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Skeletal System
Functions of the skeletal system
Framework Support/protect internal organs Body movement
Provides leverage for lifting and movement through the attachment of muscles
Produced blood cells Red blood cells and some white blood cells
Stores the majority of the body’s calcium supply
Accessory Structures
Cartilage: On end surfaces to prevent friction
Ligaments Attaches bone to bone
Tendons Attaches muscle to bone
Axial skeleton
Consists of Skull Spinal column Ribs sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities Shoulder girdle Lower extremities Pelvic girdle
Four groups of bone
Long Length is greater than
the width Femur
Short Blocky bones Similar length/width Wrist (carpal) and
ankle (tarsal ) bones
Four groups of bone
Flat Composed of two
layers with spongy bone between them
scapula and skull Irregular
Bones of complex shape and structure
Facial and vertebrae bones
Bones of the Skull
Cranium: encloses the brain (skull) Frontal
forehead Parietal
Roof and upper sides of cranium
Occipital Posterior floor and
walls of cranium Temporal
Sides and base of cranium
Bones of the Skull
Mandible Lower jaw bone Only moveable bone
Maxilla Upper jaw bone
Thorax
Rib cage Ribs Sternum Thoracic vertebra
True ribs Attached to sternum
False ribs Attached to ribs above
Floating ribs Attached to vertebrae
only
Spinal Column
Vertebral column 26 vertebrae
Types of vertebrae Cervical
neck Thoracic
Chest Lumbar
Lower back Largest and
strongest
Spinal Column
Sacrum Triangular shaped Base of spine
Coccyx Tail bone End of spine
Structures of the
Long Bone
Bone Tissue
Compact bone Hard dense part of
bone
Cancellous Loosely packed or
spongy
Structures of bones Long Bone Diaphysis
Long shaft of bone Epiphysis
Ends of long bone Medullary canal
Cavity w/in diaphysis Contains either yellow
or red marrow
Structures of bones
Tissues of a bone
Periosteum Outer covering of
bone Layer promote bone
growth (ossification) nutrition, and repair
Endosteum Lines medullary
canal
Structures of bones
Bone marrow Red bone marrow
Manufactures RBCs & WBCs
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, ends of long bones
Yellow bone marrow Functions as fat
storage
Blood cells
Erythrocytes Carry O2 and CO2
Leukocytes Fight infection
Thrombocytes clotting
Joints
Articulation and Movement
Joints
Two or more bones join together Three types of joints:
Immovable (synarthrosis) Cranium
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) Pelvis
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Freely Moveable Joints
Freely movable (Synovial) joints of the body Pivot joint
Allow rotation on single axis Base of skull
Ball and socket wide range of movement in many directions Hips and shoulders
Hinge joints Allows movement in one direction or plane (bend and
straighten) Knees and elbows
Freely Moveable Joints
Saddle joint Convex and
concave surface fit together
thumb Gliding joint
Two surfaces meet with motion limited by tissues and ligaments
Wrist and ankle
Synovial fluid
Lubrication for joints smooth movement of
joints Acts as shock absorber
Meniscus Fluid-filled disc Reduces friction
Bursa Sac lined with synovial
membrane Reduces friction
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Disorders of the Skeletal System Osteomyelitis
Severe inflammation of bone and bone marrow, resulting form bacterial infection
Osteoporosis Bones that have calcium
and phosphorous deficiencies
Bones are very porous and fracture easily
Occurs in women as they age due to estrogen and other hormonal and mineral deficiencies
Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis Inflammation of the
joint Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa
Disorders of the Skeletal System
Gout Accumulation of uric
acid crystals in a joint Dislocation
Separation of a joint and the malposition of an extremity
Sprain Injury to the soft
tissues of a joint, characterized by the inability to move, deformity, and pain
Fractures
Fractures
Greenstick fracture Incomplete break that
occurs almost exclusively in children
Incomplete fracture Fracture lines does not
extend through bone or disrupt the entire thickness of bone
Complete fracture Fracture lines goes all
the way through bone
Fractures
Comminuted fractures Bone broken in several
places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue
Fractures
Compression fracture Bone collapses due to
disruption of bone tissue
Usually in vertebrae
Fractures
Compound: Causes disruption of
skin and soft tissue Fragment of bone
punctures skin Often complicated by
infection
Fracture treatment-Reduction
Manipulation to restore correct anatomical position
Fracture treatment-Reduction
Open reduction surgical incision to
expose fracture site Bone realigned and
position with internal fixation (rods, plates, screws)
Closed reduction Local or general
anesthesia may be used
Manipulate bone back into normal position
Fracture treatment-Immobilization
Immobilization with a cast or splint
Alleviates muscle spasm around fracture site
Fracture Treatment-Traction
Pin inserted through distal bone fragment and pulling forces helps return overriding fragments to normal anatomical position
Used until healing takes place or
Until internal fixation can be performed
The End