Skarv - betydning af predation

7/22/2019 Skarv - betydning af predation

1/81

HX^ Dqud-rdppart `r. ?23-?648

Di @jnls Gnpsn`, Cbrjstjd` Smav,

Stjk Vnhnrsn` ak Xbaeds Ornk`odlln

Ontyh`j`kn` di prhdtja` p hd`smn inrsmvd`hs-fflsmnonstd`hn - n` avnrsjkt enh iamus p smdrv


2/81

Ontyh`j`kn` di prhdtja` p hd`smn inrsmvd`hs-ijsmnonstd`hn - n` avnrsjkt enh iamus p smdrv

HX^ Dqud-rdppart `r. ?23-?648

@jnls Gnpsn`, Cbrjstjd` Smav ak Stjk Vnhnrsn`, HX^ Dqud

Xbaeds Ornk`odlln, J`stjtut iar Ojascjn`cn, Ddrbus ^`jvnrsjtnt


3/81

J`hbalh

_nsue ............................................................................................................................................. 3N`kljsb dostrdct ................................................................................................................................. 8J`hlnh`j`k ak odkkru`h .................................................................................................................... >Bvdh vjl hnt sjkn, dt n` kjvn` prhdtja` bdr ontyh`j`k1 .................................................................. 9

Vdttnhyr ................................................................................................................................................ 2Ahhnr (Lutrd lutrd) ........................................................................................................................... 2Ej`m (@navjsa` vjsa`) .................................................................................................................... 4?Krsl (Bdljcbanrus krypus) ak spttnt sl (Vbacd vjtulj`d) ....................................................... 48

Iukln................................................................................................................................................... 4;Ijsmnbngrn (Drhnd cj`nrnd) ............................................................................................................. ?4

Xappnt Ldppnhymmnr (Vahjcnps crjstdtus) ...................................................................................... ?:Smdrv (Vbdldcracardx cdroa sj`n`sjs) ........................................................................................... 34Smdrvprhdtja` j mystaerhnr .................................................................................................. 38Smdrvprhdtja` j vd`hlo ......................................................................................................... 3:

rrnh ak ldms ........................................................................................................................ 84Stdllj`k ................................................................................................................................. 8;S`onl .................................................................................................................................. >>

Smdrvprhdtja` j snr ............................................................................................................... >9Hjsmussja` ak sdeen`idt`j`k ........................................................................................................... 9>

Bvar aeidttn`hn nr praolnent enh smdrvprhdtja`n`1 ................................................................. 9;

Bvdh orj`knr irnetjhn`1 ................................................................................................................. 92Xdm .................................................................................................................................................. 9:_ninrn`cnr7 ......................................................................................................................................;6

?


4/81

_nsue

Hnr iarskns j hn``n rdppart dt sdeln ak sdeen`stjlln vjhn` ae ontyh`j`kn` di prhdtja` ird iukln

ak pdttnhyr p onstd`hn di inrsmvd`hsijsm. Hnr d`vn`hns ohn aiin`tljkkgartn ak jmmn-aiin`tljkkgartn

rnsultdtnr ird hd`smn ak uhn`ld`hsmn u`hnrsknlsnr. Ohn ej`m, ahhnr, smdrv ak ijsmnbngrn hnr

ontyhnljkn e`khnr ijsm ak md` hnriar iareahns dt bdvn n` vjs j`hilyhnlsn p ijsmnonstd`hn`n. V

odkkru`h di hn j`hsdelnhn rnsultdtnr nr hnt hak tyhnljkt, dt jsr smdrvn` md` pvjrmn onstd`hn di

inrsmvd`hsijsm. Hnt sd`hsy ljkkrns j rdppartn`, dt prhdtja` ird smdrv md` uhkrn n` vjktjk

onstd`hsonkr`sn`hn idmtar iar stdllj`k, ldms ak omrrnh. Hn vrjkn ravhyr, jsr ahhnr ak

ijsmnbngrn, md` lamdlt bdvn ontyh`j`k, en` hnttn nr mu` j rj`kn krdh hamuen`tnrnt ak j iarbalh tjl

prhdtja`n` ird smdrv, vurhnrns hn vrjkn ravhyr dt bdvn ej`hrn j`hilyhnlsn p inrsmvd`hsijsmn`n.

^`hnrsknlsnr bdr hnsuhn` vjst, dt smdrvnr md` uhvn nt bgt prhdtja`s-trym p ijsm j snr, jsr p

doarrn ak rrnh, en` hnr ed`klnr stuhjnr di, bvarvjht n` shd` prhdtja` p l`knrn sjkt pvjrmnr

ijsmnonstd`hn`n j snr`n enh bn`sy` tjl strrnlsn, strumtur ak dlhnrssdeen`st`j`k.

Nlijsmnrj nitnr stdllj`k j _stnh Ljlln, ?643. Iata7 Gabd` Kdhnkrh

3


5/81

N`kljsb dostrdct

Xbn dje ai tbjs rnpart js ta caepjln d`h rnvjnw tbn nxjstj`k màwlnhkn a` tbn niinct ai dvjd` d`h

edeedljd` prnhdtja` a` irnsbwdtnr ijsb stacms j` Hnèdrm. Edj`ly `dtja`dl puoljsbnh ds wnll ds

u`puoljsbnh rnsults drn prnsn`tnh, out dlsa saen ai tbn rnlnvd`t j`tnr`dtja`dl stuhjns bdvn onn`

j`cluhnh iar pnrspnctjvn. A` odsjs ai tbn nxjstj`k màwlnhkn jt js ca`cluhnh tbdt wbjln Attnr, Ej`m

d`h Krny Bnra` edy bdvn d sjk`jijcd`t lacdl jepdct a` ijsb stacms, tbn edj` prnhdtar iar tbn

irnsbwdtnr ijsb js tbn Krndt Careard`t. [jtb tbn currn`t prnhdtja` prnssurn irae Krndt Careard`ts,

tbn niinct a` rjvnr ijsb papuldtja`s js guhknh ds onj`k kn`nrdlly bjkb. J` pdrtjculdr Krdylj`k, Sdlea`

d`h ldrknr (rnsjhn`t) Oraw` Xraut drn onj`k prnhdtnh upa` hurj`k wj`tnr dt dppdrn`tly

u`sustdj`doln lnvnls j` saen rjvnrs. Saen papuldtja`s ai Krdylj`k drn prnsn`tly vnry clasn ta lacdl

nxtj`ctja`. _nsults bdvn dlsa hnea`strdtnh bjkb prnhdtja` prnssurn irae Krndt Careard`ts a` ldmn

ijsb papuldtja`s, j` pdrtjculdr Xraut d`h Vnrcb. Bawnvnr, earn rnsndrcb js `nnhnh ta hacuen`t tbn

dctudl niinct ai tbjs prnhdtja` a` papuldtja` sjzn, tbn dkn- d`h sjzn caepasjtja` ai tbn papuldtja`s

ds wnll ds a` tbn n`tjrn ijsb caeeu`jtjns j` tbn ldmns.

Smdrvmala`j p Alsn`s Valh, _j`kmoj`k Igarh. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`

8


6/81

J`hlnh`j`k ak odkkru`h

S l`kn en``nsmnr bdr gdknt oyttn, bdr hnr vrnt maìljmtnr enllne as ak hn vrjkn ravhyr, hnr

nitnrstronr sdeen oyttn. Slnhns aks j iaroj`hnlsn enh ijsmnrj, bvar ed` j bjstarjsm tjh bdrnitnrstrot ma`murrnrn`hn prhdtarnr, hvs. d`hrn pdttnhyr ak iukln, hnr tdknr ijsm ird myst, s ak .

Hnriar bdr hyr sae ahhnr, bngrn ak smdrv vrnt gdknt ak onstd`hn`n balht `nhn p ldvn `jvndunr.

Enh hn` onsmyttnlsn eah en``nsmnljk nitnrstronlsn, sae ed`kn hyrndrtnr j `ynrn tjh bdr ap`nt,

bdr àkln di hjssn rnldtjvt burtjkt knàpoykknt starn onstd`hn. Hnttn bdr enhirt `yn maìljmtnr

enllne hyrnonsmyttnlsns-j`tnrnssnr ak j`tnrnssnr j dt uh`yttn ijsmn-rnssaurcn`. B`htnrj`k di hn`

typn maìljmtnr mrvnr vjhn` ak hamuen`tdtja`, sae md` vrn ohn vd`smnljk ak rnssaurcn-

mrvn`hn dt ap`. J Hdèdrm, sae j ilnrn ld`hn j Nurapd, nr hn strstn maìljmtnr rnldtnrnt tjlijsmnhn`hn hyr ak iukln, apstnt j iaroj`hnlsn enh smdrv ak hnr ij`hns ilnst u`hnrsknlsnr ak

enst vjhn` ae smdrvn`. Hnriar vjl smdrv spjlln n` star ralln j hn``n rdppart, en` hn` vjl aks

aebd`hln d`hrn ravhyr ak slnhns iarskn dt sttn rnsultdtnr`n j pnrspnmtjv.

Nitnr dt varns vd`hlo j n` rrmmn nr olnvnt `hrnt tjl hnt onhrn kn``ne vd`hrn`s`j`k, ignr`nlsn di

sprrj`knr (apstne`j`knr), ijsmnrj-rnkulnrj`k, sm`sae vnhljknbalhnlsn ak aeidttn`hn rnstdurnrj`k,

bdr ijsmnonstd`hn`n j vd`hlon`n kn`nrnlt int hnt onhrn. Hn sn`nstn r snr hn``n pasjtjvn uhvjmlj`k

iar ilnrn ijsmnonstd`hn hak uh tjl dt vrn vn`ht, ak hnt nr j ed`kn tjlilhn olnvnt irneirt, dt hnttnsmylhns nt stjkn`hn d`tdl prhdtarnr, jsr smdrv ak ahhnr. Hnt nr hnriar vjktjkt dt skn dt i nt

avnroljm avnr hn` nmsjstnrn`hn vjhn` p aerhnt ak hnt nr iarelnt enh hn``n rdppart.

_dppartn` aeidttnr rnsultdtnr ird u`hnrsknlsnr, bvardi àkln nr puoljcnrnt j`tnr`dtja`dlt, d`hrn j

tnm`jsmn rdppartnr nllnr àtdtnr, enhn`s àkln jmmn bdr vrnt aiin`tljkkgart ir. Hnr j`hhrdkns

slnhns ilnrn `jvndunr di jìaredtja`, sae sp`hnr ird mvdljtntssjmrnhn j`tnr`dtja`dln drtjmlnr tjl

j`hjvjhunlln aosnrvdtja`nr. J hn``n avnrsjkt onsmrjvns prhdtja` ird iukln ak pdttnhyr ak jmmn

prhdtja` ird d`hrn ijsm. J hd`smn vd`hlo spjllnr prhdtja` ird d`hrn ijsm kn`nrnlt n` enknt

onkr`snt ralln, en`s prhdtja` ird ravijsm md` vrn n` ontyhnljk rnkulnrn`hn idmtar iar ijsmn-

onstd`hn j snr (i.nms. Cdrpn tnr & Mjtcbnll, 4::3= Iryxnll & Lu`honrk, 4::2). Hn` nmsjstnrn`hn

vjhn` ae bvarhd` iukln ak pdttnhyr md` pvjrmn inrsmvd`hsijsmn`ns dhirh ak onstd`hn nr sprnht ak

jmmn dltjh lnt tjlk`knljk, bvjlmnt kr hnt rnlnvd`t dt sdeenìdttn hn``n nmsjstnrn`hn vjhn . Sae hnt

vjl irnek, onsmitjknr rdppartn` sjk bavnhsdknljkt enh rnsultdtnr ird u`hnrsknlsnr di smdrv

prhdtja`, ak hnttn dispnglnr hn` apermsaebnh ak hn maìljmtnr, hnr jsr bdr j`valvnrnt smdrvn`

ak jmmn hn vrjkn ravhyr.

>


7/81


8/81

Hnr md` vrn iarsmnlljkn krdhnr di pvjrm`j`k, hnr dlln md` kjvn d`lnh`j`k tjl iarsmnlljkn `jvndunr di

maìljmtnr enh en``nsmnljk uh`yttnlsn/onsmyttnlsn di ijsmn`n. Nt stjkn`hn prhdtja`strym md`

rnsultnrn j7

Jrrjtdtja` (iar en``nsmnr)7 Iarstyrrnlsn, smdhnr p ijsm, prhdtarn` strnssnr ijsmn`n.

Ma`murrn`cn7 Hnr apstr rnnl ma`murrn`cn ae ijsmn`, hd hnr oljvnr irrn dt id`kn iar

ijsmnrn`/lystijsmnrn`.

Onstd`hsrnkulnrn`hn7 Vrhdtja`n` rnsultnrnr j, dt onstd`hn s strrnlsn nr ldvnrn n`h hn`

nllnrs mu``n bdvn vrnt

Xrussnl7 Onstd`hn` truns, j àkln tjlilhn trahs iarsk p onsmyttnlsn.

Iar systnenr bvar hnt hrngnr sjk ae ijsmnonstd`hn, hnr bdr rnmrndtjv ak/nllnr maàejsm j`tnrnssn,

md` pvjrm`j`knr ird prhdtja` jilkn Bdrrjs e.il. (?662) j`mluhnrn7

_nhumtja` di d`tdllnt di ijsm, hnr oljvnr m`seah`n ak/nllnr vn`hnr tjlodkn tjl vd`hlont

`hrj`k di ijsmn`ns dhirh, hnr `nhsttnr id`kodrbnhn`

_nhumtja` di d`tdllnt di ijsm tjlk`knljkn iar ijsmnrjnt

_nhumtja` di d`tdllnt di salktn ijsmnmart _nhumtja` di vrhjn` di ijsmn`n pkd. smdhnr

^hkjitnr tjl onsmyttn`hn iard`stdlt`j`knr (smre`j`k, smyh`j`k, ilhnr)

_nhumtja` di ijsmn`ns kyhnsuccns.

