, there is a

university who has this mayor, and I think that it is going to be perfect to me, because I will be

with my family and with my friends enjoying them. Ah! Also my little dog.



UNIT – II

PART-A

DEFINITIONS CO2-L1

Definitions are very common in technical writing, because we often have to state the

meaning of a substance, an object, a machine etc. We must be able to give a clear and an

accurate definition that is appropriate for the situation.

1. Blue tooth

2. Electro cardiogram

3. Liquid Crystal Display

4. Mathematics

5. Mercury

6. Micro computer

7. Micro film

8. Microphone

9. Microprocessor

10. Microscope

Answers:

1. Blue tooth is a radio technology that makes it possible for mobile phones and computers to

be linked over short distances.

2. Electrocardiogram is a device used for diagnosing heart condition by recording the small

electric waves generated during heat activity.

3. Liquid Crystal Display is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating

preparation of liquid crystals used in computer monitors, televisions, aircraft cockpit display

etc.

4. Mathematics is the scientific study of numbers, quantity & space. Arithmetic, algebra,

geometry etc.are some of the branches of mathematics.

5. Mercury is a chemical element, silver in color found in liquid form and used in

thermometers.

6. Microcomputer is a small computer wherein the memory capacity is less.

7. Microfilm is a film on which extremely small photographs are stored especially of

documents or newspapers.

8. Microphone is an instrument that changes sound waves into electrical current. It is used for

recording or broadcasting speech, music, etc.

9. Microprocessor is a very small computer, consisting of one or more microchips.

10. Microscope is an instrument for making very small objects appear large,

especially for scientific study.

USE OF IMPERATIVES CO2-L3

Rewrite the sentences given below into a set of instructions:

Example:

(a) The end of the metal articles should be thoroughly cleaned.

(b) No dirt should be left on them.

(c) The ends should be heated to a white heat.

(d) A flux should then be applied to the weld.



Answers:

(a) Clean the end of the metal articles thoroughly.

(b) Leave no dirt on them.

(c) Heat the ends to a white heat.

(d) Apply a flux to the weld.

Exercise:

1.

(a) An emergency start up diskette should be created. .

(b) All the important documents should be backed up on a weekly basis.

(c) The hard drive should be scanned for errors.

(d) All the areas should be tried for making litter- free zones.

Answer:

(a) Create an emergency start up diskette.

(b) Back up all the important documents on a weekly basis.

(c) Scan the hard drive for errors.

(d) Try for making all the areas litter- free zones.

2. (a) The waste water should be diverted to the trees and gardens.

(b) Rain water harvesting should be encouraged.

(c) Using products made of plastics should be minimized.

(d) The cattle should not be allowed to roam about the streets.

Answer:

(a)Divert the waste water to the trees and gardens.

(b) Encourage Rain water harvesting.

(c) Minimise using products made of plastics.

(d) Don‘t allow the cattle to roam about the streets.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT CO2-L3

The number of the subject determines the number of the verb. In other words, if the

subject is plural, the verb, too, must be appropriate for plural subjects. In the third-person

singular, the present tense verb has an ―S.‖ Thus, if the subject of a verb can be replaced by he,

she, it, or who, the present tense verb has an ―S.‖ Remember: ―S‖ for ―Singular.‖

Once you determine the subject for a verb, decide whether the subject refers to a single

person or thing or to more than one person or thing. Examples A.1a and A.1b have singular and

plural subjects, respectively. The subjects are underlined, and the verbs are italicized.

Example A.1a, singular subject: ―The principal investigator leads the research team.‖Example

A.1b, plural subject: ―The principal investigator and finance director lead the team.‖

Supply correct verb that agrees with its subject.

1 . Ron and Carol is getting married in June.

Ron and Carol are getting married in June.

2. The baseball team are traveling to the tournament by bus.

The baseball team is traveling to the tournament by bus.



3. Kristie was the kind of driver who always uses turn signals.

Kristie is the kind of driver who always uses turn signals.

4. It doesn‘t matters to me which movie we see.

It doesn‘t matter to me which movie we see.

5. Peaches and cream are tonight‘s featured dessert.

Peaches and cream is tonight‘s featured dessert.

6. The entire class is silent when the instructor announced the test results.

The entire class was silent when the instructor announced the test results.

EXERCISE:

1. Some of the voters -------- still angry. (is / are)

2. A large percentage of the older population -------- voting against her. (is / are)

3. Two-fifths of the troops ---- lost in the battle. (was / were)

4. Two-fifths vineyard ------- destroyed by fire. (was/were)

5. Forty percent of the students -------- in favor of changing the policy. (is/are)

6. Two and two ------ four. (is/are)

7. Four times four divided by two ------ eight. (is/are)

8. It was the speaker, not his ideas that ----- provoked the students to riot. (has/have)

9. My assets ------- wiped out in the depression. (was/were)

10. The average worker‘s earnings ------ gone up dramatically. (has/have)

COMPOUND NOUNS CO2-H1

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in

English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.

