Skeletal Notes Skeletal Notes

Part 2Part 2

Pathology of the Skeletal Pathology of the Skeletal SystemSystem

BursitisBursitis(ber-SIGH-tis)(ber-SIGH-tis)

ChondromaChondroma(kon-DROH-(kon-DROH-

mah)mah)

Inflammation of Inflammation of bursa caused by bursa caused by repetitive repetitive movementsmovements

Chondr=cartilageChondr=cartilage Oma=tumorOma=tumor Slow-growing benign Slow-growing benign

tumor that develops tumor that develops in cartilagein cartilage

Hallux valgusHallux valgus(HAL-ucks VAL-guss)(HAL-ucks VAL-guss)

LuxationLuxation(luck-SAY-shun)(luck-SAY-shun)

SubluxationSubluxation

Common name- bunionCommon name- bunion Abnormal enlargement Abnormal enlargement

of the joint at the base of the joint at the base of the big toe. Shift in of the big toe. Shift in the joint creates the joint creates pressure on other toespressure on other toes

AKA dislocationAKA dislocation Dislocation or Dislocation or

displacement of a bone displacement of a bone from its joint.from its joint.

Partial displacement of Partial displacement of a bone from its jointa bone from its joint

ArthritisArthritis

Gouty ArthritisGouty Arthritis

An inflammatory An inflammatory condition of one or condition of one or more jointsmore joints

AKA GoutAKA Gout Arthritis associated Arthritis associated

with the formation with the formation of uric acid crystals of uric acid crystals in the joint as a in the joint as a result of excess uric result of excess uric acid in the bloodacid in the blood

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis Aka wear and tear Aka wear and tear arthritisarthritis

A degenerative A degenerative joint disease that is joint disease that is commonly commonly associated with associated with agingaging

Rheumatoid Rheumatoid ArthritisArthritis

An autoimmune An autoimmune disorderdisorder

Synovial membranes Synovial membranes are inflamed and are inflamed and thickened. Other thickened. Other membranes are also membranes are also attacked.attacked.

Joints become Joints become swollen, painful and swollen, painful and immobileimmobile

Herniated diskHerniated disk

(HER-nee-ayt-(HER-nee-ayt-ed)ed)

LumbagoLumbago

(lum-BAY-go)(lum-BAY-go)

AKA ruptured diskAKA ruptured disk Rupture of the Rupture of the

intervertebral disk intervertebral disk that results in that results in pressure on the pressure on the spinal nerve roots.spinal nerve roots.

Low back pain in the Low back pain in the lumbar regionlumbar region

Spinal ColumnSpinal Column

SpondylitisSpondylitis

(spon-dih-LYE-(spon-dih-LYE-tis)tis)

SpondylosisSpondylosis

(spon-dih-LOH-(spon-dih-LOH-sis)sis)

Inflammation of the Inflammation of the vertebraevertebrae

Spondyl=vertebraeSpondyl=vertebrae

Any degenerative Any degenerative condition of the condition of the vertebraevertebrae

Spina bifidaSpina bifida

(SPY-nah BIF-ih-(SPY-nah BIF-ih-dah)dah)

Congenital defect Congenital defect that occurs during that occurs during early pregnancyearly pregnancy

Spinal canal does Spinal canal does not close around not close around the spinal cordthe spinal cord

Often caused by Often caused by lack of folic acid lack of folic acid during 1during 1stst 3 months 3 months of pregnancy. of pregnancy.

Curvatures of the spineCurvatures of the spine

KyphosisKyphosis

(kye-FOH-sis)(kye-FOH-sis)

LordosisLordosis

(lor-DOH-sis)(lor-DOH-sis)

Abnormal increase Abnormal increase in outward curve of in outward curve of thoracic spine.thoracic spine.

AKA Humpback or AKA Humpback or dowager’s humpdowager’s hump

Kyph=humpKyph=hump Abnormal increase Abnormal increase

in forward curve of in forward curve of lower lumbar spinelower lumbar spine

AKA swaybackAKA swayback Lord=bent Lord=bent

backwardbackward

ScoliosisScoliosis

(skoh-lee-OH-sis)(skoh-lee-OH-sis)

Abnormal lateral Abnormal lateral (sideways) curve (sideways) curve of spineof spine

Scoli=curvedScoli=curved

Bone conditionsBone conditions OsteitisOsteitis

(oss-tee-EYE-tis)(oss-tee-EYE-tis)

OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis

(oss-tee-oh-my-LYE-(oss-tee-oh-my-LYE-tis)tis)

Inflamation of Inflamation of bonebone

Inflammation of Inflammation of the bone and the bone and bone marrowbone marrow

Paget’s Paget’s DiseaseDisease

(PAJ-its)(PAJ-its)

AKA oseitis AKA oseitis deformansdeformans

Cause unknownCause unknown Disease Disease

characterized by characterized by extensive bone extensive bone destruction followed destruction followed by abnormal bone by abnormal bone repair.repair.