J oakn` Bued`-[jlhljin Caìljcts j` Nurapn (Mln`mn e.il., ?643) nr maìljmtnr enllne irnhnhn,

ijsmnspjsn`hn ravhyr (ahhnr, sl ak smdrv) ak ijsmnrj-j`tnrnssnr onsmrnvnt j hntdlgnr ak bnr md` ed`

lsn enrn ae hn iarsmnlljkn dspnmtnr di hn``n typn maìljmtnr, hnr snr uh tjl dt vamsn j byppjkbnh akj`tn`sjtnt j tdmt enh dt onsmyttnlsn` di strrn ravhyr iaronhrns j N^. Hd àkln di ravhyrn`n nr

ejkrnrn`hn ak jmmn ldhnr sjk stappn di ld`hnkr`snr nr hnr vamsn`hn iarstnlsn iar, dt hnr nr onbav

iar j`tnr`dtja`dln iarvdlt`j`kspld`nr (Onbrn`s e.il., ?662).

J hn``n rdppart iarsknr vj p odkkru`h di rnsultdtnr ird u`hnrsknlsnr dt vurhnrn, bvarvjht n` kjvn`

prhdtja` md` sjkns dt vrn ontyhnljk. Hd hnr nr ed`kn idmtarnr, hnr spjllnr j`h, vjl hnt aitn vrn

vd`smnljkt dt vurhnrn, bvarvjht n` rljk prhdtja` p i.nms. ?3 % di onstd`hn` vjl bdvn ontyh`j`k iar

n` kjvn` ijsmnonstd`h. Bnr iarsknr vj jejhlnrtjh dt kjvn idkljkt iu`hnrnhn vurhnrj`knr dihn

;


9/81

iarsmnlljkn prhdtja`stryms ontyh`j`k. @r vj vurhnrnr niinmtn` di n` prhdtja` tjl dt vrn

ontyhnljk, ontyhnr hnt bnr, dt prhdtja`n` j elodr krdh bdr pvjrmnt strrnlsn` ak/nllnr sdeen -

st`j`kn` di hn` pklhn`hn ijsmnonstd`h.

J hn ilkn`hn dis`jt kjvns irst onsmrjvnlsnr di hn n`mnltn prhdtarnr enh bn`sy` tjl hnrns

onstd`hsstrrnlsn ak ihnvdlk, ak vj kjvnr n` vurhnrj`k di hn` sdelnhn ijsmnma`sueptja`. Dis`jttnt

ae smdrv, nr yhnrljknrn aphnlt j u`hnrdis`jt ae hn n`mnltn oyttnijsm, sdet ae u`hnrsknlsnr

spncjijmt ird snr, myst ak vd`hlo. Hnr vjl vrn n` vjs krdh di avnrldp, hd àkln drtnr aptrhnr ohn

j vd`hlo, snr ak p mystn`. Sjhst kjvns n` sdeenìdt`j`k ak àkln ma`mlusja`nr.

VdttnhyrAhhnr(Lutrd lutrd)

Onstd`h7 4?66-?666 j`hjvjhnr j Hdèdrm (usjmmnrt sm`). Sdelnt patn`tjnl ijsmnma`sueptja`7 9>6ta`s.

Ahhnr spjsnr jmmn mu` inrsmvd`hsijsm. Bnr nr n` ahhnr ird Bdlmr Ornh`j`k, enh lnmvdoon j eu`hn`. Iata7 Ird`m

Starkddrh

2


10/81

Hn` ilkn`hn onsmrjvnlsn nr prjert uhdronghnt p odkkru`h di aplys`j`knr kjvnt j Dsinrk e.il.

(?66;). Ahhnrn` nr j hdk mn`ht ak vrhsdt di hn ilnstn hd`smnrn. Ed` smdl hak jmmn srljk ld`kt

tjlodkn j tjhn` iar dt ij`hn onsmrjvnlsnr di ahhnrn` sae n` krhjk ijsmntyv, hnr olnv gdknt ak

onmepnt. Hnttn vdr àm hn` vsn`tljkstn kru`h tjl dt ahhnronstd`hn` j 4:96nr`n vdr knt s enknt

tjlodkn, dt ahhnrn` j Hdèdrm olnv tatdlirnhnt j 4:9;. Xjlodknkd`kn` iartsdttn hak ak ejht j

4:26nr`n vdr ahhnrn` stdhjk nt trunt ak enknt sglhn`t hyr j hn` hd`smn `dtur. Onstd`hn` vdr p nt

ej`jeue ak iarnmae mu` j @arhvnstgylld`h. Hnttn bdr hak `hrnt sjk sjhn`, tdmmnt vrn n` rmmn

iard`stdlt`j`knr tjl dt `nhsttn hhnljkbnhn` di ahhnr, ol.d. sae ilkn di hrum`j`k j rusnr ak

trdijmhrdo. Ahhnrn` bdr hn sn`nstn 46-4> r sprnht sjk tjl bnln Gylld`h, enh spardhjsmn iarnmaestnr

p Sglld`h ak nr`n. Ynh hn` dtja`dln avnrvk`j`k di ahhnrn`s uhornhnlsn j ?644-4? olnv hnr

iu`hnt spar nitnr ahhnrn p >9 % di 4?36 u`hnrsktn lamdljtntnr, bnrdi nr hnr iu`hnt ahhnr p 26 %di hn u`hnrsktn lamdljtntnr j Gylld`h (Skddrh e.il. ?643). Ynh ea`jtnrj`k di ahhnronstd`hn` hnlns

ld`hnt j`h j 46 x 46 me inltnr, ak hnr u`hnrskns ej`jeue 9aa e vd`hlosstrm`j`k p ?-8

lamdljtntnr j bvnrt mvdhrdt. Hnr md` iarnmaeen ahhnr j aerhnr, hnr rnkjstrnrns sae `nkdtjvn,

spncjnlt bvjs ttbnhn` nr ldv.

Apkrnlsnr avnr onstd`hsstrrnlsn` nr enknt svrn dt ldvn iarhj ed` jmmn md` tlln hyrn`n, en` hd

ahhnrn` nr tnrrjtarjnbvhn`hn, nr hnr kr`snr iar bvar ed`kn hyr, hnr nr pldhs tjl ld`ks nt kjvnt

vd`hlo nllnr vnh n` s. Hnriar odsnrns n` onstd`hsapkrnlsn di ahhnrn` p, dt hnr j kn``nes`jtlnvnr n` ahhnr pr. 46 me vd`hlo (strrn vd`hlo), hnr nr tjl rhjkbnh j hn aerhnr, bvar hnr nr

iu`hnt ahhnr gi. n` entahn uhvjmlnt j ^M (Dà`., 4:28). Jilkn stdtusapkrnlsn iar ahhnrn`

(@dturstyrnlsn`, ?644), d`kjvns hnt dt d`tdllnt di m`seah`n bu``nr nr ld`kt ird 4666. Nt

onstd`hsnstjedt nr slnhns rnt usjmmnrt, ak hn` kru`hlkkn`hn d`tdknlsn di dt hnr mu` md` lnvn n`

ahhnr pr. 46 me vd`hlo nr jmmn dltjh apiylht. Old`ht d`hnt lnvnr buàhhnrn` sdeen` enh sj`n 4-?

u`knr tjl hn nr nt r kdeln, ak hnt ontyhnr n` strrn ttbnh pr. vd`hlosstrm`j`k j hn pnrjahnr.

Sprnh`j`kn` tjl `yn aerhnr md` tyhn p, dt hn nk`nhn bdojtdtnr j hnt bjhtjhjkn uhornhnlsnsaerhnnr vnh dt oljvn iylht ap. Xypjsm nr hnt u`kn bd``nr, hnr irst d`maeenr tjl `yn aerhnr, ak ilnrn

stnhnr tyhnr iu`hnt di u`kn trdijmhrotn bd`-ahhnrn p, dt onstd`hn` nr vnh dt sprnhn sjk tjl `yn

aerhnr. Slnhns olnv hnr j ?66; iu`hnt n` trdijmhrot ahhnr p Iy`, bvar ahhnrn` nllnrs bdr vrnt

iarsvu`hnt j ed`kn rtjnr ak aks j hnt syhljkn Gylld`h nr hnr ù ahhnrn (Nlearas e.il. ?643).

:


11/81

Ahhnrn`s ihn

Ahhnrn` nr irst ak irneenst ijsmnhnr, en` hn` md` aks spjsn ohn iukln, pdhhnr ak k`dvnrn

(Xddstre & Gdcaosn`, 4:::). Ahhnrn` nr n` niinmtjv ijsmnr, en` hn` nr appartu`jst ak spjsnr j bg

krdh hnt, hnr nr `neenst tjlk`knljkt ak enst di. Hnriar onstr ahhnrn`s ihn j aerhnr enh

tjlm`yt`j`k tjl snr ak vd`hlo enh starn onstd`hn di irnhijsm enst di smdllnr, ordsn` ak doarrn, aitn

j enllnestrrnlsn 46-42 ce. Ahhnrn` md` hak sdktn`s gdkn strrn ijsm ak tdknr aks knr`n ldmsnijsm.

Hnr nr mu` iarntdknt i hncjhnrnhn u`hnrsknlsnr di ahhnrn`s prhdtja` di ijsm j hd`smn vd`hlo ak

snr. J nt hd`sm stuhjue olnv ahhnrn`s ihnvdlk u`hnrskt p ine lamdljtntnr (bnrdi trn vd`hlo ak

ta s-pvjrmnhn vd`hlosstrm`j`knr) ak sdeen`ljk`nt enh ijsmnsdeen`st`j`kn` j n`

(Xddstre & Gdcaosn`, 4:::). Stuhjnt onmritnhn avn`stn`hn ojllnhn di ahhnrn` sae appartu`jst.

Hnt onmritnhn aks dt ahhnrn, hnr lnvnr j `rbnhn` di snr, j bg krdh iaurdknrnr bnr. Aks

irnhijsm, hnr sdelns j dilo ird snr`n ae vj`tnrn` vdr nt y`hnt spjsnmdeenr iar ahhnrn`. Hnt or

hak `v`ns, dt hn` d`vn`htn entahn jmmn `hvn`hjkvjs kjvnr vjhn` ae, bvar ed`kn starn ijsm

ahhnrn` spjsnr, slnhns vdr hn` strstn rrnh, hnr olnv iu`hnt j u`hnrsknlsn`, p 3; ce. Entahn`

onstah j dt onstneen ijsmndrt ak strrnlsn uh ird hn rykbvjrvlnr, hnr id`htns j ahhnr`ns

nmsmrnen tnr, en` bvjs n` ahhnr id`knr n` bdvrrnh nllnr ldms p kyh`j`k ak mu` hnr di mhnt

uhn` dt spjsn àknt di rykrdhn`, vjl hnr jmmn vrn màklnr j nmsmrnen`tnr`n (Mruum, 4::>). Hnrij`hns aosnrvdtja`nr di ohn ldms ak bdvrrnh, hnr iaren`tljk nr tdknt di ahhnr u`hnr kyh`j`k, ak

bvar ahhnrn` mu` bdr spjst àknt di mhnt nllnr mu` rak`n` (Cdrss e.il., 4::6). J ?664, olnv hnr vnh

tnlnentrj-iarsk j Xrn`h , iu`hnt n` vsn`tljk prhdtja` p uhsdttn strrn omrrnhnr (?>-?2ce),

iaren`tljk stdeen`hn ird ahhnr. Bnr olnv 9> % di hn uhsdttn rrnhnr ht j lont di i uknr

(Ddrnstrup e.il., ?663). Gdcaosn` (?66>) ldvnhn p odkkru`h di j`hsdelnhn nmsmrnen tnr n`

d`dlysn di ihnsdeen st`j`kn` bas ahhnr j Smdls ak Xrn`h . Hn` vjstn, dt mu` 4 - 2 % di

ahhnr`ns ihn onstah di rrnh j`hn` uhst`j`k. J hdkn`n nitnr uhst`j`k di starn rrnhnr, hnr eltn4;-?2 ce, stnk d`hnln` di rrnhnr j hn``n strrnlsn j ahhnr`ns ihn. J Xrn`h stnk d`hnln` di

rrnhnr tjl 33 %. J Smdls , bvar ihnuhouhhnt di ed`kn d`hrn ijsm ssae smdllnr vdr ld`kt strrn,

iarolnv d`hnln` ljlln. _nsultdtnr`n tyhnr p, dt ahhnrn md` krn nt ontyhnljkt j`hbuk j `yljkt uhsdttn

strrn rrnhnr, bvjs hnr jmmn nr s ed`kn d`hrn ihndltnr`dtjvnr, ak dt hjssn nr enrn srodrn iar

ahhnr prhdtja` n`h vjlhn rrnhnr.

46


12/81

Ahhnr-nmsmrnen t enh VJX-ermn ird n` rrnh p 4?,: ce ermnt j Nk iarrnt ?643. Iata7 Grkn` S. Ejmmnlsn`

Vvjrm`j`k di ijsmnonstd`hn

Enh hn` onstd`h vj j hdk bdr di ahhnrn ak enh nt hdkljkt ihnj`htdk p j kn``nes`jt :>6 k (Mruum,

4::>) md` hnt nstjenrns, dt hn` hd`smn onstd`h di ahhnrn rljkt mu``n j`htdkn cd. 9>6 ta`s ijsm

sirnet ihn` mu` onstah di ijsm.

V hn` n`n sjhn md` ed` sjkn, dt ahhnrn mrvnr s start nt tnrrjtarjue, dt ed` jmmn uejhhnlodrt vjlln

iarvn`tn, dt hn mu``n uhkrn n` dlvarljk trussnl eah lamdln ijsmnonstd`hn. V hn` d`hn` sjhn e hnt

iareahns, dt tnrrjtarjnts strrnlsn nr dib`kjk di e`khn` di ihn (Mruum, 4::>), s bvjs ahhnr`ns

d`tdl jmmn nr onkr`snt di d`hrn idmtarnr (i.nms. trdijmhrdo), vjl hnt j sjhstn n`hn vrn tjlkd`kn` tjlihn hnr oljvnr n` onkr`sn`hn idmtar iar ttbnhn` di ahhnrn. _nsultdtnr`n ird hd`smn u`hnrsknlsnr

tyhnr p, dt ahhnrn lamdlt md` pvjrmn ttbnhn` di ijsm, ak j nr, bvar ijsmnonstd`hn`n nr

onkr`snhn, md` tjlstnhnvrnlsn di ahhnrn ojhrdkn tjl n` `nhkd`k j d`tdllnt di omrrnh, l, stdllj`k

ak knhhn.

Hnr ij`hns `akln i uhn`ld`hsmn u`hnrsknlsnr di n` nkn`tljk pvjrm`j`k di ahhnr p ijsmnonstd`hn.