Example:

1. Air supply – supply of air

2. Animal behaviour – the behaviour of an animal

3. Aluminium extraction – the extraction of aluminium

4. Arithmetic unit – a unit in which arithmetic operations are performed

5. Ball pen – a pen that writes with a tiny ball at its point which rolls ink onto the paper

6. Battery car – car which works on battery

7. Battery valve – valve of a battery

8. Blast furnace – furnace of the type which works by blast of preheated air

9. Boat house – boat used as a house

10. Butterfly valve – valve which is in the shape of butterfly.

11. Butt weld – weld of the type called ‗butt‘

12. Communication satellite – satellite used for communication

13. Computer diagnosis – diagnosis made by a computer

14. Computer technology – technology used in computer

15. Condenser extractor pump – pump for extracting from condenser

16. Cooling tower – tower for the purpose of cooling

17. Cylinder condensation losses – losses from the cylinder by condensation

18. Cylinder walls – walls of the cylinder



19. Friction losses – losses caused by friction

20. Grease gun – gun used for injecting grease

21. Jet engine – an engine propelled by jet

22. Juice extractor – extractor used for extracting juice

23. Key board – board having keys for operation by finger tips

24. Leaf protein – protein contained in a leaf

25. Liquid oxygen – oxygen obtained in liquid form

26. Lock nut – nut of the kind which locks

27. Machine testing conditions – conditions under which a machine is tested

28. Machine tools – tools for cutting or shaping materials

29. Mercury thermometer – thermometer using mercury

30. Muslin bag – bag made of muslin

31. Pedal power – power derived from a pedal power

32. Picture tube – a tube which gives the picture in a television

33. Power cable – cable conducting power

34. Power station – station producing power

35. Power source – source from which / where power is obtained

36. Power transmission problems – problems in the transmission of power

37. Radio waves – waves of the radio

38. Rice husk – husk from rice

39. Roller mill – mill for rolling

40. Rubber roller – roller made of rubber

41. Silver extraction – extraction of silver

42. Soil laboratory – laboratory for testing soil

43. Solar cooker – cooker using solar energy

44. Spark plug – plug that emits spark

45. Steam chest – chest containing steam

46. Steam consumption – the consumption of steam

47. Steam jackets – jackets containing steam

48. Steam turbine – turbine driven by steam

49. Steel tubes – tubes made of steel

50. Stop valve – valve made to stop the passage

Word Association- Connotation CO2-L1

Explanation:

Connotation means an associated or secondary meaning of a word apart from its literary

meaning i.e. denotation . While using connotations, one should be cautious to use positive

connotation. Depending on the context, the connotation of word can change the meaning of the

sentences considerably.

Example:

1. Childish, sprightly, childlike, youth, naive, vigorous

In this group of words, childish, childlike, and naive gives the meaning of an

immature or inexperienced person, whereas, sprightly, vigorous and youth refers

to someone who is lively and energetic.



Exercise

Pick out the word giving the negative connotation for the following words.

1. Nithish is an extravagant person.

2. Jerry is very vocal in all the meetings.

3. The boy was looking at the picture oblivious of those around him.

4. The minister ruthlessly neglected the people who had come from distant places.

5. During peak hours, cars are forced to move in an agonizingly slow speed.

Answers

1. Extravagant means lavish, overdoing, exaggerate

2. Vocal means talking or expressing opinions loudly

3. Oblivious is not aware of people around or the situation.

4. Ruthlessly means mercilessly or without sympathy.

5. Agonizingly means with great pain and endurance.

Pick out the word and tell whether it is giving positive or negative connotation.

1. He is so scrawny that everybody wonders how the girl fell in love with him.

2. George is steadfast in his efforts to become a pilot.

3. Most students find engineering Mathematics, a nerdy subject.

4. In spite of making a miserly contribution to the poor, he is behaving to be a benefactor.

5. Oliver is known for his business acumen and thrifty handling of finance.

Answers

1. Scrawny -unattractively thin ( negative)

2. Steadfast - determined (positive)

3. Nerdy - interesting but difficult to study ( negative)

4. Miserly - not generous (negative)

5. Thrifty - careful use of money ( positive)

PART-B

RABINDRANATH TAGORE – BIOGRAPHY CO2-L2

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a

leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and

which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the

Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for

formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his many-

sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close

touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an

experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From

time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-

sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted

friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he

resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.

Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal. With his translations of some of



his poems he became rapidly known in the West. In fact his fame attained a luminous height,

taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of friendship. For the world he became

the voice of India's spiritual heritage; and for India, especially for Bengal, he became a great

living institution.

Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet.

Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi (1890) [The Ideal One], Sonar Tari

(1894) [The Golden Boat], Gitanjali (1910) [Song Offerings], Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of

Songs], and Balaka (1916) [The Flight of Cranes]. The English renderings of his poetry, which

include The Gardener (1913), Fruit-Gathering (1916), and The Fugitive (1921), do not generally

correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali; and in spite of its title, Gitanjali: Song

Offerings (1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains poems from other works besides its

namesake. Tagore's major plays are Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar

(1912) [The Post Office], Achalayatan (1912) [The Immovable], Muktadhara (1922) [The

Waterfall], and Raktakaravi (1926) [Red Oleanders]. He is the author of several volumes of short

stories and a number of novels, among them Gora (1910), Ghare-Baire (1916) [The Home and

the World], and Yogayog (1929) [Crosscurrents]. Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance

dramas, essays of all types, travel diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and

the other shortly before his death in 1941. Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and

songs for which he wrote the music himself.

Rabindranath Tagore died on August 7, 1941.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION CO2-H1

Convert the following flow chart into a passage:

Classification of Plastics

Plastic

s

Thermo Plastics Thermo setting

Plastics

Polythene

PVC Nylo

n

Perspe

x

Bakelit

e

Melamine



Answer:

The flow chart describes the two classifications of plastics available today. The two

types are thermo plastics and thermo setting plastics. The first group consists of plastics that

soften when heated and become rigid when cooled again Polythene, PVC, Nylon, and Perspex

are examples of thermo plastics.

