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SKOS hands-on workshop (tutorial) by Regine Stein
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Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte -gBildarchiv Foto Marburg
Publishing Cultural Collectionswith SKOS and LIDO:with SKOS and LIDO:An Introductory Workshop
Regine Stein
Tel Aviv, Eretz Israel Museum, 11.01.2010
Zina Dizengoff Circle, Genia Averbouch, 1934‐1949, Tel AvivTel Aviv
Foto Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von;Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.894; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993
http://www.fotomarburg.dehttp://www bildindex dehttp://www.bildindex.de
• Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte ‐ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg is a national and international research and service institute, supported by the Philipps University in Marburg.
• Its mission is to collect, index and make available photographs related to European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the
2
European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the history, practice and theory of how visual cultural assets are passed on.
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
The working group
German Museum Association / SIG Documentation
g g p
•DigiCult Schleswig‐Holstein•d:kult Düsseldorf•Bildarchiv Foto Marburg MarburgBildarchiv Foto Marburg, Marburg•Institute for Museum Research, Berlin•Libraries Service Center, Konstanz•Landesmuseum für Technik u. Arbeit Mannheim•Schloss Gottorf•University of Applied Science LeipzigUniversity of Applied Science, Leipzig•Zuse‐Institute Berlin
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 3
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data from museum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 4
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 5
Motivation: Why care about standards?
The broad view standards
y
• Increasing relevance of internet presence for museums and g pother collections
• Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union• Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union catalogues and portals: facilitate resource discovery in a cross‐collection and even cross‐sectoral (archives, libraries, museums) mannermuseums) manner
• Increasing requests to make your information available for the g q ySemantic Web / Linked Data initiatives
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 6
Motivation: Why care about standards?
The broad view standards
y
• It’s all about making your information understandable outside f ll d b / h !of your collection database / your home context!
• Need for convenient instruments to provide cultural collectionNeed for convenient instruments to provide cultural collection information– from different collections / object classes– from different data structures– from different software systems
• There are different layers to be considered – Publication / Exchange ProtocolsPublication / Exchange Protocols– Data Structure Standards– Data Content StandardsData Content Standards– Data Value StandardsIntroductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 7
The broad view standards
The broad view standards
httphttpOAI‐PMH…
Publication / Exchange Protocols
CDWA, SpectrumCDWA Lite, museumdat,
Spectrum XML LIDO
Data Structure Standards
Data Format as XML Schema
CIDOC‐CRMprovidesreference
Spectrum XML, LIDO(or possibly as RDF Schema) model
Data ContentCCO
Data Content Standards
AAT I l SKOS idAAT, Iconclass, LCSH, ULAN, …
Data Value Standards
SKOS providesdata model forpublication
8Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell
The broad view standards
CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell…
D l d ithi CIDOC th D t ti C itt f• Developed within CIDOC, the Documentation Committee ofthe International Council of Museums (ICOM)
• Is a formal domain ontology for cultural heritage information:− Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector− Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector
deals with and how these things relate to each other− Expressed as an “object‐oriented” schemap j
• Establishs a conceptual basis for integration and access to cultural heritage information: „semantic glue“cultural heritage information: „semantic glue
• See http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 9
CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell
The broad view standards
CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell…
Core Conceptsp
When WhereWhere
WhatWhatWho
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 10Events
Source: http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/
CCO C t l i C lt l Obj t
The broad view standards
CCO – Cataloguing Cultural Objects
D l d ithi j t f th (N th i ) Vi l• Developed within a project of the (North‐american) Visual Resources Association, CCO:
− is a manual for describing, documenting, and cataloguing cultural works and their visual surrogates.
− intends to inform the decisionmaking processes of cataloguers and builders of cultural heritage systems.