J Smatld`h hnr ahhnr`n ldms u`hnr kyh`j`kn , en` Cdrss e.il. (4::6) ma`mluhnrnr, dt hnt jmmn

ojhrdknr vsn`tljk tjl strrn hhnljkbnh di kyhneah`n ldms ae nitnrrnt/vj`tnrn`. J nt d`hnt stuhjn

44


13/81

id`ht Mruum e.il. (4::3), dt ahhnrn j n` smatsm ilah ma`suenrnhn ap tjl 96 % di hn` rljkn

prahumtja` di guvn`jln rrnh ak ldms, ak prhdtja`n` bdvhn slnhns n` ontyhnljk j`hilyhnlsn p

onstd`hn` di rrnh ak ldms.

Maìljmtn` enllne ahhnr ak nmstn`sjvt ijsmnaphrt (j Cn`trdlnurapd ak Vartukdl) onsmrjvns ak

d`dlysnrns j Mln`mn e.il. (?643), en` bnr ma`mluhnrns hnt, dt maìljmtnr`n nr rnldtjvt onsmnh`n ak

md` lsns vnh rnt sjepln divrkniard`stdlt`j`knr, bvarjeah maìljmtn` enh smdrvnr oljvnr

irnebvnt sae enknt dlvarljknrn. Sdeen j`htrym sy`ns dt vrn klhn`hn old`ht hd`smn

hdeoruksngnrn (Oruu`-Scbejtb e.il., ?666).

Hn` kn`nrnlln `nhkd`k j d`tdllnt di strrn omrrnhnr ak stdllj`knr j ilnrn gysmn vd`hlo (sn d`hnt-

stnhs j hn``n rdppart) md` esmn hnlvjst vrn nt rnsultdt di hn` starn irnekd`k j hn` gysmn

ahhnronstd`h. Hak bdr hnr jmmn vrnt tyhnljkt sdeenìdlh enllne hn vd`hlo, hnr bdr bdit ed`knahhnrn, ak hn vd`hlo, bvar hnr nr ma`stdtnrnt edrmd`tn `nhkd`kn j onstd`hn`n di strrn rrnhnr ak

stdllj`knr. Hnsuhn` smntn `hrj`knr`n avnr ontyhnljkt martnrn tjh n`h ed` vjlln iarvn`tn, bvjs hn`

dln`n vdr iarrsdknt di n` iarknlsn j d`tdllnt di ahhnrn= n` iarknlsn j d`tdllnt di ahhnrn ld`ks n`

vjl àredlt smn krdhvjs avnr n` rrmmn.

Ej`m(@navjsa` vjsa`)

Onstd`h7 Jilkn @dturstyrnlsn` (?644) md` hn` hd`smn onstd`h di vjlhn (ak u`hslup`n) ej`m apkrns

tjl cd. >6.666 j`hjvjhnr. Hnr `nhlkkns rljkt >666-9666 ej`m j Hdèdrm.

Sdelnt patn`tjnlln ma`sue di ijsm7 D`tdkns hnt, dt hn` hd`smn onstd`h di ej`m tllnr 86.666

j`hjvjhnr, dt bvnr ej`m hnr 4>6 krde ihn ae hdkn` bvardi >6 % di ihn` uhkrns di ijsm, md` hnt

sdelnhn ma`sue apkrns tjl cd. 46:> ta`s.

Ej`mn` stdeenr ird @arhdenrjmd ak brnr jmmn `dturljkt bgneen j hn` hd`smn `dtur. J Hdèdrm

bdr ed` dvlnt ej`m sjhn` 4:36nr`n, ak praolnent enh u`hslup`n ej`m j `dturn` nr jmmn `yt.

Ej`mn` ontrdktns sae nt smdhnhyr, ak e gdkns bnln rnt. Hnr nr j`kn` tvjvl ae dt ej`m, hnr y`hnr

dt irhns vnh vd`hlo ak snr, aks tdknr ijsm, en` hn` nr jmmn spncjdljsnrnt j dt id`kn ijsm sae

ahhnrn`. Hnr ij`hns rdppartnr ird uhld`hnt, sae vjsnr, dt ej`m hncjenrnr onstd`hn` di ilahmrnos,

en` vj bdr jmmn iu`hnt nmsneplnr p hamuen`tnrnt pvjrm`j`k di (vjlhn) ijsmnonstd`hn.

Hnr ij`hns mu` n`mnltn j`hjrnmtn u`hnrsknlsnr di niinmtn` di ej`m p ijsmnonstd`hn (Sdla e.il.

?646). Kn`nrnlt tyhnr ljttnrdturn` p, dt ej`mn`s niinmt p ldmsnijsm jmmn nr vsn`tljk. Snlvae

ej`mn` tdknr rrnhnr iarntrmmnr hn` d`hrn oyttnijsm, i.nms. irnhijsm nllnr mrnos, ak hn` spjsnr j bg

4?


14/81

krdh d`hrn ihnne`nr. rrnhnr uhkr sae rnknl n` enknt ljlln d`hnl di ihn`. Xjl iarsmnl ird

ahhnrn` sknr ej`mn` aks ihn j aerhnr, hnr jmmn nr tjlm`yttnt vd`h. Ej`mn` nr jmmn s tjlpdssnt

gdkt p oyttn j on`t vd`h sae ahhnrn` nr. ^`hnrsknlsnr di ej`mn`s ihn j Hdèdrm (Bdeenrsbg

e.il., ?668) vjsnr, dt ijsm aptrhnr j ihn` j cd. 36 % di hn u`hnrsktn hyr, en`s >6 % bdr spjst

pdttnhyr ak 86 % bdr spjst pdhhnr. Ej`mn` spjsnr ilnst ijsm ae vj`tnrn`, ak smdl j dlt spjsn cd. 4>6-

426 k ihn ae hdkn` iar dt hmmn sjt n`nrkjonbav (Bdeenrsbg e.il., ?668).

Ej`m, hnr bdr id`knt n` star bdvrrnh j Kr``nommn` (S`hnrgylld`h). Iata7 Gab``jn Mrjstn`sn`

J n` àrsm u`hnrsknlsn s ed` n` stjkn`hn hhnljkbnh di uhsdttn (u`kijsm) ldms ak rrnhnr j

vd`hlo j n` pnrjahn, bvar hnr olnv ma`stdtnrnt ej`m j aerhnt, ak ed` id`ht ed`kn bdlvspjstn

u`kijsm di ldms p ornhhn`, sdet dt 46 % di ldmsny`kln` bdvhn smdhnr, ojhnermnr asv., sae mu``n

stdeen ird ej`m (Bnkkn`ns & Oarkstre, 4:22). En` n` shd` niinmt vjl àm aitn sns j n`

onkr`snt pnrjahn, ak hnr nr j`kn` u`hnrsknlsnr, hnr vjsnr, dt ej`m bdr `nhordkt ttbnhn` di

rrnhnr j nt aerhn. Sae hnt irnekr di ojllnhnt avnìar, nr hnr aosnrvdtja`nr di ej`m, hnr bdr

id`knt starn bdvrrnhnr j ej`hrn vd`hlo j kyhntjhn`, en` bvar uhornht hnttn iàen` nr, vjhns

jmmn. Hnr ij`hns u`hnrsknlsnr (EcHa`dlh e.il., ?66;), hnr tyhnr p, dt ej`m j n` vjs uhstrm`j`k

u`hkr aerhnr ld`ks vd`hlo ak snr, bvar hnr nr ahhnr. Hnt nr uvjst, ae hn` stjkn`hn onstd`h di

ahhnr bnrbgneen ojhrdknr tjl dt ej`hsmn d`tdllnt di ej`m ak hnrns euljkn pvjrm`j`k di

ijsmnonstd`hn`n.

43


15/81

Krsl(Bdljcbanrus krypus)ak spttnt sl(Vbacd vjtulj`d)

Snlvae slnr àredlt jmmn hnr ijsm j inrsmvd`h gdknr hn bdvrrnh, ldms ak l ld`ks mystn` ak hnriar

md` hnrns prhdtja` kaht bdvn n` vjs ontyh`j`k iar inrsmvd`hsijsm. J hn sn`nrn r nr onstd`hn` di

ohn spttnhn slnr ak krslnr knt mrditjkt irne, ak j hdk iarnmaeenr hnr ld`kt aitnrn slnr j

bdv`n ak ld`ks mystnr`n n`h tjhljknrn. N` ma`snmvn`s di hn` stjkn`hn onstd`h ak n` tjlsy`nldhn`hn

ej`hrn iarsjktjk dhirh bas àkln j`hjvjhnr nr, dt hnr ù md` sns spttnhn slnr, hnr sveenr j`h j

vd`hlon`n ak iaurdknrnr. J hn sn`nrn r nr hnr slnhns gv`ljkt aosnrvnrnt slnr j Mdrup ,

Kuhn`n`, Ydrhn , Smgnr` ak _jon . Slnr`n sns aitnst j nr`n ae saeenrn` ak nitnrrnt, bvar

ldms ak bdvrrnhnr vn`hnr tjlodkn ak kr ap j vd`hlon`n iar dt kyhn. Ird Mdrup nr hnr (iata)

hamuen`tnrnhn aosnrvdtja`nr di n` sl, hnr gdknr (ak id`knr) bdvrrnhnr ?6 me appn j n`.

Spttnt sl iatakrdinrnt j Smgnr` vnh Shr. Inlhj`k. Iata7 Bn`rjm Gn`sn`

Hn` spttnhn sl en`ns sglhn`t dt gdkn ijsm, hnr nr strrn n`h hn` md` slukn (L. O. Xbyknsn`, pnrs

mae), s esmn nr hnt jmmn ed`kn vams`n ldms ak bdvrrnhnr, hnr rljkt oljvnr prhnrnt di spttnt

sl, en` aosnrvdtja`nr sae hne d`kjvnt avnìar tyhnr p, dt vams`n ldms ak bdvrrnhnr md` oljvn

d`krnont ak hrot. Hnr ij`hns aks nmsneplnr p, dt àkln j`hjvjhnr di spttnhn slnr spncjdljsnrnr

sjk j dt id`kn ak hn vams`n ldms ([rjkbt e.il., ?66;). Krsln` nr hnrjeah mn`ht iar dt gdkn starn

ijsm ak jsr iar dt d`rnttn valhsae smdhn p ijsmnrnhsmdonr, hnr sglhn`t md` balhn hn ap tjl 3>6 mk

starn hyr uhn (i.nms. Mln`mn e.il., ?643). J Smatld`h bdr prhdtja`n` ird jsr krsl l`kn vrnt

48


16/81

d`snt iar nt praolne, ak u`hnrsknlsnr bdr vjst n` ontyhnljk niinmt p àkln ldmsnonstd`hn (Outlnr

e.il., ?669).

Hnr ij`hns j`kn` hd`smn u`hnrsknlsnr di sl-prhdtja` j vd`hlon`n, en` u`hnr hnt rljkn nlijsmnrj

nitnr eahnrijsm ak j spartsijsmnr`ns id`kstnr nr hnr olnvnt aosnrvnrnt ldms ak rrnhnr enh

ojhermnr, hnr sd`hsy`ljkvjs stdeenr ird sl. J Ydrhn olnv hnr slnhns rnkjstrnrnt ojh-ermnr

(sn iata) p n` ontyhnljk hnl (avnr n` trnhgnhnl) di hn vams`n ldms, hnr olnv j`hid`knt tjl dvl j ?64?

(S. Ldrsn`, pnrs. enhh.). Ird ^SD mn`hns praolnedtjmmn` enh slnr ak slvnr, hnr ilknr ldmsn`n

ld`kt ap j ilahnr`n, bvar hn onsmdhjknr ak hnr n` vjs d`hnl di hn apvd`hrn`hn ldms. V kru`h di

hn` strn`kn onsmyttnlsn hjssn hyr bdr, bdr ed` vjssn stnhnr ettnt jvrmsttn mastodrn

hjspldcnen`t-prakrdes, bvar hn slnr ak slvnr, hnr gdknr j ilahnr`n j`hid`kns ak ilyttns uh tjl

hn` o`n myst (Zurmn & Xrjtns, ?666= [rjkbt e.il., ?66;).

X.Y. Krsl enh bdvrrnh. Iata7 Hdvn Vndrcn. X.B. Spttnt sl enh bdvrrnh ird slusn` vnh @jssue Igarh.

Iata7 Svn`h Nrjm kn`hdl

Hnr nr p ùvrn`hn tjhspu`mt j`tnt onlk iar dt d`tdkn, dt slnr uhkr n` srljk trussnl eah ldmsak bdvrrnh j bdvnt nllnr p hn` o`n myst, en` j aerhnr bvar ijsmn`n smdl pdssnrn n` slusn nllnr

ljk`n`hn, md` slnr iaren`tljk id`kn ed`kn di ijsmn`n. Hnt sdeen klhnr bvjs slnr`n gdknr appn j

snlvn -lont, bvar hn iaren`tljk aks enhirnr iarstyrrnlsnr ak strnss bas ijsmn`n. J ^SD nr hnr

u`hnrsknlsnr, hnr vjsnr, dt slnr spjsnr ed`kn ldmsn-sealt ae iarrnt (i.nms. Zurm & Xrjtns, ?666),

en` ae hnt aks kr sjk klhn`hn j Hdèdrm, vnh vj jmmn. J Svnrjkn ak Ij`ld`h bdr ed` bdit n`

ontyhnljk ma iljmt enllne ijsmnrn ak slnr. Aks bnr bdr hnt vrnt svrt dt smdiin hamuen`tdtja`

iar smdhnr`ns aeid`k, ak ed` bdr enst iamusnrnt p dt balhn slnr`n vm ird ijsmnrnhsmdonr.

4>


17/81

_nsultdtnr`n di u`hnrsknlsnr`n, nridrj`knr enh rnkulnrj`knr ak bvarhd` ma`iljmtn` nr b`htnrnt md`

ol.d. lsns j Mln`mn e.il. (?643).