Thermo plastics, on the other hand, become rigid on further heating and cannot be

softened again. These plastics consist of polymer chains that react with one another at appoint of

contact so that they become strongly linked together in three-dimensions. Examples of thermo

setting plastics are Bakelite and melamine.

Study the following bar graph relating to admissions of two courses in a University.

Transcode the information contained in it into a passage CO2-H1

Answer:

This bar graph is about the admissions in a University in respect of two Engineering

courses, namely Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. The figures of admissions

made have been presented as relating to three particular years; 1960, 1965, 1970. In the first

case, that is, in 1960-200 students were admitted to Civil Engineering Branch, showing a

difference of 100. The same difference is kept in 1965, with Mechanical Branch admissions. In

1970, while Civil Engineering admitted 500 students 650 students had joined Mechanical

Engineering. Thus the admissions to Mechanical Branch have been higher, indicating the greater

popularity of the course- compared with Civil Engineering. It can be seen from the chart that

every five year there is confirmation of the tendency of students to prefer Mechanical branch.The

trend will continue further is proved by the admission of 650 students to Mechanical Engineering

against only 500 to Civil Engineering.



INSTRUCTIONS CO2-L3

1. Safety instructions in a Chemical Engineering Laboratory.

1. Do not work in the laboratory bare foot; wear shoes to protect your feet.

2. Do not handle the apparatus and instrument roughly.

3. Do not wear gold ornaments, wrist watches etc; while working in the lab.

4. Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with your skin.

5. Keep all the doors and windows open while working in the laboratory.

6. Keep your working place neat and tidy.

7. Switch off the power supply immediately after completing the experiment.

8. Arrange the apparatus in order, after the experiment is over.

9. Don‘t wear loose clothes.

10. Always rinse the apparatus well both before and after use.

2. Write a list of eight instructions for students to pass in all subjects in a semester with

good grades.

1. Listen to the lecture given in the classroom and take notes.

2. Read the lessons every day without fail.

3. Clarify any doubts as and when it occurs.

4. Work out all calculations and have a clear idea of circuits.

5. Take the assignment ant tests seriously.

6. Refer books in the library and browse the net for updated information,

7. Use the last few days for revising the known. Don‘t learn new lessons at the last moment.

8. Relax, pray and go to the examination with confidence, read the questions carefully and

answer to the point.

3. Write eight instructions to save petrol.

1. Keep the engine in good condition for fuel economy.

2. Fit the vehicle with an engine that gives high mileage.

3. Don‘t keep the engine running while the vehicle is not in motion.

4. Inflate the tyres at an optimum level of air pressure.

5. Use the correct engine oil for the proper functioning of the engine.

6. Service the vehicle regularly; an ill- maintained vehicle consumes more petrol.

7. Avoid clutch driving. Resting one‘s foot on clutch pedal leads to more fuel

consumption.

8. Avoid frequent change of gear to save petrol.

4. Write a set of instructions for operating the ticket vending machine at a

Railway station. (Jan.2011)

1. Read the instruction carefully before operating the vending machine.

2. Understand the meanings of the symbols before pressing.

3. Choose your destination.

4. Press the button for the station you want to travel to.

5. Select your ticket type.

6. Select a discounted ticket.

7. Pay your fare by inserting coins or credit cards in the slot provided.

8. Collect your ticket along with any change or receipt for credit card transaction.



5 Imagine that you are running a driving school. A student approaches you to learn to

drive a car. Give him specific instruction on how to drive a car.

1. Turn the steering wheel as per the direction, right, left or straight.

2. Switch on the engine by turning the ignition key.

3. Press the clutch to change the gear to the first level.

4. Apply acceleration by slowly releasing the clutch.

5. Change the gear to increase the speed.

6. Check the fuel level and hand brake release before starting the car.

7. Always wear seat belts while driving.

8. Switch on the indicator based on the direction.

RECOMMENDATION CO2-L3

1. Recommendations to save water.

1. It is suggested to save water by using paper plates and napkins.

2. It is recommended to use a device to detect wastage of water.

3. It is important to turn off the tap when it is not used.

4. It is advised to check the water pipe and change while it is leaking.

5. It is suggested to construct more and more dams to store water.

6. It is advised to have roof-top rain-water harvesting to recharge the underground table

through existing wells or bore-wells.

7. It is necessary to check the surplus water.

8. It is important to harness run-off in catchments by constructing structures such as

check dams, percolation trenches, and sub-surface dykes.

2. Write a set of eight recommendations to keep your country peaceful from war.

1. It is recommended to keep our borders fully secured so as to avoid any kind of infiltration.

2. It is suggested to keep the defense forces on vigil round the clock.

3. It is advised to develop humanism to spread peace all round the clock.

4. It is advised not to indulge in any anti-social activated.

5. It is suggested not to hurt the religious feeling of others, ―a good fence makes good

neighbor.‖

6. It is mandatory to follow all the rules and regulations framed by the government to avoid

chaos.

7. It is recommended to develop the spirit of brotherhood, fellow feeling so that we treat each

and every one with respect.

8. It is mandatory to keep a good relationship with other countries.

3. Write a set of eight recommendations to reduce unemployment.

1. It is necessary that the country should be industrialized.

2. It is suggested to give employment training in various fields to rural youth.

3. It is mandatory to encourage Small scale industries.

4. It is advised to develop more village and cottage industries.

5. It is necessary to encourage self employment programme by providing loans.

6. It is suggested to implement effective birth control measure to solve this problem.

7. It is recommended to modify the present education system to meet the challenges of the

modern world.