− employs generic concepts that can be used with any metadata element sets. E.g. used in the MARC/AACR
ld f h ib d kworld of The Morgan Library and Museum New York
• See http://www.vrafoundation.org/ccoweb/and particularly Ten Key Principles of CCO
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 11
CDWA and CDWA Lite
The broad view standards
Categories for the Description of Works of Art
• CDWA describes the content of art databases by articulating a conceptual framework for describing and accessing information about works of art, architecture, other material culture, groups and collections of works, and related images. It includes 532 t i d b t icategories and subcategories.
• CDWA Lite is an XML schema to describe core records for works fof art and material culture based on CDWA and CCO. CDWA Lite
records are intended for contribution to union catalogs and other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) harvesting protocol.
• See htt // tt d / h/ d ti h/ t d d / d /• See http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 12
The broad view standards
S t d S t XML S h
The broad view standards
Spectrum and Spectrum XML Schema
• SPECTRUM is the UK and international standard forSPECTRUM is the UK and international standard for Collections Management. It consists of two main sections:
− Procedures− Procedures
− Information requirements
• SPECTRUM XML Schema provides a standard format for exchanging object records between different collections g g jmanagement systems.
I bj i i h h l ld f d iIts objective is the whole world of museum documentation and collection management.
• See http://www.collectionstrust.org.uk/spectrumIntroductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 14
museumdat
The broad view standards
museumdat
It is:
• A harvesting format for providing core data from museumholdingsg
• Technically specified in an XML Schema – current version ofXSD: 1.0 of Oct 2007XSD: 1.0 of Oct 2007Published at http://www.museumdat.org
It is NOT:
• A fully developed data exchange format• A fully developed data exchange format
• A format designed for proper cataloging
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 15
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
The broad view standards
Challenges I:Challenges I:
• CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it‘s starting• CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it s starting point was eventually delivering metadata from an art collection (the Getty museum) to a digital library on art ( y ) g y(ARTstor)
• Need of a format that covers object data of manifold provenance such as cultural history, natural history, history of technology …
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 16
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
The broad view standards
Challenges II:Challenges II:
• CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data• CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data standards:
– CDWA as data structure standardCDWA as data structure standard
– AAT, TGN, ULAN as data value standards
– CCO as data content standard– CCO as data content standard
• Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and• Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and other languages
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 17
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
The broad view standards
WG Data exchange German Museum Association:WG Data exchange, German Museum Association:
• Event oriented approach of CIDOC CRM allows for• Event‐oriented approach of CIDOC‐CRM allows for generalizing the format for use with various object data
• CIDOC‐CRM as ISO standard (ISO 21127) is the reference model – a standard metadata format should be CRMmodel a standard metadata format should be CRM compliant
museumdat is a reconfiguration of CDWA Lite based on CIDOC‐CRM analysis y
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 18
The broad view standards
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 19
And now: LIDO Lightweight Information Describing Objects
The broad view standards
Joint effort of the CDWA Lite museumdat and
LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Joint effort of the CDWA Lite, museumdat, and Spectrum communities, based on a substantial review process:review process:
• Experiences and feedback after a two‐year period of practical implementation and use of CDWA Lite and museumdat
• Recommendations / results of the CDWA Lite/museumdat Working GroupLite/museumdat Working Group
• Further CIDOC‐CRM analysis
R i t f SPECTRUM• Requirements of SPECTRUM Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 20
Why not just use Dublin Core?
The broad view standards
y j
• Dublin Core, currently the preferred schema for lots of repositories and especially for OAI harvesting, was designed for Web resource discovery.
• It is not appropriate for describing cultural materials because: – its elements are broad and generic, usable for describing a wide range
fof resources
– but are not able to capture in a meaningful manner the semantics of cultural heritage informationg
– instead DC encourages mix‐up of semantically different information in same elements
Unsatisfying retrieval results!
