Skidmore, Ownings and Merril

7/29/2019 Skidmore, Ownings and Merril

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SOM

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American

architectural and engineering firm. It was formed in

Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel

Owings; in 1939 they were joined by John O. Merrill.

They opened their first branch in New York City, New

York in 1937. SOM is one of the largest architecturalfirms in the world. Their primary expertise is in high-

end commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the

way to the widespread use of the modern

international-style or "glass box" skyscraper. They

have built several of the tallest buildings in the world,

including the John Hancock Center (1969, second

tallest in the world when built), Sears Tower (1973,

tallest in the world for over twenty years), and Burj

Khalifa (2010, current world's tallest building).Notable

SOM architects include: Gordon Bunshaft, Natalie de

Blois, Adrian Smith.

Louis Skidmore

Nathaniel Owings John O Merrill


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SOM believes that in order for communities to survive, urban

development should preserve social, economic and ecological

sustainability.


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The use of intelligent and integrated building technologies such as wind turbinesand doubleskin walls all aim towards developing a highly-sustainable structure.


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SOM architects, engineers, and

interior designers focus on

selecting materials for durability,

function on creating spaces that

leave a minimal environmental

footprint through maximized

efficiency and flexibility for

growth.

SOM uses a variety of tools and

strategies to minimize energy

use and environmental impact,

including advanced building

control systems, climatically

responsive planning, wastereduction principles, natural day

lighting, building orientation,

urban redevelopment, thermal

massing, intelligent building

systems, building simulation,

and building performancerating.


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In each project, the objective is to use the latest sustainable design

methods to create buildings that are sensitive to the environment, yet fully compatible

with each clients schedule, budget, and functional needs

To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history but to articulate it.

-Neltsch

"It would be difficult to say with words or music what I feel I can say best with building.

-Bruce Graham

Quotes


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Burj Khalifa


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LOCATION DUBAI , UNITED STATES OF EMIRATES.

AREA 464,511 m^2

COST US$ 1.5 BILLION

CLIENTS- EMMAR CONSTRUCTIONS and Samsung

THE TALLEST BUILDING OF THE WORLD ITS 808m TALL.

IT HAS 160 HABITABLE FLOOR, WITH NEXT 46 MAINTAINACNE

FLOORS .

THE UPWARDS SETBACKS PROVIDED IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE

BUILDING GIVE IT A SPIRAL FEEL .

IT CONSISTS OF A TOTAL OF 27 TERRACES.

AT THE TOP OF THE CENTRAL CORE IS AN OBSERVATION TOWER.

TO SUPPORT SUCH A MASSIVE STRUCTURE THERE IS A CENTRAL

HEXAGONAL CORE FROM WHICH PROTRUDE 3 BUTRESSES WHICHMAKE THE Y SHAPE OF THE BUILDING .

BURJ KHALIFA

Saturday, February 23, 2013

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The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic

architecture. The design architect Adrian Smith has said the triple-lobed footprint

of the building was inspired by the flower Hymenocallis.


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The tower is composedof three elementsarranged around a

central core. As the

tower rises from the flatdesert base, setbacks

occur at each element in

an upward spiralling

pattern, decreasing the

cross section of the

tower as it reachestoward the sky.


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There are 27

terraces in Burj

Khalifa. At the

top, the central

core emerges

and is sculpted

to form a

finishing spire.


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A Y-shaped floor

plan maximizes

views of the

Persian Gulf.

Viewed fromabove or from

the base, the

form also evokes

the onion domes

of Islamic

architecture.


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The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of 142,000 m2 of reflective

glazing, and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with

vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubais

extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, at its projected height the

exterior temperature at the top of the building will be 6C cooler than at itsbase.

l l d h l dd f


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Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj

Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in

for the cladding work on the tower.


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During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from

its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point,

the tower sways a total of 1.5 m.


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THE BUILDING REFLECTS THE CHRACTERISTIC

OF A S.O.M BUILDING WITH A STEEL AND

GLASS FASCADE .

THE SORROUNDING AREA OF THE BUILDING IS

VERY WELL LANDSCAPED WITH A GOOD PIAZA

PROVIDED NEXT TO THE BUILDING WITH

GATHERING SPACES FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS.

ITS GOT A 27 ACRES PARK INTEGRATED

WITHIN THE COMPLEX .