Ldms ird Ydrhn ak _jon enh ojhermnr, hnr md` stdeen ird sl. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`

49


18/81

Iukln

Hnr ij`hns ilnrn drtnr di ijsmnspjsn`hn iukln j Hdèdrm, bvardi n` hnl `stn` uhnlummn`hn ijsmnr

ld`ks mystn` ak jmmn bdr srljk ontyh`j`k iar inrsmvd`hsijsm. J hn``n avnrsjkt bdr vj mu` enhtdknt

smdrv, ijsmnbngrn ak ldppnhymmnr. Hnruhavnr spjsnr jsr kruppnr ak drtnr sae laeenr,

smdllnsluknrn, eknr ak tnr`nr ijsm, en` hd hnt enst iarnkr tjl bdvs nllnr ld`ks mystn`, ak hd vj jmmn

bdr srljk vjhn` ae hjssn drtnrs prhdtja`, nr hn jmmn enhtdknt bnr. Bdvr` (Bdljdnntus dlojcjlld)

ak ijsmnr` (Vd`hja` bdljdntus) hnr aks ijsm j inrsmvd`h, en` hnr nr as onmn`ht j`kn` hd`smn

u`hnrsknlsnr di aeid`knt di prhdtja`n` p inrsmvd`hsijsm nllnr di bvjlmn` ihn hn iarntrmmnr.

Hnsuhn` nr hnr stdhjk s i di hjssn raviukln j Hdèdrm, dt hn jmmn vurhnrns dt bdvn ontyh`j`k.

Hnr ij`hns ed`kn ijsmnspjsn`hn iukln j Hdèdrm. Bnr n` jsiukl enh n` doarrn ak n` bdvr`. Iata7 Xaeds Lu`hqujst akMnlh Smyttn Vntnrsn`

Baiied`` e.il. (?66?) vurhnrnhn, dt hn` sdelnhn prhdtja` ird iukln j @arhsn` vdr p cd. 826.666

ta`s ijsm ae rnt. J hn` rdppart olnv ilkn`hn ol.d. ma`mluhnrnt7 IarSmdknrrdm, Mdttnkdt, Oltnr`nak stnrsn` vurhnrns hnt, dt smdrvn` nr hn` n`nstn ijsmnhn`hn iukl, sae j strrn krdh md` vrn tjl

kn`n iar ijsmnrjnt.

Wyhnljs & Ma`tdutds (?662) u`hnrsktn iuklnprhdtja`n` j nt hnltd/ldku`naerhn j Ljtdun` ak

id`ht, dt ijrn drtnr di ijsmnspjsn`hn iukln ma`suenrnhn m`dpt ;66 ta`s ijsm j ?664, svdrn`hn tjl : %

di hn` tjlk`knljkn e`khn di ijsm j aerhnt. Smdrvn` vdr hn` drt, hnr bdvhn ma`suenrnt hn`

strstn d`hnl. Vrhdtja`n` svdrnhn tjl ?/3 di hn sdelnhn ld`hj`knr ird ijsmnrjnt. J hjsmussja`n` di

rnsultdtnr`n ird hn``n u`hnrsknlsn olnv hnr drkuen`tnrnt iar, dt snlvae iukln spjsnr `stn` ljkn s

4;


19/81

enknt ijsm (j vkt) sae hnr olnv id`knt j ijsmnrjnt, s vdr hnr jmmn star ma`murrn`cn, iarhj iukln`n

tak ej`hrn j`hjvjhnr n`h ed` kgarhn j ijsmnrjnt. Hnt sdeen drkuen`t bdr vrnt irneirt j Hdèdrm,

bvar Bdlh-Eartn`sn` (4::8=4::>) ma`mluhnrnhn, dt smdrvnr`n bavnhsdkljkt spjstn ijsm, hnr vdr

u`hnr ej`hstnelnt ak dt hnrns ma`sue hnriar jmmn bdvhn star ontyh`j`k iar ijsmnrjnt. Hjssn

drkuen`tnr nr hnlvjst onkru`hnt j hnt tjhljknrn `v`tn onkrno ttbnhsdib`kjk hhnljkbnh ak vmst,

hnr nr mn`hntnk`n`hn iar hn ilnstn ijsmndrtnr j vjssn ljvsstdhjnr. Hnt md` ljht krait avnrsttns tjl, dt

bvjs ed` i.nms. ignr`nr : uh di 46 se rrnhnr j nt aerhn, vjl hn` n`n tjlodknvrn`hn bdvn onhrn

avnrlnvnlsnscbd`cnr ak onhrn vmst. Hnttn vjl aitn vrn tjlilhnt j hn` irstn hnl di ljvsidsn` (en`

jmmn sn`nrn) sirnet hnr oljvnr mlmmnt ak prahucnrnt ld`kt ilnrn se ijsm n`h hnr nr pldhs ak ihn

tjl j vd`hlont nitnrb`hn` sae hn vamsnr ap. N` shd` ttbnhsdib`kjk hhnljkbnh j hn u`kn

stdhjnr iarnmaeenr j su`hn ak `dturljkn onstd`hn, en` iàen`nt vjl jmmn vrn uhornht j hntjlilhn, bvar onstd`hn`n nr prnssnhn ak rnmruttnrj`kn` nr hrljk. ^`hnr shd``n iarbalh md`

prhdtja`n` p hn se j`hjvjhnr vrn kd`smn dlvarljk iar bnln onstd`hn`. N` rmmn u`hnrsknlsnr

tyhnr p, dt hnr nr ilnrn di varn onstd`hn di ijsm, hnr nr j n` sjtudtja`, bvar rnmruttnrj`kn` nr mrjtjsm

rj`kn, ak hnriar md` prhdtja` di hn u`kn j`hjvjhnr i star ontyh`j`k iar hnt d`tdl di ijsm, hnr

avnrlnvnr ak oljvnr kyhneah`n. J t di hn stuhjnr, hnr nr olnvnt kn``neirt j Hdèdrm, id`ht ed`, dt

hnr j ?66?-?668 vdr n` ldv ttbnh di starn smruoonr j _j`kmoj`k Igarh, en` rnmruttnrj`kn` ird

@arhsn` di se `yn smruoonr vdr stdhjk rjenljk kah (Ornkòdlln e.il., ?662). ^`hnrsknlsn` vjstn,dt n` n`mnlt smdrv spjstn ap tjl 38 se smruoonr (2-49 ce) pr. hdk, ak hnt olnv nstjenrnt, dt hnr j dlt

olnv spjst 4,8 ejllja`nr smruoonr j pnrjahn` dprjl-dukust ?663ak s kaht sae dlln ermnhn

sesmruoonr olnv spjst p mart tjh (Sa``nsn`, ?66;= Gnpsn` e.il., ?646). J n` shd` sjtudtja` vjl

smdrvnr`ns prhdtja` onvjrmn, dt mu` i starn smruoonr oljvnr tjlk`knljkn iar hnt ijsmnrj, hnr ij`hnr

stnh j hn ilkn`hn r. S j nt shd`t tjlilhn vjl hnt vrn iarmnrt, dt sjkn dt smdrvnr`n jmmn

ma`murrnrnr enh ijsmnrjnt olat iarhj smdrvnr`n spjsnr se smruoonr. Bnlt tjlodkn j 4:96nr`n uhirtn

Nlsa` (4:9?) nt ld`kvdrjkt (4> r) iarsk bvar ed` iarsktn dt balhn ijsmnspjsn`hn iukln (jsrsmdllnsluknrn) vm ird nt cd`dhjsm vd`hlo. J nlvn` ntdolnrnhns n` sealt-ilhn, ak ed` mu``n

slnhns eln niinmtn` di ej`hsmnt prhdtja` j iarbalh tjl d`tdllnt di uhvd`hrn`hn sealt. Bnr vdr hnr

n` tyhnljk sdeen`b`k enllne j`hsdtsn` iar dt smyhn/smreen iukln`n ak d`tdllnt di sealt, hnr

iarlah vd`hlont ak hnrenh d`tdllnt di ldms, hnr mae tjlodkn. Hnttn vdr nt kru`hjkt stuhjn, hnr strdmtn

sjk avnr ilnrn r, ak rnsultdtnr`n vjstn tyhnljkt, dt bvjs iuklnprhdtja`n` olnv ej`jenrnt, olnv

ldmsnonstd`hn` ilnrhaolnt.

42


20/81


21/81

Ijkur 4. ^hvjmlj`kn` j strrnlsn ak d`tdl di ijsm (Sta`nrallnrs ak Sbj`nrs) j vd`hlosstrm`j`knr enh ak uhn` prhdtja`j 96 hdkn. Bvnr strm`j`k vdr 96 entnr ld`k ak hnr olnv ldkt `nt avnr iar dt rnhucnrn iukln`ns dhkd`k. Strrnlsn`(vnrstn krdi) ak d`tdllnt (@nhnrst) di hn ta drtnr di ijsm kjm tyhnljkt ap, `r iukln`n olnv balht uhn. Ontnk`nlsnr`nNlnvdtnh ak Deojn`t str iar stnhnr enh iaronhrnhn iarbalh iar iukln ak stnhnr uhn` pvjrm`j`k, en`s _nhucnh nrstnhnr bvar hnr nr ldkt `nt avnr strm`j`kn` (Stnj`entz e.il., ?663).

J hnt ilkn`hn j`hhrdkns rnsultdtnr ird n` rmmn u`hnrsknlsnr iarntdknt j`hn` iar hn sn`nstn ?6 r,hnrjold`ht rnsultdtnr ird shd``n dikr`snhn stuhjnr, sae p ilnrn ehnr md` onlysn hn niinmtnr sae

iuklnprhdtja` md` bdvn p lamdln ijsmnonstd`hn.

?6


22/81

Ijsmnbngrn(Drhnd cj`nrnd)

Onstd`h 9.666 - ;.666 y`klnpdr j Hd`edrm. Sdelnt patn`tjnl ijsmnma`sueptja` pr. r nr apkgart tjl

cd. 43>6 ta`s.

Ijsmnbngrnr enh l ak enh star suhnr. Iata7 Mnlh Smyttn Vntnrsn`

Ijsmnbngrn` nr uhornht avnr bnln ld`hnt (Ijk. ?), ak jilkn hn` sn`nstn apkrnlsn ij`hns hnr cd.466

mala`jnr j Hd`edrm. Ijsmnbngrn` ij`hnr bavnhsdkljkt sj` ihn ld`ks vd`hlo ak snr, bvar hn` aitn

sns st ak lurn p iarojpdssnrn`hn ijsm. Hn` nr aks n` byppjk kst p hdeoruk. Ijsmnbngrnr y`klnr j

mala`jnr, bvar rnhnr`n dltjh nr pldcnrnt j trnr.

Ijkur ?. Aosnrvdtja`nr di ijsmnbngrn. (bttp7//www.iuklnak`dtur.hm/drtsonsmrjvnlsn.dsp1DrtsJH52>)

?4
http://www.fugleognatur.dk/vispaakort.aspx?artid=85


23/81


24/81

Knjknr (4:28) smrjvnr7 J vd`hlo olnv 9,3 % di rrnhnr`n tdknt di ijsmnbngrnr. Bngrnr`n tak hak

enst ijsm p u`hnr ?6 ce ak di hjssn vdr hnr dlljknvnl :2 % hnr vjlln iarsvj`hn ir hn `nhn id`kst-

strrnlsn. Hjssn rnsultdtnr tyhnr p, dt prhdtja` ird ijsmnbngrn jmmn bdr vsn`tljk ontyh`j`k. Bnr

krns hn` ingldktjkn slut`j`k, dt se ijsm jmmn nr vjktjkn, ak hnr sns yhnrenrn oart ird

sealtprahumtja`n`= hn :2 % rrnhnr, hnr iarsvj`hnr, md` ga aks vrn vd`hrnt eah bdvnt.

J sj` pb.h.-dibd`hlj`k onsmrnv Oanl (?64?) rnsultdtnr`n ird n` kru`hjk u`hnrsknlsn di smdrv ak

bngrn-prhdtja` j Bdlh s vnh Yjoark, bvar ohn VJX-erm`j`k ak tnlnentrj olnv orukt tjl dt

nstjenrn iukln`ns prhdtja` p rrnh j tjllo ak rrnhsealt j sn`.

Ijsmnbngrn j tjllo tjl Bdlh S. Iata7 Grkn` S. Ejmmnlsn`

?3


25/81

Ijsmnbngrnr ak smdrv vnh uhlont di Hallnrup Om j Bdlh S. Iata7 Grkn` S. Ejmmnlsn`

Hnr olnv j Bdlh S iu`hnt prhdtja`srdtnr p VJX-ermnhn vjlhn rrnhnr j vd`hlo p ;,2 % ak j

sn` p 49,? % ird ijsmnbngrn (Oanl, ?64?). Ynh rdhjaerm`j`k di rrnhsealt, ijm ed` hnrjeah nt

hjrnmtn nstjedt ak nitnr 4 e`nh vdr 3> % di hn rdhjaermnhn rrnhnr spjst di bngrnr vnh Bdlh S,

84 % di smdrv ak 9 % bdvhn iarldht sn`, s mu` 42 % vdr tjlodkn j sn` nitnr mu` 9 uknr. V

odkkru`h di rnsultdtnr ird ? rs u`hnrsknlsnr ma`mluhnrnhn Oanl (?64?), dt prhdtja` ird

ijsmnbngrnr ak smdrv j vd`hlont, en` jsr j sn`, vdr nt start praolne iar onstd`hn` di s-rrnh jBdlh S ak sd`hsy`ljkvjs hn` vjktjkstn onstd`hs-rnkulnrn`hn idmtar.

Jepld`tnrj`k di rdhjasn`hnr j rrnhsealt ird rbus . Iata7 Mdspnr _dseussn`

?8


26/81

J ?668 olnv 462 rrnhsealt (vjlhn) ird rbus , Ly`koykrhs ak Bdhstn` Ljlln uhstyrnhn enh

rdhjasn`hnrn ak hnrns irh kn``ne rslnv N`ks (YEV JJ-vhaerhn) ak Ordord`h S olnv iulkt

(_dseussn`, ?66>). Bnr olnv j dlt 86 di hjssn (3; %) spjst di knhhnr ak 3; (38 %) ht di iukln. J dlt

44 sn`hnrn olnv iu`hnt u`hnr n` bngrnmala`j, enhn`s n` d`hn` sn`hnr olnv iu`hnt vnh nt tjlilhn j

smdrvmala`j j Barsn`s Igarh. Hnttn vjsnr, dt ijsmnbngrnr, spncjnlt j rslnv N`ks, hnr bdr nt ld`kt,

ldvvd`hnt j`hlo, md` uhkrn n` ontyhnljk rjsjma iar vd`hrn`hn sealt, hnr smdl pdssnrn snr. J dlt vdr

hhnljkbnhn` j hn ta snr p ;2 %.