8. It is important to give priority to vocational and technical education.



4. Recommendations on the demands of the employees.

1. It is advised to increase the daily wages to Rs.140/- and differentials wage can be given based

on experience, the skill involved and production.

2. It is suggested to reduce the working hours to 8 hours as per their request.

3. Those who put ‗over time‘ can be reasonably compensated at an hourly rate.

4. It is necessary that those who have put in 5 years of unblemished service can be regularized.

5. It is recommended to sanction education loans to the wards of those who have put in 7 years of

service.

6. Medical expenditure can be given due to injury at the work.

7. Maternity leave can be sanctioned as per the government rule.

8. Second Saturday can be declared as holiday for the employees.

5. Recommendations to reduce air pollution in the city.

1. Use of public transport systems should be encouraged rather than private vehicles.

2. It is advised to use alternative sources of energy or green fuels.

3. It is necessary to service and check vehicles periodically for emission levels.

4. It is mandatory to take stringent action on those who use adulterated fuel.

5. It is important to keep the chimney high in the industries.

6. It is necessary to encourage afforestation.

7. Bursting of crackers can be minimized and controlled.

8. It is recommended to conduct and create awareness programme among the public.



UNIT – III

PART-A

Different forms and Uses of words CO3-L2

Some words can be used both as noun and verb. In speech, the difference in usage is brought

out by placing the stress on different syllables. While using the word as noun, the stress is

usually on the first syllable. On the other hand when the word is used as verb, the stress is on the

second syllable.

1. HELP:

Noun- It looks like she needs some "help."

Verb- Will you please "help" me?

2. RAIN:

Noun- We definitely need the "rain."

Verb- When it "rains," it pours.

3. POLISH:

Noun- There is too much "polish" on that brass.

Verb- Cobbler "polishes" the shoes.

4. SLEEP:

Noun- I need some "sleep."

Verb- I could "sleep" all day.

5. HEAT:

Noun- Turn that "heat" off.

Verb- The weather will really "heat" up later in the day.

6. FIGHT:

Noun- Did you watch the "fight?"

Verb- Don't "fight" with her - she's not worth it.

7. LAUGH:

Noun- You gave me a good "laugh."

Verb- Child ―laughs‖ at clowns.

8. PAINT:

Noun- I like that "paint!"

Verb- He ―painted‖ the picture of nature.

9. HOPE:

Noun- Her pep talk gave me "hope."

Verb- I "hope" we win!

10. COUGH:

Noun- She has a bad "cough."

Verb- Please don't "cough" in the food.

11. FALL:

Noun- I love everything about "fall!"

Verb- Heavy rain falls usually in the month of December.

13. TASTE:

Noun- I like the "taste" of chocolate.

Verb - "Taste" that ice cream.

14. KICK:

Noun- I got a "kick" out of that!

Verb- Let's "kick" a ball



15. COVER:

Noun- The undercover cop is using a reporter job as a "cover."

Verb- "Cover" the food when you're barbecuing outside.

16. DRINK:

Noun- I'm so thirsty, I could use a "drink" of water.

Verb- She "drinks" Fresh juice during summer season

17. EXPORT:

Noun: what are the country‘s chief exports?

Verb: India exports tea and cotton to many different countries.

18. REBEL:

Noun: She has always been something of a rebel.

Verb: He finally rebelled against his strict upbringing.

19. INCREASE:

Noun: Some increase in the working hours may be necessary.

Verb: He increased his speed to overtake the bus.

20. PERMIT:

Noun: You cannot enter a military base without a permit.

Verb: we do not permit smoking in the office.

CAUSE AND EFFECT CO3-H3

*Causes and effect" types of sentences are in common use in technical writing.

* A Cause is something that makes something else happen. Out of two events, it is the

event that happens first.

*An effect is what happens because of the cause. If two related events, it is one that happens

second or lost.

1. He was speaking slowly. It was difficult to hear

Ans: Because he was speaking slowly, it was difficult to hear.

2. A nail has pierced the tyre. It has become flattened;

Ans: Due to a nail piercing, the tyre has become flattened.

3. Acid rain, air pollution.

Ans:Acid rain is caused by air pollution.

4. The machine was tested. It was installed.

Ans: The machine was tested and therefore it was installed.

5. It was raining. I couldn't go out.

Ans: Because it was raining, I couldn't go out.

6. He did not write the exam well. He did not pass.

Ans:He did not write the exam well as a result he did not pass.

7. It was raining hard. We had to stay indoors the whole day.

Ans:It was raining hard so we had to stay indoors the whole day.

8. It was very cold. We stayed in bed the whole morning.

Ans: It was so cold that we stayed in bed the whole morning.

9. The gas is wet. It has to be dried.

Ans: As the gas is wet, it has to be dried.

10. The temperature is high in summer. An A.C.Unit should be installed.

Ans: Due to the high temperature in summer, an A.C.Unit should be installed.