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 21
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 22
LIDO Construction principles
LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
• Allow for contributing data and images relating to b
LIDO Construction principles
an object
• Deliver the information in a self‐contained“ wayDeliver the information in a „self contained way
• Few mandatory elements, but semantically rich format
• Include links back to home“ context• Include links back to „home context
• Distinction of display and indexing elements
• Provide references to controlled vocabulary and authoritiesauthorities
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 23
LIDO v0 7
LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
LIDO v0.7Descriptive and administrative elements of a LIDO record
‐Events –
Event Set
‐ Object Classifications –
Object / Work Type (mandatory)
‐Relations –
Subject SetClassification‐Object Identifications –
i l / Related Works
‐Administrative Metadata –
Title / Name (mandatory)
Inscriptions
R it / L tiRights
Record (mandatory)
Repository / Location
State / Edition
Obj t D i tiResource
Object Description
Measurements
24Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
24
No artist? No creation date? No finding place?
LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Museum objects may relate to any actor, date, or place in two
No artist? No creation date? No finding place?
ways:
• The object was present at an event (such as creation, find,The object was present at an event (such as creation, find, use, …)‐ having participants / carried out by some actors ‐ at some time ‐ in some place
or
• The object refers to such entity by• The object refers to such entity by‐ depicting it‐ „being about“
25
„ g
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Events in LIDOExample: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20144988.html
Event
−Event IdentifierEvent Identifier
−Event Type−Role in Event−Event Name
−Event Actor objectWorkType: Orangerietitle: Oranienburg, Orangerie
−Culture−Event DateE t Pl
eventeventType ModificationeventActor
−Event Place−Event Method
−Materials / Technique
displayActorInRole Johann Conrad SchlaunactorInRole
actornameActor Schlaun, Johann ConradMaterials / Technique
−Thing Present−Event Related
roleActor ArchitekteventDate
earliestDate 1725latestDate 1733
26
−Event DescriptioneventPlace
placenamePlace Nordkirchen (Kreis Lüdinghausen)Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Events in LIDO objectWorkType: Giebelskulpturtitle: Brauträubergruppe (H, I), Fragment
Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20322973.html
repositorySetrepositoryName Archäologisches MuseumrepositoryLocation
namePlace OlympianamePlace Olympia
eventeventType EntstehungeventDateeventDate
earliestDate -470latestDate -460
eventPlacedisplayPlace Olympia Zeustempel WestgiebeldisplayPlace Olympia, Zeustempel, Westgiebelplace
namePlace Zeustempel, WestgiebelpartOfPlace
namePlace ZeustempelnamePlace ZeustempelpartOfPlace
namePlace OlympiaeventMaterialsTech
materialsTechmaterialsTechtermMaterialsTech Marmor
eventeventType Fund
27
eventType FundeventPlace
placenamePlace Olympia
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Subjects in LIDOLIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Subject
Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj07010042.html
Subject
−Extent Subject−Subject Concept
objectWorkType: Druck
subject−Subject Actor−Subject Date
subjectsubjectActordisplayActorJohannes Aventinus
actor−Subject Place−Subject EventSubject Object
ac oactorID
type URL source GNDhttp://d-nb.info/gnd/11850522X−Subject Object p g
nameActorpref preferred
Aventinus, JohannesnameActor
pref alternateThurmair, Johannes
nameActorpref alternate
28
p…
vitalDatesActor 1477-1534Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Subjects in LIDOLIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Allows for full content description of event photographs: Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20051303.html
objectWorkType: Reisephotographie
title Richard Hamann auf der Insel Mallorca
subjectsubjectEvent
eventeventType AktivitäteventName
Richard Hamann auf der Insel MallorcaeventActor
nameActor Hamann, RichardeventDate
earliestDate 1932latestDate 1932
Introduct29
eventPlacenamePlace Mallorca
LIDO – who cares about?LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
“ICOMs International Committee for Documentation, provides the museum community with advice on good practice and developments in museum y g p pdocumentation.”