Manh e.il. (?66?) u`hnrsktn rdhjaermnhn ldmsn-sealt (aphrttnhn) j Kuhn`n` ak bvarhd` hn

mldrnhn sjk `r hn olnv uhsdt ljkn `nhn`iar Kuhn`cn`trdln` (Xd`knvrmnt). Hn ilnstn sealt olnv

ht di sd`hdrt, en` bnln ; uh di ?; (?9 %) rdhjasn`hnrn olnv iu`hnt j n` bngrnmala`j enh cd. ?>

rnhnr nt pdr me ird uhst`j`ksstnhnt. _nsultdtnt vjsnr, dt bngrnr md` id`kn sealt hjrnmtn j snlv ntstrrn vd`hlo. Hnttn olnv yhnrljknrn vjst j n` u`hnrsknlsn ird ?669, bvar >:2 rrnhsealt olnv VJX-

ermnt ak uhsdt j nt ljlln tjllo tjl n` s j Ma`kn-systnent (Ddrnstrup, upuoljcnrnt u`hnrsknlsn).

Iarelnt vdr dt jhn`tjijcnrn iarsmnlln j vd`hrj`k enllne trn stdeenr di rrnh, en` hd hnr mu` mae

enknt i ermnhn ijsm iaroj d`tn``n`, hnr stah vnh j`hlont tjl sn`, olnv hnr jmmn `aknt tyhnljkt

rnsultdt. Hd ed` ilnrn r sn`nrn scd``nhn u`hnr n` ijsmnbngrnmala`j (cd. ?> rnhnr), vdr hnr 3:6 VJX-

ermnr. Ed`kn vdr ird ermnhn s-ijsm, en` 48: vdr ird rrnhnr`n ird ?669. Dlts bdvhn

ijsmnbngrnr`n ej`hst spjst ?> % di hn ermnhn rrnhnr j ommn`, j`hn` hn `nhn irne tjl sn`. JLjvnr aosnrvnrnhns smdhnr p 4/3 di hn strrn omrrnhnr (36-3> ce), hnr sd`hsy`ljkvjs

stdeenhn ird bngrnojh p n` ldvvd`hnt strm`j`k. Sdetjhjk vdr hnr jmmn aosnrvdtja`nr di smdhnr j

hn hyonrn pdrtjnr l`knrn `nhstres (S. Vnhnrsn`, upuoljcnrnhn hdtd).

Hnr nr slnhns enknt hnr tyhnr p, dt bngrnr lamdlt md` onkr`sn onstd`hn` di rrnh j se vd`hlo

ak jsr rnhucnrn d`tdllnt di sealt ak hnrenh bdvrrnh.

?>


27/81

Ijsmnbngrn enh knhhn. Iata7 _jcbdrh Jpsn`

Sae hnt irnekr di ojllnhnt bnravnr, md` ijsmnbngrnr aks tdkn knhhnr. J n` u`hnrsknlsn di

ijsmnonstd`hn` j hn` hn`kd`k mu` ?-3 r kdeln Bnstbale S (Smgnr` ), id`ht Idlcm-_dseussn`

(?66>), dt n` enknt star d`hnl di hn se knhhnr odr ermnr ird bngrn`o. J hn` `yhd``nhn s vdr

hnr star ttbnh di se (6+ ak 4+) knhhnr ak hnr olnv rnkjstrnrnt ed`kn ijsmnbngrnr (ap tjl >66) j

Smgnr` N`kn j sn`saeenrn` ?666 (Ornk`odlln e.il., ?66>). Avnr ?666 seknhhnr olnv id`knt ak

ermnt. Hnt vjstn sjk, dt ap tjl ?6 % di knhhnr`n bdvhn ermnr nitnr bngrn-bdm, ak j hn` kruppn, hnrbdvhn hn` hrljkstn vmst, bdvhn dlln (466 %) ermnr nitnr bdm. Hnttn olnv uhldkt sae n` j`hjrnmtn

`nkdtjv niinmt di prhdtja`n`, `neljk dt hn ijsm, hnr jmmn olnv ht, en` olat smdhnt vamsnhn

hrljknrn, ak iaren`tljk olnv hnrns cbd`cnr iar dt avnrlnvn tjl vamsn`dlhnrn` hnrenh aks rnhucnrnt

(Idlcm-_dseussn`, ?66>).

Avnrarh`nt nr hnt varns vurhnrj`k, dt snlvae hnr nr ed`kn ijsmnbngrnr j HM, nr hnrns kn`nrnlln

j`hilyhnlsn p ijsmnonstd`hn`n rnldtjvt onkr`snt j iarbalh tjl smdrv.

?9


28/81

?;

VJXermn(?3ee)mldrtjljepld`tnrj`kjn`smdlln.Iata7Cbrjstjd`Smav

Idmtdoams.Onrnk`j`k di prhdtja` ird iu`h di VJX-ermnr

Nt VJX-ermn nr n` ljlln cbjp sae sttns j`h j oukbuln` nllnr, p strrn ijsm, u`hnr buhn` j rykkn`. Bvnr

cbjp bdr n` u`jm mahn, hnr md` dilsns enh n` scd``nr ak rnkjstrnrns vnh pdssdkn di spncjnlln VJX-stdtja`nr

j vd`hlo. Oljvnr n` ermnt ijsm spjst di n` iukl vjl ermnt nitnr mart tjh n`hn j kylp nllnr diirj`k. Bnrnitnr

md` ermnr`n enh n` vjs sd`hsy`ljkbnh ij`hns p garhn` enh n` trd`spartdonl garh-scd``nr, hnr bdr

rmmnvjhhn p 86-;6 ce. @r ed` ij`hnr VJX-ermnr j mala`jnr nllnr p rdstnpldhsnr ak p odkkru`h di

hnttn smdl vurhnrn, bvar star n` hnl di hn ermnhn ijsm, hnr idmtjsm oljvnr spjst, e ed` avnrvngn bvar

niinmtjv snlvn scd``j`kn` nr, ak bvar star n` hnl di hn spjstn ermnr hnr n`hnr, hnr bvar hnr scd``ns. Hnriar

nr hn hjrnmtn tdl iar iu`hnt di ermnr (ej`jeuesnstjedtnr`n) odsnrnt p rnkjstrnrj`knr`n j mala`jnr`n ak p

rdstnpldhsnr`n (typjsm trnr, bvar smdrvnr`n avnr`dttnr, en` jmmn y`klnr). Oanl (?64?) u`hnrsktn snlvn

niinmtjvjtntn` di scd``j`kn` ak id`ht hn` tjl dt vrn ;2 % j smdrvmala`jn` vnh Bdlh S ak 3> % j

ijsmnbngrnmala`jn`. Sdetjhjk olnv hnr aks rdhjaermnt rrnhnr j tjllont tjl Bdlh S, ak bnr md` ed` orukn

hnt hjrnmtn tdl ird hn rdhjaermnhn ijsm tjl dt vurhnrn bvar ed`kn di hn idmtjsm spjstn VJX-ermnr ed`

ij`hnr. Iar ijsm, spjst di smdrv, rnkjstrnrnhns 86 % j Bdlh S mala`jn` ak iar ijsm spjst di bngrn, nr tdllnt

`aknt ldvnrn, hd niinmtjvjtntn` bnr ga vdr ldvnrn. Hnt nr vurhnrnt, dt smdrvmala`jn` vnh Bdlh S `am nr nt di

hn stnhnr, bvar hnt nr lnttnst dt ij`hn VJX-ermnr, ak hnriar nr hn ;2 % iaren`tljk j hn` bgnstn n`hn di

niinmtjvjtntn`. Hnt vjl sjkn, dt bvjs ed` ij`hnr nt d`tdl VJX-ermnr j n` mala`j/rdstnpldhs, md` ed` krait

sdkt hjvjhnrn tdllnt enh 6,8 iar dt i nt rnnlt ouh p bvar ed`kn VJX-ermnhn ijsm, hnr nr olnvnt spjst di

iukln ird hn``n lamdljtnt.


29/81

Bngrnprhdtja` p d`hrn ijsm

Inu`tnu` & Edrja` (4::8) u`hnrsktn ijsmnbngrnr j nt start edrsm-aerhn j Ird`mrjk ak hn id`ht, dt

bngrnr`n enst spjstn l ak edllnr, hnr aks haej`nrnhn ijsmnonstd`hn`. Bngrnr`n spjstn cd. 9 % di

hn` tjlk`knljkn ijsmnojaedssn j aerhnt.

N` hd`sm u`hnrsknlsn, bvar ijsm vdr olnvnt ermnt enh VJX-ermnr, kdv nt j`holjm j bvar enknt

ijsmnbngrn` spjsnr di inrsmvd`hsijsm (Xdonl ?). _nsultdtnr`n nr ird Skrh S `r Ydehrup, bvar

HX^ Dqud j n` rrmmn bdr ermnt ijsm enh VJX-ermnr iar dt u`hnrskn ijsmn`ns vd`hrj`knr j`h

ak uh di sn`. J ?646 ak ?64? olnv n` `rljkkn`hn bngrnmala`j onstn`hn di cd. ?> rnhnr (3 me ird

sn`) smd``nt iar VJX-ermnr. _nsultdtnr`n pnknr p, dt hnr md` vrn iarsmnl enllne drtnr j

srodrbnhn` avnriar ijsmnbngrn prhdtja`. Slnhns olnv hnr j kn``nes`jt avnr hn 2 r spjst ?,9 % di

hn ermnhn smdllnr, 3,4 % ordsn`, 3,: % iljrn, >,9 % ruhsmdllnr sdet 2 % doarrn. Snt uh ird hnttn

onkr`snhn hdtdst nr doarrn` tjlsy`nldhn`hn n` di hn ijsmndrtnr sae nr srljkt uhsdt iar

iuklnprhdtja` (sn dis`jt ae smdrvprhdtja` j snr). Hnr olnv mu` ermnt tjlstrmmnljkt enh

seknhhnr j nt n`mnlt r, ak bnr olnv 3,? % di hn ermnhn ijsm spjst. Odsnrnt p hn``n u`hnrsknlsn,

sae onkr`snr sjk tjl n` n`mnlt bngrnmala`j ird n` n`mnlt lamdljtnt (Skrh S), nr hnt HX^ Dquds

onhstn vurhnrj`k, dt ijsmnbngrn j vjssn tjlilhn md` bdvn n` vjs j`hilyhnlsn p ijsmnonstd`hn di jsr

doarrnr, en` sae aitnst vjl ijsmnbngrn`s pvjrm`j`k vrn enrn onkr`snt n`h i.nms. smdrv (Xdonl 9).

Sae hnt nr onsmrnvnt (Idmtdoams) avn`iar nr rnsultdtnr uhlnht ird VJX-erm`j`ksiarsk

iareahn`tljk u`hnrnstjenrnt, bvariar hn kjv`n tdl nr ej`jeuesvrhjnr. Hnt nr j hn` iaroj`hnlsn

ol.d. usjmmnrt, ae hnr aemrj`k Skrh S nr d`hrn ijsmnbngrnmala`jnr. Hnt vjl hnriar vrn rnlnvd`t,

dt hnr j maeen`hn r sttns yhnrljk iamus p ijsmnbngrn`s prhdtja` p ijsm j snr ak vd`hlo.

?2


30/81


31/81

Ijkur 3. _nsultdtnr ird u`hnrsknlsn di sealtvd`hrj`k kn``ne Xd`kn S j 4::9. Ird Gnpsn` e.il. (4::2).

Edrtjàlj e.il. (?66>) u`hnrsktn prhdtja`n` ird ldppnhymmnrn p onstd`hn` di lgn (Dlourùs

dlourùs) j Caea sn` j Jtdljn` kn``ne ta vj`trn. Hn id`ht, dt lgn uhkgarhn 26 % di ihn`, ak dt hnt

bavnhsdkljkt vdr hn ej`hrn lgnr, hnr olnv spjst. Hn` sdelnhn prhdtja` p lgn olnv nstjenrnt tjl

9>6-4666 mk, bvjlmnt svdrnhn tjl 46-?6 % di hn lamdln ijsmnrns rljkn id`kstnr j Caea sn`. Hnt olnv

uh ird hnttn ma`mluhnrnt, dt ldppnhymmnr`n àm bdvhn n` vjs ontyh`j`k iar onstd`hn` di lgn, en`

jmmn uhkgarhn àkn` maàejsm trussnl eah ijsmnrjnt.

Xappnt ldppnhymmnr enh doarrn. Iata7 Xarmjlh Mrjstn`sn`

^mn`ht?:%

Vdssnrnhn;%

Knhhn3;%

Iukln?4%

J ljvn9%

Smo`n iar rdhjaermnhn sealt j Xd`kn S.@ 5 ;3

36
http://www.fugleognatur.dk/gallery_showlarge.asp?ID=97997


32/81

Smdrv(Vbdldcracardx cdroa sj`n`sjs)

Onstd`h7 ?>.666 3>.666 y`klnpdr j HM. Sdelnt patn`tjnlln ijsmnma`sueptja` pr. r7 :4?> ta`s.

^hornhnlsn ak onstd`hsstrrnlsnSmdrvn` nr ù sd`hsy`ljkvjs enrn byppjk ak enrn uhornht j Nurapd n`h p àknt d`hnt tjhspu`mt j

bjstarjsm tjh. Hn` uvrn`hn onstd`hsuhvjmlj`k j Nurapd md` ontrdktns sae "stdojljsnrn`hn"

(Ornkòdlln e.il., ?648). Nitnr n` rrmmn enh onstd`hsvmst j ld`hn`n aemrj`k stnrsn`, nr

vmstn` bnr ù apbrt, j hnt ej`hstn j`h tjl vjhnrn (Ornkòdlln e.il., ?648). J Hdèdrm nr

y`klnd`tdllnt idlhnt ird aemrj`k 3:.666 y`klnpdr j 4::3-?669 tjl ?8.966 pdr j ?643 (Ornkòdlln

e.il., ?643). J àkln di ld`hn`n l`knrn eah syh j Nurapd, ssae Ird`mrjk, Spd`jn` ak Jtdljn`,

vamsnr y`klnonstd`hn` iartsdt, en` bnr nr y`klnd`tdllnt vsn`tljkt ej`hrn n`h j hnt àrhljkn Nurapd

(Ornkòdlln e.il., ?648). J Hdèdrm vdrjnrnr d`tdllnt di smdrvnr avnr rnt. Hnt vurhnrns, dt ilnst

smdrvnr nr tjl stnhn j Hdèdrm j dukust-snptneonr (Ornkòdlln, ?66:). Iar rnt ?669 olnv hnt

nstjenrnt, dt hnr p hnttn tjhspu`mt di rnt vdr aemrj`k ?66.666 smdrvnr, ak dt hnttn d`tdl idlht tjl cd.