EXERCISE:

1. Sufficient atomic power is not available. We depend on hydro-electricity.

2. The mechanic was hurt. He went to hospital.

3. I reached the station early. I boarded the train.

4. The operation is successful. The patient is alive.

5. She was late. She didn't get the job.

6. The air filter gets clogged with dirt. It must be cleaned regularly.

7. You are very young. You cannot understand the implication of today's event.

8. The steam from the boiler is wet. It has to be passed through a super - heater.

9. The temperature reached is very high. Some method of cooling must be adopted.

10. The temperature increases. The volume of gas increases.

Answer

1. We depend on hydro-electricity because sufficient atomic power is not available.

2. As the mechanic was hurt, he went to hospital.

3. Since I reached the station early, I boarded the train.

4. Owing to the fact that the operation is successful, the patient is alive.

5. As she was late, she didn't get the job.

6. The air filter gets clogged with dirt so it must be cleaned regularly.

7. You are very young therefore you cannot understand the implication of today's event.

8. As the steam from the boiler is wet, it has to be passed through a super - heater.

9. Since the temperature reached are very high, some method of cooling must be adopted

10. Because of the increase in temperature, the volume of the gas increases.

PART – B

JUMBLED SENTENCES

EXAMPLE CO3-L1

1.When man wanted to express philosophical concepts, definitions and abstractions, he found the

symbol inadequate.

2. There are around 5000 languages and dialects throughout the world.

3. One solution is to establish an International language.

4. In the beginning, we created symbols and pictures on cave walls to express our ideas.

5. It is difficult to communicate with people of other regions and continents.

6. English, to some extent, has served the purpose for International communication.

7. Hundreds of attempts have been made to develop an official language for communication.

8. Then languages began to proliferate.

ANSWER

1. There are around 5000 languages and dialects throughout the world.

2. It is difficult to communicate with people of other regions and continents.

3. Hundreds of attempts have been made to develop an official language for communication.

4. In the beginning, we created symbols and pictures on cave walls to express our ideas.

5. When man wanted to express philosophical concepts, definitions and abstractions, he found

the symbol inadequate.

6. One solution is to establish an International language.

7. English, to some extent, has served the purpose for International communication.

8. Then languages began to proliferate.



II.

1. Another disadvantage is that diesel engines are difficult to start in cold weather.

2. For one, the higher compression that makes the diesel more efficient necessitates the use of

heavier engine components.

3. Thirdly, diesel engines have been noted for their loud noise and vibration.

4. However, the popularity of diesel engines still continues, because the price of diesel is low

when compared to the price of petrol.

5. Finally, these engines are known for the emission of heavy smoke.

6. The diesel engine, an increasingly popular engine in automobiles has its own disadvantages.

7. But, plugs are available to preheat the engines to provide easier starting.

8. Therefore, diesel engines remain heavier than petrol engines.

ANSWER ( 6, 2, 8, 1, 7, 3, 5, 4 )

1. The dissolved cellulose is formed into threads by a technical process.

2. This fiber is, in fact, a reconstituted natural fiber.

3. After that, they are dried on a heated roller.

4. The cellulose is obtained from shredded wood pulp.

5. Finally, they are wound onto bobbins.

6. It is made by dissolving cellulose in a solution of sodium hydroxide.

7. The threads are drawn from the setting bath of dilute sulphuric acid.

8. Rayon is a man-made fiber.

ANSWER ( 8, 2, 6, 4, 1, 7, 3, 5)

1. Engineering is the use of scientific principles to achieve a planned result.

2. The distinction between science, engineering and technology are not always clear.

3. Generally, science is the reasoned investigation to discover relationships among

the elements of the world.

4. In this sense, scientists and engineer s may both be considered technologists, but scientists less

so.

5. This knowledge may be used by engineers to create artifacts, such as semi-conductors,

computers and other forms of advanced technologies.

6. However, technology involves the uses and applications of knowledge both formally and

informally, to achieve some practical result.

7. It generally employs formal techniques i.e., some set of established rules of procedure such as

the scientific method.

8. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors.

ANSWER (2, 3, 7, I, 6, 8, 5, 4 )

PARAGRAPH WRITING CO3-H3

EXAMPLE:

Write an essay on the significance of rain water harvesting in about 300 words.

(AU,Tirunelveli,Jan2011)

Rainwater harvesting is a significant method to conserve water and augment ground

water level. Water shortage has become an incessant problem in various parts of the world. This

problem is likely to worsen in future as water resources are depleting at an unbelievably fast rate.

Rain water harvesting method is the need of the hour to meet the dwindling water problem.

Rainwater is the ultimate source of fresh water. Rainwater harvesting is the action of collecting

rain water either directly or redirecting it into the ground to improve ground water storage in the



aquifer. RWH is considered as a better alternative to conserve water and augment the storage of

ground water, reduce water table depletion and improve the quality of ground water.

Rainwater harvesting involves three principle components namely catchment area, conveyance

method and collection device. Catchment areas can be rooftop catchment and land surface

catchment. Rain water from the catchment area is directed through conveyance pipe lines to the

collection devices like storage tanks or battery tanks.

Rainwater harvesting has many advantages. It is a simple method to conserve water. The

construction is easier and cheaper. It is easy to maintain also. It does not need any technical

expertise to maintain. It also ensures water at the point of consumption. The water got through

RWH meets the standards of World Health Organisation (WHO). Thus rainwater harvesting is a

boon to mankind at this age of escalating demand for pure drinking water.

Write a paragraph of 200 words describing your computer practice laboratory.

(AU, Chennai Jan 2011)

Our computer lab is typically a room with many computers networked and which could

be accessed by many at a time. The computers are set up in the room that is air-conditioned in

order to prevent dust settling on the computer keyboards. The lab is connected to a server. The

server is uploaded with software, required for education and research purposes. All the

computers are provided with UPS so that the users can have an uninterrupted power supply.

