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Skeletal System
PA 544
Clinical Anatomy
Dr. Tony Serino
Skeletal System
• Composed of mineralized CT and their supporting structures including: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bursae
• Functions: support, protection, homeostasis (specifically Ca++ regulation) and hempoiesis
General Osteology Composition
• Cells –originate from mesechyme (undifferentiated mesodermal cells)
• Extracellular Matrix– Ground substances: water, salts, cementing
substances, glycoproteins– Fibers: collagen and elastin
Cartilage
• Avascular CT
• Appositional and interstitial growth possible
Chondroblast
Chondrocyte
Perichondrium
Lacuna
Matrix
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage in Adult
Bone
• Heavily mineralized CT
• Highly vascular
• Principle storage area of Calcium
• Provides strength and structural support to body
Long Bone Anatomy
Fig. 6.3
Compact vs. Spongy Bone
Trabeculae
Bone Histology
Fig. 6.5
Haversian System Lamellae
Ossification
• Development of bony tissues
• First bone to form is woven (premature) bone
• This is eventually replace by mature bone (compact or spongy bone)
• Two methods for creating bones:– Intramembraneous (bone replaces mesoderm
membrane)– Endochondral (bone replaces an intervening cartilage
model)
Intramembranous Ossification(membrane bone)
Endochondral Ossification(replacement bone)
Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate
• Reserve Cartilage (distal perichondrium)
• Proliferating Cartilage(Growth zone)
• Hypertrophic zone(Transforming zone)
• Calcified matrix(Osteogenic zone)
Epiphyseal Plate
Fracture Healing
Osteoporosis
Normal Osteoporotic
Divisions of Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
Fig. 7.1
Appendicular Skeleton
Fig. 7.21
Types of Bones
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid Bones
Accessory Bones:Wormian (Sutural) Bones and other supernumerary bones
Results from failure of separate ossifications centers to fuse (common in foot and hand)
Heterotropic bones –arise in soft tissue where bones not normally present
Articulations• Functional Classifications
– Synarthrotic (immovable)– Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)– Diarthrotic (movable)
• Structural Classification– Fibrous –held by fibrous tissue– Cartilaginous –held by cartilage– Synovial –synovial cavity within joint
Suture (synarthrotic, fibrous joint)
Found in bones of skull
Gomphosis (synarthrotic, fibrous)
Ligament cemented to tooth surface
Syndesmoses (amphiarthrotic, fibrous)
Synchondroses (Synarthrotic, cartilaginous)
Epiphyseal Plate
Synchondroses (synarthrotic, cartilaginous)
Symphyses (amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous)
Includes pubic symphysis
Synovial = diarthrotic joints• The synovial
membrane filters the blood to create synovial fluid
• This fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint
• Some joints may have an additional wedge of cartilage within the joint (menisci)
Fig. 8.3
Bursae and Tendon sheaths
Arthritis