36.666 iukln ae vj`tnrn`. Hjssn d`tdl ontyhnr, dt Hdèdrm nr nt di hn ld`hn j Nurapn, bvar ttbnhn`

di smdrvnr nr strst. J oakn` Smdrvn` (Ornkòdlln, ?66:) kjvns n` onsmrjvnlsn di smdrvn`s ojalakj,

bjstarjn, uhornhnlsn ak iarvdlt`j`k.

Smdrvn` nr old`ht hn enst niinmtjvn ijsmngknrn. J n` u`hnrsknlsn id`ht ed`, dt hn` kn``nes`jtljkn

oyttn-id`kst svdrnhn tjl :-4> k/ejùt ae saeenrn` ak 96 k/ejùt ae vj`tnrn` (Cncb e.il., ?662).

Hnttn nr n`hak enknt bgt sdeen`ljk`nt enh hn vrjkn ijsmnspjsn`hn iukln. Hnt ontyhnr, dt bvjs hnr

nr oyttn tjlk`knljkt, md` smdrvnr p enllne 2 ak 8> ejùttnr id`kn hnrns hdksrdtja` p 866-966 k.

Smdrvnr bdr vjst sjk dt vrn enknt tjlpds`j`kshyktjkn ak md` iaurdknrn j enknt iarsmnlljkn bdojtdtnr.

Smdrvnr md` ijsmn j on`t vd`h ld`ks mystn` ak hymmn ap tjl 36 entnr `nh nitnr oyttn, en` hn` md`

aks k p ldvvd`hnhn stryk j vd`hlo ak plummn ijsm ap enllne stn`n`n. Hn` md` ijsmn j starn

ilammn, se kruppnr nllnr dln`n. Smdrv ijsmnr niinmtjvt j streen`hn svnl sae stjllnstn`hn mldrtvd`h, en` md` aks id`kn ijsm j enknt umldrn snr, bvar sjkthyohn` nr `nhn p 36-86 ce (Krnejllnt

e.il., ?64?). Smdrvnr spjsnr knr`n se ijsm sae mutlj`knr ak smruoon-y`knl, en` md` aks id`kn ak

slukn onermnlsnsvrhjkt starn oyttnne`nr. Bvjs ed` knr`n vjl vjhn enrn ae smdrvnr ak bnln

maìljmtn` p hnt nurapjsmn `jvndu, md` vjhn` bn`tns p N^ Maeejssja`n`s bgneensjhn, hnr

kjvnr svdr p n` rmmn sprksel7

(bttp7//nc.nurapd.nu/n`vjraèn`t/`dturn/careard`ts/baenQn`.bte)

34
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/cormorants/home_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/cormorants/home_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/cormorants/home_en.htm


33/81

Sae hnt sns p Ijkur 8 stnk d`tdllnt di y`kln`hn (rnhn-oykkn`hn) smdrv j Hdèdrm valhsaet ird

4:26 tjl 4::?. V odrn 4? r knhns onstd`hn` ird u`hnr tusj`h pdr tjl 86.666, n` enknt mrditjk ak

burtjk onstd`hstjlvmst.

Smdrvnr`ns prhdtja` j vd`hlo bdr kjvnt d`lnh`j`k tjl valhsaeen maìljmtnr j ed`kn Nurapjsmn

ld`hn. Xrahs n` onsmnhn` smdrvonstd`h bdr hnt j N`kld`h vrnt irneirt, dt smdrvprhdtja` smulln

vrn n` bavnhrsdk tjl, dt ed`kn enllnestarn ilahnr ù nr `stn` ijsmntaeen, ak dt ?/3 di hn

orjtjsmn ilahnr hnriar jmmn lnvnr ap tjl Yd`hrdeenhjrnmtjvnts mrdv ae kah malakjsm tjlstd`h

(D`klj`k Xrust, ?643).

Ijkur 8.^hvjmlj`kn` j d`tdl smdrvrnhnr (ol murvn) j Hdèdrm 4:;9-?643. Hdtd ird X. Ornkòdlln, HCN, Ddrbus^`jvnrsjtnt.

Maìljmtnr enh ijsmnrj j HdèdrmJ 4:26nr`n, bvar smdrvonstd`hn` j Hdèdrm olnv iarhaolnt bvnrt ignrhn r, vdr hnr jsr iamus p

smdhnr, smdrvnr`n pirtn ou`hkdr`sijsmnrjnt. Ijsmnr`n aplnvnhn, dt hnrns id`kst olnv ht ak smdhnt

di smdrvnr. Smdrvnrs prhdtja` di ijsm j ou`hkdr` olnv u`hnrskt ak onsmrnvnt ol.d. di Hjnpnrj`m

(4::3) ak Ojlhsn & Gn`sn` (4::;). Hn onmritnhn ijsmnr`ns nridrj`knr enh, dt smdrvnr md` uhkrn

nt start praolne iar ou`hkdr`sijsmnrn. J iarbalh tjl inrsmvd`hsijsm bdr smdrvnr`ns prhdtja` j

ou`hkdr` aks bdit n` niinmt, jhnt sealt ird rrnh ak ldms sdet u`hnrels-rrnhnr, hnr kr j

ou`hkdr` aks prhnrns di smdrvnr, ak hn md` slnhns jmmn knùhsttns, sae hnt nllnrs nr prdmsjs.

N` rmmn iarsk bdr vrnt uhirt, bvar ed` bdr iarskt dt onsmyttn ijsmn`n j ou`hkdr`n`n vnh dt

avnrhmmn kdr`n`n enh nt ak kn``neirn smreeniard`stdlt`j`knr. Snlvae hnttn tjlsy`nldhn`hn

3?


34/81

md` bdvn n` vjs pasjtjv niinmt nr hnt aks nridrnt, dt hnt snlv enh shd``n tjltdk aitn nr vd`smnljkt dt

balhn smdrvnr`n vm ird ijsmn`n j ou`hkdr`n`n. N` hnl ijsmnrn bdr iarskt dt rnhucnrn hnrns tdo tjl

smdrvnr`n vnh dt iarskn dt rktn kdr`n`n enknt tjhljkt ae earkn`n`. Smdrv-praolnenr`n bdr

iaren`tljk vrnt enhvjrmn`hn tjl hn` starn tjlodknkd`k j ou`hkdr`sijsmnrjnt sae nrbvnrv avnr hn

sn`nstn ?> r. J 4::8 vdr hnr stdhjk cd. 3>6 dmtjvn ou`hkdr`sijsmnrn tjlodkn (Manh & Vnhnrsn`,

4::9), ak hnt sm``ns, dt hnr j ?643 mu` vdr cd. 26 iulhtjhs-ou`hkdr`sijsmnrn tjlodkn j Hdèdrm

(Hdèdrms Ijsmnrjiarn`j`k). Hn` kn`nrnlln tjlodknkd`k iar ln-onstd`hn` d`kjvns hak sae

bavnhrsdkn` tjl `nhkd`kn` j ou`hkdr`sijsmnrn (Hdèdrms Ijsmnrjiarn`j`k, 4::2).

Smdrvnr maeenr aitn tjl dt smdhn hn ijsm, sae hn id`knr, en` sae sljppnr ird hne, ak hnrvnh md`

smdrvnr`n krn smdhn uhavnr olat vnh dt ignr`n ijsmn`n. Hnr ij`hns jmmn àkn` u`hnrsknlsnr di

aeid`knt di hnttn praolne, dlts bvar ed`kn ijsm, hnr smdhns iar bvnr hnr oljvnr ht. J ou`hkdr` nrhnr hamuen`tnrnt, dt ap tjl n` trnhgnhnl di hn ijsm, sae ou`hkdr`sijsmnrn` tdknr enh bgne ird

ou`hkdr`nt md` bdvn ojhsmdhnr (_NHCDIN, ?669). Nt d`hnt iàen`, m`yttnt tjl smdrvprhdtja`n`

nr smdlht mlnpta-pdrdsjtjsen, bvar smdrvn` id`knr ijsm, sae d`hrn bnrnitnr iukln stglnr ak hnr.

Hnr ij`hns jmmn hamuen`tdtja` di aeid`knt, en` hnt md` vrn nt enknt uhornht iàen`. @r ed`

onrnk`nr n` kn``nes`jtsmdrvs pvjrm`j`k di ijsm, nr hnt hnriar jmmn olat hn >66 k ijsm, hnr hns

hdkljkt, en` aks hn, hnr smdhns ak hn hnr stglns di d`hrn iukln, hnr ourhn j`hk bvjs ed` vjl

onrnk`n hnt rnnlln aeid`k.

Nmsnepnl p mlnpta-pdrdsjtjsen= N` svdrtodk iarsknr dt stgln n` tarsm ird n` smdrv. Iata7 Grkn` [jtvnh

33


35/81

Smdrvprhdtja` j mystaerhnr

Sae `v`t j j`hlnh`j`kn`, iamusnrnr hn``n rdppart p inrsmvd`hsijsm ak prhdtja`n` p hjssn. Hak

nr hnr aitn tdln ae n` kljhn`hn avnrkd`k iarhj ed`kn ijsmndrtnr apbalhnr sjk ohn j inrsmvd`h ak p

mystn`. Hnriar nr hnr bnru`hnr n` mart kn``nekd`k di rnsultdtnr ird stuhjnr di smdrvprhdtja` j

mystaerhnr.

N` u`hnrsknlsn j n` ej`hrn hnl di stnrsn` (@jnlsn` e.il., 4:::) apkgarhn hn` sdelnhn prhdtja`

di tarsm ird smdrv tjl dt uhkrn ?-8 % di hn sdelnhn id`kstnr ak hnrenh tjl jmmn dt bdvn vsn`tljk

ontyh`j`k iar onstd`hn`. Hnr nr hak nmsneplnr ird ljttnrdturn` p, dt smdrvnr bdr kgart àknt strrn

j`hbuk (ap tjl ?6 %) p tarsmn` j myst`rn aerhnr. J Ljeigarhn` bdr smdrv aks vrnt ejst`mt iar

dt vrn rsdk tjl hn enknt hrljkn ijsmnonstd`hn. Onrnk`j`knr iar Ljeigarhn` vjsnr, dt hnt nr rjenljkt

dt d`tdkn, dt smdrvn` bdr bdit j`hilyhnlsn p àkln di ijsmnonstd`hn`n (Baiied``, ?666). Iar@jssue Ornh j`k nstjenrnhns hnt, dt smdrvnr`n iartrnhn 49 ta`s se rhspttnr, svdrn`hn tjl ilnrn

ejllja`nr j`hjvjhnr (Baiied`` e.il., ?66?).

Ljknlnhns u`hnrsktn @jnlsn` e.il. (?662) ae ed` mu``n hamuen`tnrn n` niinmt di smdrvnr`ns

prhdtja` j `rbnhn` di n` mala`j (Xaitn S) p onstd`hn` di ildhijsm. Enh hn usjmmnrbnhnr, hnr nr

aemrj`k d`tdllnt di smdrvnr, hnr iaurdknrnr j aerhnt ak strrnlsn` di ijsmnonstd`hn`, nr hnt svrt dt

vjsn n` stdtjstjsm sdeen`b`k, en` iaridttnr`n ma`mluhnrnhn7 .. dt smdrvnr`ns iartrj`k di

smruoonr pvjrmnhn avnrlnvnlsn` di 4-rs smruoonr, jsr j r, bvar hnr jmmn vdr n` star onstd`h. Ynhoruk di hn d`hrn entahnr id`ht vj, dt ttbnhn` di 6- + J-kruppn smruoonr, vdr ldvnrn j aerhnr`n

onljkkn`hn j`hn` iar ?6 me ird mala`jn` n`h j aerhnr`n onljkkn`hn cd. 36 me ird mala`jn`.

Hnsuhn` onrnk`nhn vj, dt hn` d`hnl di sesmruoonr, sae smdrvnr`n iartrnhn l enllne 9 % ak ?6

% j attn di rn`n, enllne ?6 % ak >6 % j syv r, ak enllne ;4 % ak 2? % j trn r. Hjssn nstjedtnr

nr jmmn prcjsn, en` d`tyhnr, dt smdrvnr`n jsr j àkln r md` bdvn bdit n` vsn`tljk j`hilyhnlsn p

sesmruoonr`ns avnrlnvnlsn.

J n` d`hn` u`hnrsknlsn olnv smdrvprhdtja`n` p se smruoonr (6- ak 4- kruppn) j _j`kmoj`kIgarh nstjenrnt vnh bglp di smdlhtn cw-ermnr (Gnpsn` e.il., ?646= Sa``nsn`, ?66;).

38


36/81

C[-ermnr ak j`hsdelnt kylp ird _j`kmoj`k Igarh. @nhnrst C[-ermns n` ljlln smruoon. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`

Hjssn nr se (cd 4,4 ee) stymmnr edk`ntjsm entdltrh, hnr j`hsttns j ijsmn`s eusmuldtur ak sae

md` knìj`hns vnh bglp di n` scd``nr. Ed` md` enh hn``n entahn ermn nt start d`tdl se ijsm ak

bvjs hjssn oljvnr spjst di n` smdrv md` ed` ij`hn ermnt j kylpnt ak vnh dt u`hnrskn hnt u`hnr lup,

dilsn mahn` ak hnrenh vjhn bvjlmn ijsm, ermnt stdeenr ird. Hnt vjstn sjk bnr, dt `r ed`

onrnk`nhn d`hnln` di ermnhn se-smruoonr hnr olnv spjst di smdrvnr j ?668, `nhn ed` ap p 4:6

%. Hnttn md` snlvilknljk jmmn vrn marrnmt, en` hnt vjsnr àknt ae usjmmnrbnhn` p hjssn

onrnk`j`knr. Hnt vdr hak sjmmnrt, dt smdrvnr`n j lont di enknt mart tjh mu``n spjsn n` enknt star hnl

di hn se smruoonr. Slnhns vjstn onrnk`j`knr uh ird iu`h di rnstn` j smdrvkylp ird mala`jn` j

_j`kmoj`k Igarh, dt hnr j ?663 j dlt olnv spjst 4,8 ejllja`nr smruoonr enh n` kn``nes`jtsvkt p

olat 46 krde j pnrjahn` dprjl tjl dukust (Xdonl 3). Hjssn tdl nr srljkt pljhnljkn, iarhj hnr olnv

j`hsdelnt kylp ej`hst ukn`tljkt kn``ne hnt enstn di y`klnssa`n`, ak sdetjhjkt aks olnv aptdlt

iukln gv`ljkt (Ornkòdlln e.il., ?662).