Printers, scanners and other peripherals augment the lab set up. Users are instructed to leave their

footwear and other accessories outside before entering. They are usually provided with a

password with which they can access the operations. Users can log in, finish their work and log

out before leaving. In order to avoid virus, users are barred from using CD, Pen drives etc. The

computer practice labs are usually under the supervision of computer technicians and system

operators. In general, computer labs are used to give practice to courses related to operation,

languages like C, C++, etc., and soft ware‘s like Auto CAD, Mat lab, etc. Now, it is being used

for learning languages also. This lab helps users to learn a new language with assistance from the

system itself.

Write a coherent paragraph of 200 words describing your difficulties in adjusting to the

new situation when you joined the college. (AU, Chennai Jan 2011)

Though it is a happy occasion, sometimes the transition from living with parents

attending a local school to going away for college studies to a new environment may be a

harrowing experience. But for me, before going to college, I considered it a celebration and

talked about my college. I had visited the college during the open house. I had learned about the

various activities related to sports, cultural and other student oriented information. I packed

everything in advance to create a home-like atmosphere in my room. When I entered the college,

I made all efforts to befriend my roommates. We shared various interesting matters and spent the

night talking together. The next day, I got up early and got ready for attending the classes. After

the breakfast, we all went as a group to our class. The teachers came and introduced themselves,

and made us tell about us. They were friendly and tried to make us comfortable. As the first few

days could pave the way for my happy life in college, I took extra steps to mentally and

emotionally fit in. I spent time knowing new friends, and tried to participate in the community

activities. I visited the bank with my friends and started an account and also took part in some

sports. I attended the classes regularly and sat in the front row to avoid distractions. In the first

few months, I used to visit my hometown once in a fortnight. On certain occasions, my parents



visited me. I stayed connected with my friends back home through email and phone. My positive

attitude helped me to overcome the initial inhibition and lead a happy life in the college.

Write a paragraph of about 200 words explaining the wisdom of investing money in articles

of gold. (AU, Trichy Jan 2010)

Gold, the beautiful yellow metal has been the most precious metal since time memorable

in the Indian households. At present, it is increasingly becoming an attractive investment for the

average households. Especially in India- World's largest consumer of gold. Gold is considered as

one of the safest investment bets for the following reasons; firstly, the world is witnessing a

sudden spurt in gold prices following the United States war against Iraq and the rise in the price

of crude oil in the international market. Since then, there has been a sharp rise in global prices in

gold market. The sharp fluctuations from 2003 to the present day have motivated many Indian

households make money on their old gold. Secondly, gold is a unique metal with near

indestructibility. So it is safe to invest our money in gold which can withstand natural calamities.

Thirdly, and most importantly, gold ornaments and jeweler are exempted from wealth tax and

gift-tax. Gold ornaments up to 500gms, in case of a married lady and 100gms, in case of a male

member of the family are not liable to wealth tax. Even where the jeweler and ornaments are in

excess of the limit i.e. Rs. 15 lakhs, they will not be seized by the income tax department. If they

are reasonable keeping in view the social status of the family and the customs and practice of the

community. Gold remains an integral part of our social and religious customs. Its ductility and

malleability have helped craftsmen to carve exquisite piece of ornaments that ladies prefer to

wear it at functions and social gatherings. So we can safely conclude that gold is a preferable

investment option and it is wise to invest in this unique metal.

INFORMAL LETTER WRITING CO3-L2

1. Write a letter to your friend about your favourite hobby.

Dear friend …………,

I hope you are well by the grace of the Almighty. I am well too. Please convey my

regards to your parents. It‘s been long since I received your last letter. So I have thought of

writing this letter.

I am writing this letter to let you know that I have developed an enjoyable hobby since

the past six months. I maintain some scrapbooks for newspaper cuttings. I cut the articles and

headlines I like and paste on the scrapbook every day. I categorise the cuttings as ―editorial‖,

―politics‖, ―literature‖, ―headlines‖, ―articles‖ etc and paste them on respective scrapbooks.

Whenever I get time, I open the scrapbooks and read them. This hobby has greatly increased my

general knowledge. I suggest you develop this hobby. By the way, if you have any particular

hobby, please don‘t forget to let me know.

Yours,

2. Write a letter to a friend describing the good book you have read recently.

Dear friend ………… ,

I hope you are well by the grace of the Almighty. I am well too. Please convey my

regards to your parents. It‘s been long since I received your last letter. So I have thought of

writing this letter.

Today I want to inform you about a very inspiring book I have read recently. I am sure

you will like it too. The book is ―I am Malala‖ written by Malala Yousafzai. As you know, she is

a daring young girl from the Swat Valley in Pakistan who had the courage to defy the Talibans



and got shot by them. They shot her for propagating education for girls. But she miraculously

survived. She wrote about her ethnicity, the customs of her community, the increased worsening

of condition in Pakistan, her efforts to change it, and the incidents around her getting shot in a

school bus and coming round in Birmingham, UK. She is now a symbol of peace and courage.

She has got the prestigious Nobel Prize for Peace in 2014. Her book is really inspiring. Take

time to read it.

Yours,



UNIT IV

PART-A

THE ADVERB CO4-L3

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; however, the

adverb is, most commonly used to modify the verb. It may tell how, when, where, or to what

extent (how often or how much) the action of the verb is done. We can say that an adverb

modifies the action or condition expressed by a verb.