It is a part of the 2km sq. downtown

development.

Saturday, February 23, 2013SOM ARCHITECTS

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Burj Khalifa is expected to hold up to 25,000 people at any one time. A total of 57 elevators

and 8 escalators are installed, the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m/s.


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INTERIORS OF THE BUILDING


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The visitors in this

lobby will be able to

hear a distinct

timbre as the

cymbals, plated with

18-carat gold, are

struck by dripping

water, intended to

mimic the sound of

water falling on

leaves.


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The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than

4,000 tonnes of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe

weighing 350 tonnes.The spire also houses

communications equipment.


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Comparison


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Air Force Chapel


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The structure is a tubular steel frame

of 100 identical tetrahedrons, each 75 feet

(23 m) long, weighing five tons, andenclosed with clear aluminum panels. The

tetrahedrons are spaced a foot apart,

creating gaps in the framework that are

filled with 1-inch-thick (25 mm) colored

glass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron


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Cadet Chapel has become a classic and highly regarded example of

modernist architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture


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Protestent

The Cadet Chapel was designed specifically to house three distinct worship

areas under a single roof.

Jewish

Catholic


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Jewish

Catholic


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Protestent

Jewish

Catholic


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Willis Tower(formally known as Sears)Completion Year: 1974Site Area: 3 acresProject Area: 4,455,844 ft2Building Height: 1,450 ftNumber of Stories: 110


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This building is subdivided internally by a cruciform arrangement

of walls of closely spaced columns which enhance its resistence to

wind loading. This structural layout is expressed in the exterior

form.


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Team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan designed thebuilding as nine square "tubes", each essentially a separate building, clustered in a 33matrix forming a square base with 225-foot (75 m) sides.[6] All nine tubes would rise

up to the 50th floor of the building.

4th Floor small office space


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At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, and the

remaining seven continue up. At the 66th floor, the northeast and the

southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes

end. The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor.

The building was the first to utilize Khan's bundled tube structure.

40th floor plan

50th floor plan


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The edge


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The edge


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The edge


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The edge


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The edge

The Sears Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974.

Located on the 103rd floor of the tower, it is 1,353 feet (412 m) above ground and

is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Chicago.


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JinM

ao,Shan

ghai


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Built around an octagonal concrete core surrounded by eight main super-frame columns and eight exterior columns, the pagoda-like form rises in

mathematical increments of eight. SOM Design Partner Adrian Smith took

inspiration from the segmented geometry of the pagoda, creating a form

derived from multiples and fractions of eight.

This geometric


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gprogression begins with

the 16-story base

segment, which

decreases by one-eighth

increments until onereaches the final, single-

story segment at the

88th floor. The

composite columns are

interconnected to the

central core by eightstructural steel

outrigger trusses at

three two-story levels.

Creating these levels

with a minimal number

of structural elementsprovided maximum

efficiency, minimal

obstructions to interior

space, and a safe

design.

The first two floors are a

capacious and bright lobby


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capacious and bright lobby.

From the third to the 50th floor

are spacious offices, which are

open-plan (column-free) with a

floor-to-floor height of 4

meters and a floor-to-ceilingheight of 2.7m. The 51st and

52nd floors are mechanical

rooms. The Grand Hyatt

Shanghai hotel occupies floors

from 53 to 87. It's the world's

tallest five-star hotel in terms

of distance from the ground,which boasts a 152m barrel-

vaulted atrium that is lined

with 28 annular well-

illuminated corridors and

staircases arrayed in a spiral.

The 88th floor houses theSkywalk, a 1,520-square-meter

indoor observation deck, which

is the tallest and biggest one of

its kind in the Chinese

mainland.Its 88 stories reflect

the symbolic "lucky eights" that

signify prosperity.

h l


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The tower exterior employs anadvanced glass curtain wall,

which is crisscrossed by

complex latticework cladding to

remove the light pollution. Itsfire and life systems are

different from many other

skyscrapers for their design to

allow people to rescue

themselves rather than waiting

for others to come to theirrescue. The building is also

equipped with an excellent

vertical transport system, with

features like less than 35-

second time for people to wait

for an elevator and directaccess to the office sections,

etc. All functional equipments

and facilities in the building are

most advanced, making it a

milestone in architectural

history.


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Documents

Skidmore, Ownings and Merril