3>


37/81

Xdonl 3. _nsultdtnt di d`dlysnr di kylp ird smdrvmala`j j _j`kmoj`k Igarh, ?663. Kylpn`n olnv j`hsdelnt kn``ne bnln

ssa`n` ak rnsultdtnr`n olnv onrnk`nt vnh dt sdeen`balhn iu`h`n rnstn` enh hnt aptdltn d`tdl smdrvnr j hn` dmtunlln

ukn.

Drt D`tdl x 4666Mutlj`k ;3;3

Smruoon 432?

Jsj`k :9>

Bvjllj`k >?6

Smdlln 89>

Barm 36:

_hspttn ?48

Senlt 4;2

Doar rn 44>

Xu`kn 98

Sjlh >2l 32

Ldms 33

Xarsm 33

Bnlt ?2

N` ljk`n`hn u`hnrsknlsn ird hn` balld`hsmn hnl di Ydhnbdvnt (Lnapalh e.il.,4::2) vjstn, dt ;3 %

di hnt tatdln d`tdl ijsm spjst di smdrv onstah di ildhijsm, hjssn uhkgarhn ;: % di hjtn`s vkt. Old`ht

ildhijsmn`n vdr 6. kruppn-ijsm (rnts y`knl) haej`nrn`hn ak smdrvn` spjstn bnr ?; ejllja`nr se

ildhijsm, bvjlmnt d`tdknljkt nr n` kd`smn ontyhnljk hnl di rnmruttnrj`kn`.

Ihnodsjs iar smdrvnr`nHnr bdr vrnt ilnrn j`hjmdtja`nr p, dt smdrvnr`n vjssn stnhnr ak j vjssn y`klnssa`nr bdr n`hak

enknt svrt vnh dt smdiin sjk tjlstrmmnljkt enh ihn. J n` rmmn u`hnrsknlsnr bnlt tjlodkn ird

4:26nr`n bdr Bdlh- Eartn`sn` (4::8, 4::>, ?66>), vurhnrnt smdrvnrs ihnvdlk ird n` rmmn hd`smn

mala`jnr p odkkru`h di d`dlysnr di rnstn` ird ijsm, iu`hnt j nt d`tdl j`hsdelnhn smdrvkylp.

Slnhns smrjvnr Bdlh-Eartn`sn` (?66>)7

J edtnrjdlntird ?664, ?66? ak ?663 vdr hnr j `akln kylp j`kn` ataljtbnr nllnr d`hrn rnstnr di ijsm,en` strrn e`khnr di rnstnr di rngnr. Byppjkbnhn` di kylp, bvarj hnr mu` vdr rngnr, vdr stjkn`hn j

hn trn r. Ak iu`hn`n tyhnr p, dt rngnr md` uhkrn smdrvn`s hdkljkn ihn j pnrjahnr, bvar mala`jn`s

ihnonbav nr start, ak bvar ijsmne`khn` nr rj`kn. _ngnr sae nkn`tljk ihn iar hd`smn smdrvnr olnv

jmmn nrmn`ht j 4::6-nr`n (Bdlh-Eartn`sn` 4::>). Hnr sy`ns bnllnr jmmn tjhljknrn ird uhld`hnt dt

iarnljkkn rnsultdtnr, hnr vjsnr, dt rngnr j pnrjahnr md` vrn hn` n`nstn hdkljkn ihn iar smdrvnr.

Ljknlnhns smrjvnr Sa``nsn` (?66;) ae smdrvnr`ns ihn j _j`kmoj`k Igarh7 En` nt nstjenrnt

ihnj`htdk p 86 krde ijsm, j dukust e`nh ?663, or kjvn d`lnh`j`k tjl sprkselnt7 bvarhd`

39


38/81

avnrlnvnr smdrvnr`n1 Bnr e iarmldrj`kn` vrn, dt idlhn`hn ijsmnstrrnlsn j ihnvdlknt, bdr

irnemdlht n` strrn rjsjma iar nrasja` di hn ma`suenrnhn ataljtbnr. Sdetjhjkt nr d`hnln` di taeen

kylp ld`kt bgnrn n`h j tjhljknrn u`hnrsknlsnr (Bdlh-Eartn`sn`, 4::>) ak irnmvn`sn` di kylp

uhnlummn`hn j`hnbalhn`hn rngnr nr aks avnrrdsmn`hn bgt.

Stdojljsnrj`k ak `nhkd`k j smdrvnr`ns d`tdl j ilnrn nk`n di ld`hnt md` iaren`tljk j ilnrn tjlilhn

tjlsmrjvns, dt smdrvnr`ns dhkd`k tjl ihn` bdr vjrmnt onkr`sn`hn iar yhnrljknrn vmst ak j `akln

tjlilhn bdr smdrvnr`ns d`tdl tjlsy`nldhn`hn avnrstnknt aerhnts ornmdpdcjtnt. Euljkvjs md` hn`

stjkn`hn iarnmaest di ihnskn`hn smdrvnr j hd`smn vd`hlo ak snr hnlvjst tjlsmrjvns, dt hn

tjlstnhnvrn`hn smdrvnr jmmn bdr mu``nt ij`hn tjlstrmmnljkt enh ihn j mystaerhnr`n, bvariar hn j

stjkn`hn krdh bdr apskt dltnr`dtjvn ihnsk`j`ksaerhnr. Nt d`hnt tnk` p, dt smdrvnr`ns dhkd`k tjl

ihn nr ditdknt j ilnrn hd`smn mystaerhnr, nr dt hn strstn mala`jnr nr knt ontyhnljkt tjlodkn, ak dtsmdrvnr`n bdr sprnht sjk uh j ilnrn mala`jnr, bvardi mu` i bdr vamsnt sjk starn.

Eahnllnr enh smdrvprhdtja`N` ehn dt iarskn dt onlysn niinmtn` di prhdtja`n` p nr dt d`vn`hn hy`dejsmn eahnllnr ak

onrnk`n bvar star n` hnl di bvnr n`mnlt drts prahumtja`, hnr oljvnr ht. N` uhornht eahnl tjl hn`

sldks u`hnrsknlsnr nr NCAVDXB, hnr olnv d`vn`ht tjl dt vurhnrn slnr ak smdrvnrs pvjrm`j`k p

ijsmn`n j Ljeigarhn` (Smavn`, ?669). Bd` smrjvnr ol.d.7 . onermnlsnsvrhjkt dt NN-vrhjnr`n,

tjl trahs iar hn tjltdk (apgustnrj`knr di ijsmn-ojaedssn`) hnr nr olnvnt iartdknt nr nmstrnet bgn,

sdeen`ljk`nt enh d`hrn eahnllnr j ljttnrdturn`. Hn` bgnstn NN-vrhj ir odld`cnrj`k j hn``n

apkdvn vdr 94>? iar lnmvdoonr j hn cn`trdln ornh`j`knr. Iar dt sttn hn``n vrhj j pnrspnmtjv, md`

hnt `v`ns dt ( ) bdr hn` bgnstn NN-vrhj tjl dt vrn >,4. Hnttn oljvnr onsmrnvnt sae vrn`hn n`

dlvarljk uodld`cn j systnent. Hn `v`tn NN vrhjnr nr nt uhtrym iar hn` d`hnl di prahumtja`n`,

hnr oljvnr ht ak bvjs hn` nr avnr 4, nr hnr nt enknt bgt prhdtja`strym. Hnriar kjvnr s bgn

vrhjnr sae hnr id`htns j Ljeigarhn` jmmn en`j`k, enh ej`hrn hnr nr tdln ae n` sjtudtja` sae j

_j`kmoj`k Igarh, bvar hnr idmtjsm maeenr n` hnl ijsm j`h uhn ird @arhsn` ak Mdttnkdt, ak hnilnstn strdms oljvnr spjst di prhdtarnr`n. J hn` sjtudtja` vjl onstd`hn` (ojaedssn`) di hn` n`mnltn drt

vrn enknt ljlln, en` d`hnln` j hjtn` dlljknvnl vrn ontyhnljk. Sn`nrn olnv NCAVDXB eahnlln`

d`vn`ht j _j`kmoj`k Igarh (Hdlskddrh e.il., ?662) bvar hdtdkru`hldknt olnv vurhnrnt tjl dt vrn

onhrn, en` stdhjk vdr hnr nt praolne enh NN vrhjnr`n, slnhns7 Smdrvn s prhdtja` p ldmsn-sealt, smdllnr, doarrnr ak l onrnk`nt vbd. kylpd`dlysnr, vdr

aprj`hnljk sdt iar bgt j eahnlln` j iarbalh tjl hn` nstjenrnhn ojaedssn di hn iarsmnlljkn kruppnr j

3;


39/81


40/81


41/81


42/81

bdvrrnh ak ldms, bvjlmnt hnr nr orukt rjktjk ed`kn pn`kn p. En` hnt bdr jmmn kjvnt niinmt iar n`

nr sae stvsuknt iar ijsm, ak hnr mu` i ldms ak bdvrrnhnr. Hnt nr tjl iarn`j`kn`s starn iaru`hrj`k

bnllnr j`kn` smdllnr, doarrnr, knhhnr, ordsn , gd start snt dlt ak n` ldhnr sjepnltbn` tjl dt vrn

hh. (X. Bd`sn`, Iared`h iar YSI).

rrnh ak ldms

J Hdèdrm bdr vj irst ak irneenst u`hnrskt smdrvnr`ns prhdtja` p sealt (^`kn ldms ak

bdvrrnh, hnr iarldhnr vd`hlont ak vd`hrnr uh eah mystn`). J hn``n idsn nr hn jmmn u`hnrldkt

àkn` ttbnhsdib`kjk hhnljkbnhak kn`nrnlt md` ed` sjkn, dt iar bvnr > sealt, hnr oljvnr ht,

oljvnr hnr n` ldms nllnr bdvrrnh ej`hrn j kyhnonstd`hn` (I.nms. Kdrkj` e.il., ?669= Mdllja-@yonrk,e.il., ?669= Ga`ssa` & Ga`ssa`, ?66:). Hnriar bdr sealt-tdo nllnr sealt-hhnljkbnh vrnt apidttnt

sae n` vjktjk idmtar ak nr u`hnrskt `gn ohn j Hdèdrm ak d`hrn stnhnr (Mn``nhy & Krnnr,

4:22). Sae hnt irnekr di hjvnrsn iatas, md` smdrvnr aks id`kn vams`n bdvrrnhnr, en` hnttn

vurhnrns jmmn dt vrn di srljk star ontyh`j`k, hd bdvrrnhnr`n strrnlsnsessjkt nr j avnrmd`tn` di,

bvdh n` smdrv md` b`htnrn. @aknt bnlt d`hnt nr bvar star n` rjsjma hnr nr iar dt oljvn ht di smdrv

ld`ks mystn` iar hn se bdvrrnhnr. Hnttn nr jmmn u`hnrskt, en` md` vrn di star ontyh`j`k ak or

u`hnrskns j irnetjhn`.

Smdrv enh bdvrrnh ird Ahn`sn . Iata7 Cdrstn` Ognrrn

84


43/81


44/81


45/81

J dlt olnv hnr j smdrvmala`jn` vnh Mjnlstrup S ak p n` smdrv-rdstnpldhs vnh igarhn` iu`hnt cd. 4;66

di ermnr`n bnrird. Ilnst olnv iu`hnt j hn` `rljkkn`hn smdrvmala`j, en` hnr olnv iu`hnt n`mnltn

VJX-ermnr s ld`kt vm sae Bdlh s, hnr nr cd. >6 me ird Yjllnstrup (Xdonl 9). Hnr olnv hnsuhn`

iu`hnt 42 VJX-ermnr ird Yjllnstrup rrnhsealt j n` bngrnmala`j. Bnr nr hnr jkn` tdln ae dt tdlln`n

u`hnrnstjenrnr prhdtja`n`, hd niinmtjvjtntn` di scd``j`knr`n nr ld`kt u`hnr 466 % ak hd vj j`tnt

vnh ae bvar ed`kn ermnr, hnr ljkknr j mala`jnr ak rdstnpldhsnr, hnr jmmn oljvnr scd``nhn.

Xdonl 9. VJX-ermnr ird ijsm ermnt j Yjllnstrup , iarhnlt p ij`hnstnhnr.

Lamdljtnt D`tdl VJX ermnr ird Yjllnstrup Distd`h ird ermnstnhnt(me)

Smdrvmala`j - Ily`hnrs 4 ;4

Smdrvmala`j - Bdlh s 8 >?Smdrvmala`j - Mjnlstrup s 49;8 8

Smdrvmala`j - Xaitn s 42 ?3

Smdrvrdstnpldhs-Iussj`k s 34 ?9

Smdrvrdstnpldhs-Yjoark s`hnrs 4 89

Smdrvrdstnpldhs-Yjllnstrup ?99 6,;

Smdrvrdstnpldhs-Xd`kn S ? 82

Smdrvmala`j/rdstnpldhs- Iukls easn 42 8?