The machine performed poorly.

[Poorly tells how the machine performed]

John revised the paper earlier.

[Earlier tells when John revised the paper]

John revised the paper there.

[There tells where John revised the paper]

John revises papers frequently.

[frequently tells how often John revises the papers.]

Function:

*An adverb may modify an adjective.

The operators are exceptionally competent. (Exceptionally modifies the adjective

competent, telling how competent they are.)

*An adverb may modify another adverb.

John writes very well. (Very modifies the adverb well, telling to what extent john writes

well, or how well he writes.)

An adverb answers one of the following questions;

Where (Adverb of place)

Move the throttle forward slightly.

When? (Adverb of time)

Replace the tyres immediately.

How? (Adverb of manner)

Add the chemical cautiously

How much? (Adverb of degree)

They nearly completed report was deleted from his disk.

How often? (Adverb of frequency)

Placements of adverbs

I. An adverb usually should be placed in front of the verb it modifies .

Kevin meticulously performed the devices check.

2. An adverb may, however, follow the verb (or the verb and its object) that modifies.

The gauge dipped suddenly.

They repaired the computer quickly.

3. An adverb may be placed between a helping verb and a main verb.

In this temperature range, the pressure will quickly drop.

4. Adverbs such as nearly, only almost, just and hardly should be placed

immediately before the words they limit.

The color copier with the high-speed document feeder/collator only costs.

Adverbs indicating position.



Abroad halfway overhead

Ahead here overseas

Aloft indoors there

Ashore inland underground

Away nearby underwater

Fill up the blanks with suitable adverbs, choose from the words given below.

1. She danced---------- at the function.

2. I have done the problem as it was ----------easy.

3. Mohan -------- visits her house.

4. He deals ----------- with customers.

5. He behaved-----------

6. She speaks --------- and -----------.

7. He can live more ----------.

8. His attitude could ---------- be described as hostile.

9. Raja is ----------- an intelligent boy.

10. He arrived home--------------.

Answer:

(gracefully, quite, frequently, honestly, foolishly, loudly and rapidly, comfortably, fairly, quite,

safely)

PART – B

ESSAY CO4-H3

1.Write an essay on Information Technology is a developing Technology

Information Technology is a developing technology that aims at obtaining the maximum

information with minimum of resources, labour or time. According to the dictionary,

Information Technology is ―the study or use of electronic equipment especially computers, for

storing, analysing and distribution of information of all kinds, including words, numbers and

pictures.‖

Ever since the appearance of Man on the earth, information has been the major cause of

his progress and development. But information alone is not enough. Information has to be

processed, put to use by logic and reason before it becomes useful knowledge.

Information Technology includes and encompasses within itself the whole technological,

social and cultural phenomena that promise an excellent future for mankind. The 21st century is

a century of Information Technology. Just as steam engine emerged to be the technology of the

19th century and computer technology enhanced the capacity of human brain in the 20th century,

Information Technology is the in-thing in the 21st century. The technological progress during the

past sixty years has brought about an explosion in knowledge. Today we have super computers

imitating the human brain and even beating it in various fields like fast data processing, huge

memory storage and quick retrieval capacity. These super computers can do as much as Terra

(10) floating point operations per second (FLOPS) and have a 128 bit word length. The

computer is changing its capacity so fast that while in the 70s the IC chips were operated with



18MHz clock, today the clock rate is 850MHz. In the near future, we would have computers

with a clock speed of 4000 MHz. Similarly, the first microprocessor chip (intel 4004) produced

in early seventies had 2500 transistors. We hope to have not in very far distant future, 350

million of these transistors sitting on a tiny little chip. The semiconductor fabrication technology

has made a possible for the latest memory devices to have a capacity of one Gigabyte (10 bytes)

each, which is equivalent to the information stored in 8000 newspaper pages. A single CD can

store in itself the entire works of Shakespeare. The most interesting part of the story of

staggering progress is that while the number crunching capacity of the computer is going up in

geometrical progression, the price or cost involved is falling down in an almost similar

proportion

This wonder machine called computer has revolutionised life in a big way. With its

excellent memory, it has become a source of Internet Information Service. A fathomless ocean

of information is available today on these computers on any subject, any phenomenon, anytime

and anywhere in the world. You have only to switch on your computer, press a few buttons and

a whole sea of information is available to you on your screen to select and download without

spending a single penny on it. Just press a few buttons, you may be a student, a research worker

in any field, an industrialist or an inquisitive information gatherer, the floodgates of information

are opened on you in no time.

Think of the days when transfer of information was confined to oral transmission or

written message only. Today, any amount of information can be conveyed from any corner of

the world to any other farthest corner, in a matter of seconds only. We have satellite

communication, optical fibre communication, terrestrial microwave communication, coaxial

cable communication and several other advances systems that enable us to transport enormous

amounts of data at the huge rate of several gigabytes per second to the farthest points in the

world. The data communication capability is increasing every day with the help of various

advancing technologies like the video data compression, digital video and audio, HDTV etc.

The global information Infrastructure has established thousands and thousands of servers

and multitudes of personal computers in more than 150 countries. All these computers have

been networked in the Internet System. The Internet, you will be surprised to learn, has taken

five years to reach the first 50 million users. This number is increasing every day. The day is

not far when every human individual will have an access to the brain of every other human

individual in the world and the two would be able to exchange information on any and every

topic under the sun.