Bones become Bones become deformed and deformed and weakened/may bend weakened/may bend or break easilyor break easily

PeriostitisPeriostitis(pehr-ee-oss-TYE-(pehr-ee-oss-TYE-

tis)tis)

RicketsRickets(RICK-ets)(RICK-ets)

Inflammation of Inflammation of periosteumperiosteum

Peri-surroundingPeri-surrounding Ost-boneOst-bone Caused by calcium Caused by calcium

and vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in early deficiency in early childhoodchildhood

Results in Results in demineralized demineralized bones and related bones and related deformitiesdeformities

TalipesTalipes

(TAL-ih-peez)(TAL-ih-peez)

Aka clubfootAka clubfoot Congenital Congenital

deformity in which deformity in which the foot may be the foot may be turned outward or turned outward or inwardinward

Tumors of BonesTumors of Bones

MyelomaMyeloma

(my-eh-LOH-mah)(my-eh-LOH-mah)

Malignant tumor Malignant tumor made of cells made of cells from the blood-from the blood-forming tissue of forming tissue of the bone marrowthe bone marrow

Usually Usually progressive and progressive and often fataloften fatal

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

(oss-tee-oh-poh-(oss-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis)ROH-sis)

Loss of bone density Loss of bone density and an increase in and an increase in bone porositybone porosity

Usually associated Usually associated with agingwith aging

-porosis = porous -porosis = porous conditioncondition

FracturesFractures

FractureFracture

Greenstick Greenstick fracturefracture

Abbreviated FxAbbreviated Fx A broken boneA broken bone Aka incomplete Aka incomplete

fracturefracture Bone is partially Bone is partially

bent and only bent and only partially brokenpartially broken

Occurs mostly in Occurs mostly in childrenchildren

Closed fractureClosed fracture

Open fractureOpen fracture

Aka simple or complete Aka simple or complete fracturefracture

Bone is broken but Bone is broken but there is no open wound there is no open wound in the skinin the skin

Aka compound fractureAka compound fracture A fracture where the A fracture where the

bone is broken and bone is broken and there is an open wound there is an open wound in the skinin the skin

Comminuted Comminuted fracturefracture

Compression Compression fracturefracture

Spiral fractureSpiral fracture

Bone is splintered or Bone is splintered or crushed into small crushed into small piecespieces

Occurs when the Occurs when the bone is pressed bone is pressed together on itselftogether on itself

Fracture in which the Fracture in which the bone has been bone has been twisted aparttwisted apart

Occurs as a result of Occurs as a result of a sever twisting a sever twisting motion or sports motion or sports injuryinjury

Stress Stress fracturefracture

Small crack in bones Small crack in bones that develops from that develops from chronic, excessive chronic, excessive impactimpact

Usually due to Usually due to sports injurysports injury

Diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic procedures ArthroscopyArthroscopy(ar-THROS-koh-pee)(ar-THROS-koh-pee)

Bone density Bone density testingtesting

Visual exam of the Visual exam of the internal structure of a internal structure of a joint using an joint using an arthroscopearthroscope

Aka bone mass Aka bone mass measurementmeasurement

Use of several types of Use of several types of radiation tests to radiation tests to determine bone density.determine bone density.

Tests are for conditions Tests are for conditions like osteoporosis, like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and osteomalacia, and Paget’s diseasePaget’s disease

Bone marrow Bone marrow biopsybiopsy

Performed by Performed by inserting a needle into inserting a needle into the hipbone or the hipbone or sternum and removing sternum and removing bone marrow cells bone marrow cells

Tells why blood cells Tells why blood cells are abnormal or to are abnormal or to find a bone marrow find a bone marrow donor match.donor match.