S b 2009 I l i f hSeptember 2009: Implementation of the newCIDOC Working Group „Data harvesting and interchange“
Chairs:Chairs: Erin Coburn (CDWA Lite Advisory Committee/ Getty Museum)Regine Stein (AG Datenaustausch/ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg)
To become the home for the internationalized, CIDOC‐CRM compliant harvesting format LIDOcompliant harvesting format LIDO
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 30
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 31
Background: SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
RDF Resource Description Framework
Introduction to RDF
RDF – Resource Description Framework
• is in essence a simple data model
• is about writing down relations between thingsthings
• is the data format for linked data
See http://www.w3.org/RDF/
The RDF introduction slides (no. 32‐47) are taken from„The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heathhttp://www slideshare net/iandavis/30‐minute‐guide‐to‐rdf‐and‐linked‐data
32Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
http://www.slideshare.net/iandavis/30 minute guide to rdf and linked data
Introduction to RDF
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
What is RDF for?
Introduction to RDF
What is RDF for?
• The web is a global, universal information space for documents
• Can we do the same for data? Make the webCan we do the same for data? Make the web into a database?
RDF is the data format for that databaseRDF is the data format for that database
33Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
34Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
35Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
36Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
37Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
38Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
39Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
40Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
41Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
42Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
43Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
44Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
45Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
46Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
47Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
• Is an RDF application
• Developed within W3C – current status: pW3C Recommendation of 18 August 2009
• “Provides a model for expressing the basic structure andProvides a model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, folksonomies, and other similar types of controlled vocabulary.”
• See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
48Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
• Its main objective is to enable easy publication of (existing!) controlled structured vocabularies for the Semantic Web.
• Its specific focus is on linking and retrieving data / concepts, not on display / navigation in the whole concept scheme.
• Does not itself specify rules on how to create concept schemes.
Note the difference in scope compared with other KOS standards such as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesaurisuch as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesauri
49Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Using SKOS concepts can be
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
Using SKOS, concepts can be
1. identified using URIs
2. labeled with lexical strings in one or more natural languages
3. assigned notations (lexical codes)
4. documented with various types of note
5. linked to other concepts and organized into informal hierarchies and association networks
d h6. aggregated into concept schemes
7. grouped into labeled and/or ordered collections
8. mapped to concepts in other schemes.
Source: SKOS Reference,
50Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
see http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐20090818/
AAT record, used as example:
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
, p
Source: AAT online,
51Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
see http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/
1. Identifying the basic entitySKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:Concept
• Concepts are the units of thought ‐ ideas, meanings, or categories of objects and events.
T t f id tifi ti• Two steps for identification:– creating (or reusing) a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to uniquely
identify the concept.y p
– asserting in RDF, using the property rdf:type, that the resource identified by this URI is of type skos:Concept.
<http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324> rdf:type skos:Conceptor, with namespace prefix aat: <http://www.getty.edu/AAT/>
t 300191324 df t k C taat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
52Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
2. Lexical labelling:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• labels = Expressions that are used to refer to a concept in natural language
fL b l f d l i l l b l• prefLabel = preferred lexical label
Note: Even though formally not enforced, no two concepts in h h h ld b i h f dthe same concept scheme should be given the same preferred label for any given language tag
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Conceptskos:prefLabel „paper money“@en
htt // tt d /AAT/300191324p „p p y
skos:prefLabel „Papiergeld“@de
paper money@enskos:prefLabel
http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
rdf:about
k fL b l
53Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Papiergeld@enskos:prefLabel
2. Lexical labelling:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• altLabel = alternative lexical label ‐> synonyms, near‐synonyms, abbreviations, acronyms
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Conceptskos:prefLabel paper money“@enskos:prefLabel „paper money @enskos:altLabel „bank notes“@enskos:altLabel „banknotes“@enk ltL b l bill ( )“@skos:altLabel „bill (paper money)“@en…
54Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
2. Lexical labelling:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• hiddenLabel = lexical label that is liked to be searchable, but not visible, e.g. misspelled variants
(invented example)aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Conceptaat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel „paper money“@enskos:hiddenLabel „ papermoney“@en
55Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
3. Assigning notations:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:notation
• Some KOS, e.g. classification schemes, use notations as the primary means of access.
N t ti t i ll d f di it t ti i• Notations are typically composed of digits, punctuation signs and other character, thus independent of natural‐language contextscontexts.