The Information Technology today is rightly called the Technology of the Century as it

has found its application and use in every walk society of the world. Distances no longer exist

and the world appears to have shrunk into a Global Village. The wisdom of the wisest is today

available to the stupidest of the person thus ushering in an era of real equality of opportunity to

all. It is really a landmark achievement that more than six billion population of the world will

soon be living in a virtual village, as compact as any small Indian village of a fun thousand

population.



Information Technology, as expected, has brought about a sea change in the functioning

of this world. It has proved to be a great boon to industrial productivity. Internet makes all the

information available regarding product design, product quality, latest technologies, market

survey, financial conditions and the like at any given point of time on a continuous basis at any

place in the world. Systems like Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Enterprises Resources

Planning (ERP) and coming up fast to provide mutual help and information to producers, buyers,

distributors, and consumers all over the world. Documents transfer has now become a very fast

and quick affair. The results are eye-opening. The global market for IT enabled services,

starting from 200 billion US dollars in 1998 is growing at the rate of 23 per cent per annum. It is

expected to touch the 100 trillion US$ mark by the year 2008. In India alone, the software

export industry is expected to touch the 100 billion US dollars mark in the next eight years.

Commercial activity through internet not only serves businessmen, consumers, financial

institutions and their mutual activities, but also provides advertising facilities on the World Wide

Web (WWW) servers and Home Pages. Product specifications, company profiles, catalogues,

pricing information etc. are all available on these pages 24 hours a day and seven days per week

all over the world. Orders can be placed through E-mail and payments can be made through

telebanking facilities and E- currency.

There is a similar revolution in the field of education. No student, anywhere in the world,

will now be deprived of the best information available on any subject in any part of the world.

The best course material, the best teachers and the best teaching aids and tools will be available

to one and all. Education, in fact, is the biggest beneficiary of the Information Technology.

Several projects like Wired Class-rooms of the USA, National Grid of the U.K., Operation

Knowledge of India, are already under way, to bring internet to the actual class-rooms of every

village in every country

In the field of the social and cultural development also, the Information Technology is fast

showing its wonderful impact. Home shopping, Telebanking, Video conferencing, E-mail,

Videophones etc. are bringing the peoples of the world closer together and ushering in an era of

mutual goodwill, understanding and harmonious relationships. Similarly, E-governance is

bringing in well-informed, quick decision and transparency in administration. No missing files,

no red tape, no delay, better records, quick service and no dishonesty or fooling —- this will

soon become the order of the day.

In short, every aspect of the human life under the sun will see a vast change. We used to

talk of a utopia, a heaven of our dreams. I am sure it is coming. We are soon going to witness

an age where every head will be high, where every heart will be happy, where every hand will be

busy.



UNIT V

PART-A

DIRECT SPEECH CO5-L3

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in

writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these

words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone

conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

INDIRECT SPEECH

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change

the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the

word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

Rule for changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

1) In Direct speech: We may quote his actual words in inverted commas by placing a comma

before the remark e.g. Hari said, ―I am very tired now‖.

(2) In Indirect speech: We may report what he said without quoting his exact words e.g. Hari

said that he was very tired then.

You would note the following important changes made in changing direct speech to

indirect speech in the above examples

1. Use of conjunction ‗that‘ before the indirect statement.

2. Pronoun changed from ‗I‘ to ‗he‘.

3. Verb ‗am‘ changed to ‗was‘

4. Adverb ‗now‘ changed to ‗then‘.

Sentences are given in the direct speech. Change them into the indirect speech.

1. He said, ―I have got a toothache‖.

2. Manu said, ―I am very busy now‖.

3. ―Hurry up,‖ she said to us.

4. ―Give me a cup of water,‖ he told her.

5. She said, ―I am going to college.‖

6. She said to me, ―Thank you‖

7. Raju said, ―Gautam must go tomorrow‖.

8. Geetha says, ―My father is an Engineer.‖

9. He said, ―I have passed the physical test.‖

10. She said to me, ―You are my only friend

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai II SEM

English Department 45 Technical English II

Answers:

1. He said that he had got a toothache.

2. Manu said that he was very busy then.

3. She told us to hurry up.

4. He asked her to give him a cup of water.

5. She said that she was going to college.

6. She thanked me.

7. Raju said that Gautam would have to go the following day.

8. Geetha says that her father is an Engineer.

9. He said that he had passed the physical test.

10. She told me that I was her only friend.

PART-B

E-MAIL COMMUNICATION CO5-H3

Electronic mail or e-mail is an easy and effective means of instantaneous transmission of

your information. It requires a computer with internet service provider. The message is prepared

on a word processing programme and logged into the internet.

E-mail includes the following:

Heading

Salutation

Body

Closing

Signature

Example

To: ―Dr. S.Arockiaraj‖<Arockia @yaoo.com>

From: ―Prof. Narayana Moorthy‖[email protected]

Date: Mon29 March2015

Subject: Non-Execution of our order 13/02/2015

Dear Dr. S. Arockiaraj,

We ordered for the supply of chemicals on 13/02/15. Now more than a month has passed

and the order has not been executed yet. We require these chemicals rather urgently for the

ensuing university exams, which are scheduled to commence on 16/04/2015. Hence, we request

you to send the chemicals immediately. In case we fail to receive the chemicals before 2/4/15.

We will be rather constrained to purchase the chemicals in the local market and our order will

automatically stand cancelled. We can‘t afford to take the risk, as our requirements are for the

university exam.

Yours,

mailto:[email protected]