Ultrasonic bone Ultrasonic bone density testingdensity testing

Bone sonometer.Bone sonometer. Uses sound waves Uses sound waves

to take to take measurements of measurements of the heel bonethe heel bone

Screening test for Screening test for osteoporosis or osteoporosis or other bone mass other bone mass loss conditionsloss conditions

MedicationsMedications

Nonsteroidal anti-Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory inflammatory drugsdrugs

NSAIDsNSAIDs Used to control pain Used to control pain

and reduce and reduce inflammation and inflammation and swellingswelling

Meds in this group Meds in this group may also thin blood may also thin blood and attack stomach and attack stomach lininglining

Ex: aspirin Ex: aspirin

Acetaminophen Acetaminophen

COX-2 COX-2 inhibitorsinhibitors

Controls pain but Controls pain but without side effects without side effects of NSAIDsof NSAIDs

Does not reduce Does not reduce inflammationinflammation

Newer class of medsNewer class of meds Control pain and Control pain and

inflammation of inflammation of arthritisarthritis

Reduce side effects Reduce side effects of NSAIDsof NSAIDs

Bone marrow transplantsBone marrow transplants

AKA stem cell AKA stem cell transplanttransplant

Used to treat some Used to treat some types of cancers like types of cancers like leukemia and leukemia and lymphomalymphoma

Cancer is destroyed Cancer is destroyed with radiationwith radiation

Healthy bone marrow Healthy bone marrow cells are transfused cells are transfused into recipient’s blood into recipient’s blood and migrate to spongy and migrate to spongy bone where they growbone where they grow

Autologous Autologous transplantstransplants

Allogenic Allogenic transplanttransplant

Most frequent typeMost frequent type Uses some of patient’s Uses some of patient’s

own bone marrow that own bone marrow that was harvested before was harvested before treatment startedtreatment started

Used if patient’s own Used if patient’s own bone marrow can’t be bone marrow can’t be usedused

Uses bone marrow donorUses bone marrow donor Needs to be perfect Needs to be perfect

match or recipient’s body match or recipient’s body will reject the transplantwill reject the transplant

JointsJoints

Chondroplasty Chondroplasty

(KON-droh-plas-(KON-droh-plas-tee)tee)

SynovectomySynovectomy (sin-oh-VECK-(sin-oh-VECK-

toh-mee)toh-mee)

Surgical repair of Surgical repair of cartilagecartilage

Surgical removal of Surgical removal of a synovial a synovial membrane from a membrane from a jointjoint

Repairs joints Repairs joints damaged by damaged by rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis

Arthrodesis Arthrodesis (ar-throh-DEE-sis)(ar-throh-DEE-sis)

Joint ReplacementJoint Replacement

Revision surgeryRevision surgery

Fusion or surgical Fusion or surgical ankylosisankylosis

Surgical procedure to Surgical procedure to stiffen a joint or join stiffen a joint or join spinal vertebraespinal vertebrae

Replacement part is Replacement part is prosthesis or implantprosthesis or implant

Substitute for a disease Substitute for a disease of missing part of the of missing part of the bodybody

Replacement of a worn Replacement of a worn or failed implantor failed implant

BonesBones

Craniotomy Craniotomy Aka bone flapAka bone flap Surgical incision Surgical incision

or opening into or opening into the skull the skull performed to performed to gain access to gain access to part of the brainpart of the brain

OsteotomyOsteotomy Surgical incision or Surgical incision or sectioning of a sectioning of a bonebone

May be performed May be performed to realign a joint to realign a joint damaged by damaged by arthritisarthritis

Treatment of fracturesTreatment of fractures

Manipulation Manipulation AKA closed reductionAKA closed reduction Attempted Attempted

realignment of bone realignment of bone involved in a fracture involved in a fracture or dislocationor dislocation

Bone is returned to Bone is returned to normal alignment by normal alignment by manually applied manually applied forces and is then forces and is then put in a castput in a cast

External External FixationFixation

Procedure where Procedure where pins are placed pins are placed through the soft through the soft tissues and bone so tissues and bone so an external an external appliance can be appliance can be used to hold the used to hold the bones in place bones in place during healingduring healing

Removed after bone Removed after bone healsheals

Internal Internal FixationFixation

Aka open reduction Aka open reduction internal fixationinternal fixation

Procedure where Procedure where pins or a plate are pins or a plate are placed directly into placed directly into the bone to hold the the bone to hold the broken pieces in broken pieces in place.place.

Not removed after Not removed after fracture healsfracture heals