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Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Movement and Support in Animals
There Are Two Types of Skeletal Systems
ExoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Functions of the Skeleton
1. Supports the body
2. Protects the soft body organs
3. Makes blood cells and platelets
4. Stores calcium and other minerals
5. Helps with movement
Do you know the bones of the skeleton?
Cranium
ClavicleHumerus
Maxilla
Mandible
Radius
UlnaCarpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Sternum
Scapula
Pelvis
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Sacrum
Vertebrae
Ribs
Bone Growth
Baby Adult
Bone Structure
Growth Plate
(Contains Red Marrow)(Also called compact bone)
(Periosteum)
6 Tissues Make up Bone
Tissue Type Function
1. Ligaments Connect one bone to another
2. Periosteum Supplies blood to the bone
3. Compact bone Very strong – Stores Calcium
4. Spongy bone Light but very strong
5. Marrow Makes blood cells
6. Cartilage Cushions bones at joints
Joints – Where Bones Meet
Gliding joint.
Slight movement.
There are4 Main Types of Joints
One direction only.
Greatest range of motion.
No movement
There Are Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscles
• Work automatically without thinking about it. Works even while you sleep.
• Controlled by the nervous system.
• Small, spindle shaped cells.
• Found in intestines, stomach, arteries, urinary bladder and other organs.
Cardiac Muscle
• Only found in the heart.
• Never gets tired.
• Cells connected like a tightly woven bag.
• Cells have a striped (striated) appearance.
Voluntary Muscles
• Skeletal muscles (striated muscles).
• Only operate when you want them to.
• Controlled by the nervous system.
• Necessary for movement of the skeletal system.
• Composed of long cells called “fibers”.
• Cells have striped appearance.
Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
How Do Muscles Work?
A muscle can only pull. It does this by becoming shorter. When it contracts, the joint bends.
Muscles Work In Pairs
One muscle bends (flexes) a joint, and an opposing muscle is needed to straighten (extend) it.
Opposing Muscles Move Us
Skeletal System Problems
Fractured bones (cracks and breaks).
Sprains: stretched or torn ligaments (bone-to-bone).
Strains: stretched or torn tendons (muscle-to-bone).
Diseases: Arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, leukemia.
Fractures
Worn out joints may sometimes be replaced with artificial ones.
New Surfaces Replace Worn Ones
Sometimes Knees Wear Out Too
Daily Herald, Monday, March 29, 2004
Implants Replace Worn or Damaged Joint Surfaces In The Knee