E g Iconclass systemE.g. Iconclass systemiconclass:46A132 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:notation „46 A 13 2“^^IconclassNotation <‐ specific datatype
skos:prefLabel „46 A 13 2“ <‐ no language tag
skos:prefLabel „villagers, villein“@en
56Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
4. Documentary notes:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:note specified inskos:scopeNote, skos:definition,skos:scopeNote, skos:definition, skos:example, skos:historyNote
• Human readable documentation of the concept• Human‐readable documentation of the concept
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Conceptaat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Conceptskos:prefLabel „paper money“@enskos:scopeNote „Officially circulating media of exchange…“@en
57Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
5. Semantic relationships:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related
• broader = has broader conceptnarrower = has narrower concept
Th ti h th ’ i• These properties are each other’s inverse.
• But NOT defined as generally transitive.
paper money@en
money@en
skos:prefLabel
paper money@en
skos:prefLabelhttp://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
rdf:about„Officially circulating
di f hskos:scopeNoteskos:broadermoney
Papiergeld@enskos:prefLabel
media of exchange manufactured from
paper;“@en
skos:scopeNoteskos:broader
skos:narrower
…...paper money
58Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
5. Semantic relationships:SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related
• related: asserts an associative relationship between two concepts
NOT d fi d t iti t• NOT defined as transitive property.
• skos:related is disjoint from skos:broader/skos:narrower
ex:birds rdf:type skos:Conceptskos:prefLabel “birds”@enskos:prefLabel birds @enskos:related ex:ornithology
ex:ornithology rdf:type skos:Conceptk fL b l “ ith l ”@skos:prefLabel “ornithology”@en
59Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
6. Aggregation in Concept Schemes:
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
gg g pskos:ConceptSchemeskos:inScheme skos:hasTopConceptskos:inScheme, skos:hasTopConcept
• Usually concepts are not used as stand‐alone entities, but come i il d b l i k hin compiled vocabularies ‐> skos:ConceptScheme.
• SKOS offers no specific support for creating, but focuses on p blication of e isting concept schemespublication of existing concept schemes.
aat:AAT rdf:type skos:ConceptSchemed t titl “A t & A hit t Th ”@dct:title “Art & Architecture Thesaurus”@enskos:hasTopConcept aat:300037316 <‐ entry point to vocabulary
…
aat:300037316 rdf:type skos:Conceptskos:prefLabel “money”@enskos:inScheme aat:AAT
60Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
7. Grouping into collections
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
p g
AAT data is structuredAAT‐data is structuredin four typesAAT:Facet skos:CollectionAAT Hi h N k C ll iAAT:Hierarchy Name skos:CollectionAAT:Guide Term skos:CollectionAAT:Concept skos:Concept
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 61
7. Grouping into collections:
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
p gskos:Collection, skos:OrderedCollectionskos:member skos:memberListskos:member, skos:memberList
• Since such structures like node labels do not represent a label for i i i h ifi i i b i d da concept in its own right, specific entities are to be introduced
money@en
k fL b l
AAT-Concept Schemeskos:Concept
paper money@en
k fL b l
money by material@enskos:prefLabelrdfs:label
skos:prefLabel skos:Conceptskos:Collection
skos:prefLabelhttp://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
rdf:about„Officially circulating media of exchange manufactured from
paper;“@en
skos:scopeNote
skos:member
skos:broadermoney…<money by material>…...paper money
Papiergeld@enskos:prefLabel
paper; @en
skos:narrower
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
62Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT ‐http://www.digicult‐sh.de/
8. Mapping Concept Schemes:
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
pp g pskos:exactMatch, skos:closeMatch, skos:broadMatch skos:narrowMatchskos:broadMatch, skos:narrowMatch
• Allows for statements that two concepts from different h h bl iconcept schemes have comparable meanings.
• Conceptual mappings are expected to be a key advantage of making KOSs available on the Semantic Web using SKOS.
• Useful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues thatUseful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues that integrate data from different sources – which use multiple, but conceptually overlapping KOSs.
63Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
8 Mapping Concept Schemes:
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
8. Mapping Concept Schemes:
64Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
SKOS XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS‐XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels
• This extension provides additional support for identifying, describing and linking lexical entities.
• See SKOS reference, Appendix B: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐20090818/# l20090818/#xl
65Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
SKOS – limits
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – limits
Attention with using SKOS for authority files! – Why?Attention with using SKOS for authority files! Why?
• Authority files deal only with labeling properties, usually not ith ti l ti hi b t th d ib d titiwith semantic relationships between the described entities.
• Authority files often deal with particulars / individuals – e.g. real persons, and not with concepts.
• SKOS vocabulary does not apply as a whole for particulars: y pp y pE.g. there are no broader/narrower relationships between persons.
Analyze carefully which is the appropriate vocabulary!
For real persons applies the FOAF – Friends of a Friend vocabulary.For real persons applies the FOAF Friends of a Friend vocabulary.See http://www.foaf‐project.org/docs
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 66
SKOS applications
SKOS applications
SKOS applications
• For general information see SKOS homepage athttp://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
• Also the SKOS resources athttp://wwwminervaisrael org il/s558 htmlhttp://www.minervaisrael.org.il/s558.html
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
museumsvokabular.deSKOS applications
An initiative within the German Museum Association
68Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
museumsvokabular.de –SKOS applications
museumvok ‐ format for describing controlled vocabularies
museumvok Webservices
Based on SKOS, with further refinements.
Ne ersion c rrentl nder de elopmentNew version currently under development.
in Discussion:
• Metadata for concept scheme (dc:identifier, dc:contributor, dc:creator, dcterms:created, dcterms:modified, dc:description, dc:format, dc:language, dc:rights, dc:subject, dc:title, ?)
• new: museumvok:Collection
• change museumvok:memberOfCollection tok bmuseumvok:member
• merge museumvok:prefTerm, museumvok:altTerm tomuseumvok:Term
• identifier for Terms
• notes for Terms• notes for Terms
• multiple sources for Terms
• multiple sources for notes
• mappingRelation, subproperties: closeMatch, exactMatch, broadMatch narrowMatch and relatedMatchbroadMatch, narrowMatch and relatedMatch
• rename museumvok:equivRelationship tomuseumvok:mappingRelationship
• museumvok:definition as sub‐property of museumvok:noteIntroductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 69
SKOS applications
Includesmuseumvok XML
and SKOS RDF/XML
SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de –museumvok Webservices
Basic definitions:
• Web Service
„The W3C defines a Web service (…) as a software system designed to supportinteroperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network. (…) “
• SOAP
( ) is a protocol for exchanging XML‐based messages over computer„(…) is a protocol for exchanging XML‐based messages over computernetworks, normally using HTTP/HTTPS. (…)“
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP
71Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de –
3 l f i d fi d i SOAP W b i
museumvok Webservices
3 central functions defined in a SOAP Webservice
• searchConceptsById:• searchConceptsById: retrieves for every ID from a given list the pertainingconcepts
• searchConceptsByTerm: retrieves for every term from a given list the pertainingy g p gconcepts
• fetchHierarchy:• fetchHierarchy: provides for a given ID the requested „tree“ of thehierarchy. Depth of search and direction of search areparameterised.
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 72
SKOS applications
Implemented in several museumImplemented in several museum documentation systems. Currently some extensions are being implemented
73Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
being implemented.For technical information see www.museumsvokabular.de
Connecting the „Bildindex“ with AAT through museumvok ws
SKOS applications
through museumvok‐ws
alternatively: S OS ( / )
<classification><conceptID museumdat:type="URL">
htt // t k b l d /300041365
SKOS (RDF/XML)
http://aat.museumsvokabular.de/300041365</conceptID><conceptID museumdat:type="local"
museumdat:source="http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/">Etchings (prints)
</conceptID><term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="en">
Etchings (prints)</term><term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="de">term museumdat:pref preferred xml:lang de
Druckgraphik</term>
</classification>
Or through any other webservice to any th t ll d b l I l
SKOS applications
other controlled vocabulary, e.g. Iconclass
<subject>< tID d t t "URL">htt //i l / /44G1231</ tID>
Source: Bert Degenhart Drenth, Using Webservices for Terminology Control (CIDOC Annual Meeting 2008 Athens)
<conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID><term museumdat:pref="preferred”>44 G 12 3</term><term museumdat:pref="preferred” xml:lang=“en”>market cross</term></subject>
museumvok Webservices: Demo applicationSKOS applications
See http://museum.zib.de/museumsvokabular/index.php?main=demo‐sgml
76Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 77
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 78
Mapping example to SKOSMapping examples
pp g p
Icebox@en
Lexicondct:title
Kitchenware / culinary
equipment & accessoires@
en
skos:prefLabelskos:Conceptskos:ConceptScheme
skos:inSchemeIcebox@en
skos:prefLabelhttp://www.example.org.il/Lexicon/T16924
rdf:about
skos:broader
skos:inScheme
חרק זגרא @heskos:prefLabel
skos:broader
skos:narrower
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 79
Mapping example to LIDOMapping examples
See http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/item.asp?itemNum=194552http://www.imj.org.il/imagine
80Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Mapping example to LIDOS htt //j l h ji il/dl/k t bb t/ht l/k0460 ht
Mapping examples
See http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/ketubbot/html/k0460.htm
81Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Mapping example to LIDO// / /
Mapping examples
Object Work TypeKragenflasche
See http://www.museen‐sh.de/ml/digi_einzBild.php?pi=1300_temp47861
dating of Production -4000 - -2800
Period NameNeolithic
Find spotCemetery Ohlsdorf (Hamburg)(Hamburg)
FinderCemetery staff
CultureFunnelbeaker culture
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 82
Mapping examples
Mapping example to LIDO
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 83
Linking mechanism to vocabularies and th iti Id tifi i LIDOauthorities: Identifier in LIDO
•Each element referencing anotheri i l d id ifi lentity includes an identifier element
•Main Entities: − Thing− Event− Actor− Place− Concept
•Identifiers are repeatable
Example:
<subject>
84
<conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID><term museumdat:pref="preferred”>villagers, villein</term></subject>Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
LIDO elements linking to concepts (= skos:concept)( skos:concept)
• Object Type• Classification
• Event Type*• Culture
• Subject
• Role Actor• Materials / Technique
* To be based on CIDOC‐CRM Subclasses of E5
Event
85Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
Connecting Data Repositories withT i l S iTerminology Services
Terminology Web Service e.g. museumvok-wsRepositoryLocal User
http, (X)HTMLgRepositoryLocal User
http, [SOAP,REST], RDF/XML
[[htt ] OAI PMH XMPP[[http], OAI-PMH, XMPP, SRU/SRW], XML
Museum IMuseum II..Museum V Used Format:
e.g. museumvok/SKOS
Museum V..
Used Format:museumdat/LIDO
Workshop Agendap g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data frommuseum holdingsmuseum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure andA model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g phow to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 87
Summarizing…
• LIDO and SKOS/museumvok provide a practical mechanism for publishing collection information and connecting data
g
publishing collection information and connecting data repositories with terminology services
• Designed for use with “Non‐Semantic Web‐Experts” based on SKOS and CIDOC‐CRM
• Thus bridging a gap and linking back to museum documentation practice:
Use controlled vocabularies!
Publish them with SKOS if appropriate! ub s e S OS app op a e
Refer your documentation to CIDOC‐CRM!
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 88
Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte -gBildarchiv Foto Marburg
Thank you for your attention!
Regine Stein
German Documentation Center for Art History ‐Art History Bildarchiv Foto Marburg
German Museum Association, Documentation CommitteeHaus Braun‐Rabinski, Josef Berlin, 1932‐1933,
Tel Aviv, Rothschild Boulevard 82
Email: [email protected] Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von;Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.958; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993;Fotoinhalt: Fenster des Treppenhauses