Smdrvmala`j-Yjknls 4 43;

Smdrvmala`j- _d`hsigarh 4 4?4

Hn sn`nstn rnsultdtnr iar prhdtja` di rrnhsealt nr maeent ird nt iarsk, hnr olnv uhirt j Kuhs

Ellnom, nt ljlln tjllo tjl Ljllnolt, sdet j Knnls p Iy`. Bnr vjlln ed` knr`n sdeen`ljk`n

uhvd`hrj`k ak avnrlnvnlsn di iarsmnlljkn sldks (stdeenr) uhst`j`ksrrnh. J Kuhs olnv hnr j edrts

?64? VJX-ermnt 4866 se rrnh. Ljht avnr bdlvhnln` di hjssn vd`hrnhn uh di vd`hlont 8-2 uknr

nitnr erm`j`k. Hn` ?. `avneonr sdeen r olnv hn` ljlln smdrvmala`j p Mjhbalen`n j Malhj`k

Igarh scd``nt ak 8; VJX-ermnr ird Kuhs sealt olnv iu`hnt. Sdeen hdk olnv aks smdrvmala`jn`

j _d`hs igarh (vnh Irnhnrjcjd) scd``nt ak bnr olnv hnr iu`hnt 48 ermnr. V ta `rljkkn`hn mala`jnrolnv hnr dlts iu`hnt 94 VJX-ermnr di n` tjlk`knljk pulgn p cd. ;66 uhvd`hrn`hn sealt (5 2,;

%). Ljknlnhns olnv hnr j n` hnl di smdrvmala`jn` Yjknls j Ahn`sn Igarh iu`hnt 4> VJX-ermnr ird

rrnh ermnt ak uhsdt j Knnls . Bnr vdr hnr >>6 ermnhn sealt, hnr vd`hrnhn uh. N`hnljk olnv

hnr aks j ?646-44 VJX-ermnt >:66 sealt j Syltnedhn (Syhiy`) ak bnr olnv smdrvmala`jnr j

Or`hnkrhs s ak @rrns (Syhiy`) scd``nt ak j dlt 4;>> (36 %) ermnr iu`hnt (Xbaesn`, ?643).

@r ed` tdknr niinmtjvjtntn` di scd``j`kn` j ontrdkt`j`k sdet sd`hsy`ljkbnhn` iar dt VJX ermnhn

rrnhnr vdr ht di iukln, hnr kylpnr d`hrn stnhnr n`h bvar hnr scd``ns (sae onsmrnvnt s 4:-?6),

88


46/81


47/81

Ijkur 9. Xtbnh di rrnh (0 ? r) p 9 strm`j`knr j ijrn strrn vd`hlo, onijsmnt p sdeen vjs hn trn r.

J iaroj`hnlsn enh ea`jtnrj`k di stdllj`k j ijrn vd`hlo, bdr vj sdetjhjk apkgart ttbnhn` di hnt, vj

mdlhnr strrn rrnh, dlts rrnhnr hnr nr avnr sealtdlhnrn`, typjsm avnr ?6 ce. Sae hnt sns di Ijkur

9, nr hnr kn`nrnlt n` kah ttbnh, en` kn``ne hn trn r sns n` idlhn`hn ttbnh j hn vnstgysmn

vd`hlo. Ird hn trn rs u`hnrsknlsn di hn ijrn vd`hlo irnekr hnt, dt d`tdllnt di omrrnh (rrnh

avnr 36 ce) nr enknt ldvt, ak hnr nr enknt ldv avnrlnvnlsn di hjssn ijsm (Xdonl :). Hnr nr dlts

ed`kn (bdv)rrnh hnr kyhnr, ak y`kln` bdr kah avnrlnvnlsn hn irstn ta r, bvarnitnr ijsmn`n

tjlsy`nldhn`hn iarsvj`hnr. @aredlt d`tdknr ed`, dt hn ijsm, hnr jmmn sealtjijcnrnr (ak vd`hrnr

`nhstres eah s nllnr bdv), oljvnr j vd`hlont ak nr rnldtjvt stdtja`rn. Hnt vjl sjkn, dt ed` ourhn

iarvn`tn dt hn` bgn ttbnh di strrn rrnh hnr ij`hns, smulln kjvn d`lnh`j`k tjl n` kah onstd`h di

id`kodrn omrrnhnr avnr 36 ce. @r hnttn j hn ilnstn tjlilhn jmmn smnr, e hnt smylhns, dt ijsmn`n

n`tn` oljvnr id`knt di lystijsmnrn, spjst di prhdtarnr nllnr hr di d`hrn rsdknr. Hnr nr j`kn` tnk` p,

dt ijsmnrjnt nr j`tn`sjvnrnt j hjssn iarsksvd`hlo, tvrtjeah nr ijsmnrjnt hnr nr elrnttnt omrrnh

kn`nrnlt enknt ldv. Hnrjeah idlhnr malldpsnt j omrrnhonstd`hn` tjhsessjkt sdeen` enh

smdrvnr`ns vd`hlosiaurdknrj`k, hnr stdrtnhn j ?66:/?646. _nsultdtnr ird Krde (Xdonl 46) vjsnr

aks, dt smdrvnr`n spjsnr strrn rrnhnr j vd`hlon`n.

6

466

?66

366

866

>66

966

;66

266

:66

Kuhn` - 4 Kuhn`-? Kuhn`-3 _stnh Ljlln Aeen Krj`hstnh

Strrn rrnh/me?644

?64?

?643

89


48/81

Smdrv enh bdvrrnh p >: ce, iu`hnt hh vnh rbus . Iata7 Vntnr Hdlkds

Stdllj`k

Vrhdtja` ird smdrvnr en`ns dt vrn smylh j n` mrditjk rnhumtja` j onstd`hn` di stdllj`k j hn

cn`trdlnurapjsmn ilahnr (i.nms. Stniin`s, ?646= ?644= Cncb & Yngrjm, ?644, Sutnr, 4::>). Ap

kn``ne 4::6nr`n aplnvnhn ed` j Xysmld`h, strjk, Scbwnjz ak Xgnmmjnt n` mrditjk `nhkd`k j

onstd`hn`n di jsr stdllj`k j vd`hlon`n (Xdonl ;). Hnt vdr spartsijsmnrn ak ijsmnrjiarvdltnrn, hnr

rdppartnrnhn ae hn` pluhsnljkn `nhkd`k ak ed`knl p stdllj`k, hnr nr n` enknt papulr spartsijsm j

hjssn aerhnr. Hnr olnv j stdrtn` iarnslnt n` hnl iarmldrj`knr p i`aen`nt, en` nitnrb`hn`

pnknhn ilnrn ak ilnrn p, dt hnt vdr prhdtja`n` ird hn smdrvnr, hnr p vng ird @arhnurapd tjl

avnrvj`trj`k j syh ak onsktn hjssn ilahnr, hnr vdr rsdkn`. Hnr vdr (esmn) `akln stdllj`k-onstd`hn,

hnr vdr bnlt uhryhhnhn, ak hnr nr nitnrb`hn` apstnt n` ojttnr strjh ae bvarhd` ed` md` onsmyttn

onstd`hn`n di stdllj`k. J Scbwnjz olnv n` hnl di hjsmussja`n` ae kru`hn` tjl `nhkd`kn` j stdllj`k-

onstd`hn` irt j vjhn`smdonljkn iard ak bnr nr hnt onermnlsnsvrhjkt dt n` iukln-nmspnrt ([.

8;


49/81

Sutnr) ak n` ijsmn-nmspnrt (N. Stduo) d`vn`htn hn sdeen hdtd ird stdllj`k ak rrnh j _bj`n` ak n`

ojilah, tjl dt ` ta eahsdttn ma`mlusja`nr ae smdrvn`s ralln j hn` 96-:6 % nhkd`k j stdllj`k

onstd`hn , hnr vdr aosnrvnrnt. Hn``n un`jkbnh iartsdttn ak nr vjst n`h`u jmmn ojldkt (Sutnr, 4::>,

4::2= Stduo, 4::;= Stduo e.il.,4::2).

Xdonl ;. Id`kstnr di stdllj`k j ?664 ak ?646 (d`tdl ak vkt) j iarsmnlljkn syh-tysmn ilahnr (ird Stniin`s, ?644o).

Aerhn Id`kst (d`tdl)?664

Id`kst (d`tdl)?646

Id`kst (mk)?664

Id`kst (mk)?646

Oaorjtzscb C 64-64 8; 8 42,; 4,8Irnjonrknr Eulhn C 64-6? 3> 46 43,46 3,2Wscbapdu C 64-?66 432 > >4,66 ?,46Wscbapdu C 6?-6? 83> ?; 434,?6 :,66Wscbapdu C 6?-62 >2: 92 4:>,;6 ?;,26Wscbapdu C 6?-?66 :3 44 38,;6 8,66Wscbapdu C 68-68 42> 3 96,46 4,46Ilbd C 64-?6? 466 4? 36,86 3,>6Ilbd C 6?-64 ?46 42 ;:,:6 9,46Ilbd C 6?-6; 4;6 > >2,:6 ?,66Ilbd C 6?-?64 :6 3 3?,?6 4,36Vrn`jtz C 6?-63 : : ?,:6 8,?6Vrn`jtz C 68-6? ?9 8 :,66 4,46[jljscb C 6?-68 ; 4 3,96 6,;6Vblodcb C 68-64 ?6 4 9,;6 6,86Wwjcmdunr Eulhn C 6;-64 3>6 ; 4?9,?6 3,:6Wwjcmdunr Eulhn C 62-63 >> 46 ?4,26 3,26

Scbwdrzwdssnr C 6;-63 342 2 432,46 ?,96[njn Nlstnr C 6:-68 ; > ?,?6 ?,66

Stdllj`k ird Kuhn` enh smdhnr. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`

J Hd`edrm bdr vj aplnvnt n` ljk`n`hn `nhkd`k j stdllj`k-onstd`hn j ed`kn vd`hlo, jsr smntn hnr

on`lyst n` hrdstjsm tjlodknkd`k nitnr hn` malhn vj`tnr ?66:/46. Slnhns olnv n` ? me strm`j`k di

Aeen nl-onijsmnt j amtaonr ?66:, ak hnt sdeen strm jkn` j amtaonr ?646. Hnr ma`stdtnrnhns n`

valhsae ak pluhsnljk rnhumtja` j onstd`hn` di stdllj`k (Xdonl 2, Jvnrsn`, ?646). Ljknlnhns olnv hnr

82


50/81


51/81


52/81


53/81

Xdonl :. Knìd`kstnr di VJX-ermnhn rrnh avnr 36 ce ak stdllj`knr j ?643. * knìd`kstpracn`tn` nr jmmn uhtrym iar

hn` idmtjsmn avnrlnvnlsn, hd niinmtjvjtntn` vnh nl-ijsmnrjnt iar hn starn ijsm ljkknr p >6-26 %.

Id`knt?643

Knìd`kstnr Erm ?64? _nldtjv avnrlnvnlsn(%)*

Krj`hstnh rrnh 32 ? >6 8

Krj`hstnh stdllj`k 46? 48 8: ?:

_stnh rrnh 2 ? ?: ;

_stnh stdllj`k 4 6 2 6

Aeen stdllj`k 489 ?9 43? ?6

Kuhn` rrnh 4; ? ?9 2

Kuhn` stdllj`k 84 9 9: :

J Krj`hstnh nr hnr hak aosnrvnrnt n` kd`smn ij` irnekd`k avnr hn sn`nstn trn r. Aks j Aeen

ak p strykn`n j Kuhn`n` vnh Yjlbalt ak Yanrvdhsora snr hnt uh tjl dt onstd`hn` di stdllj`k nr

stdojl nllnr svdkt stjkn`hn (Ijk. 2). Hnttn smylhns iaren`tljk, dt hn sn`nstn iarbalhsvjs ejlhn vj`trn

bdr ej`hsmnt prhdtja`n` j hjssn vd`hlo. J _stnh Ljlln (tjllo tjl Star) vdr stdllj`kn` hnrjeah

rnnlt iarsvu`hnt, ak j ?643 olnv hnr mu` id`knt ` stdllj`k p iarskstrmmnt.

Ijkur 2. Xtbnh di stdllj`k (04 r) p 9 strm`j`knr j ijrn strrn vd`hlo, onijsmnt p sdeen vjs hn trn sn`nstn r.

Iar `renrn dt u`hnrskn bvarhd` hnt kjm enh stdllj`k-onstd`hn` j bnln _stnh Ljlln, hnr n`kd`k

vdr mn`ht iar sjt kahn stdllj`k- ak omrrnhijsmnrj, olnv bnln n` nl-onijsmnt ird Smgnr`vng tjl

Smrue Elln j dukust ?643. Bnln _stnh Ljlln nr olnvnt kru`hjkt rnstdurnrnt, ak dlln

apstne`j`knr nr olnvnt ignr`nt, s hnr ù nr irj pdssdkn iar ijsm j bnln n`. Hnr nr uhldkt starn

6

?6

86

96

26

466

4?6

486

Kuhn` - 4 Kuhn`-? Kuhn`-3 _stnh Ljlln Aeen Krj`hstnh

Strrn stdllj`k/me ?644?64?

?643

>?


54/81

e`khnr krus ak j hnt bnln tdknt nr n`, jsr p hn` ejhtnrstn hnl nt enknt ij`t ak vdrjnrnt vd`hlo.

V hn 3> me, olnv hnr id`knt 2 stdllj`knr (y`knl ak lhrn) ak 4> omrrnh avnr 36 ce. Marrjknrns

hnr iar id`kst-niinmtjvjtnt, olnv hnt sm``nt dt hnt rnnlln d`tdl, hnr vdr tjlodkn j bnln _stnh Ljlln vdr

aemrj`k 46 stdllj`knr ak ?> omrrnhnr. Sae hnt irnekr di Xdonl :, vdr avnrlnvnlsn` iar omrrnh

aks enknt ldv j _stnh Ljlln.

Aks Ma`knn`, bvar stdllj`kn` tjhljknrn vdr enknt tdlrjk, olnv u`hnrskt j ?643. Bnr olnv hnr nl-

ijsmnt avnr n` 8 me ld`k -strm`j`k j tjllont Yngn` = hn``n strm`j`k bdr vrnt mn`ht sae kaht

stdllj`k ak omrrnh vd`h. Bnln strm`j`kn` nr rnldtjvt uonrrt, vdrjnrnt enh stryk, bllnr ak ed`kn

ij`n bdojtdtnr, s uh ird hn iysjsmn iarbalh vdr hnt iarvn`tnt, dt vd`hlont vjlln bdvn n` bg ttbnh di

ijsm. Hnt vjstn sjk hak dt vrn `stn` ijsmntaet. Xrahs kd`smn niinmtjvt nl-ijsmnrj, id`knhns hnr p

bnln strm`j`kn` olat id`knt ; stdllj`k ak kd`smn i se-rrnhnr ak nllnrs j`tnt. Odsnrnt p

nridrj`knr ird d`hrn hd`smn vd`hlo, vdr hnttn rnsultdt enknt avnrrdsmn`hn. Lahsngnrn ld`ks Yngn`

snr hdkljkt smdrvnr j n` ae vj`tnrn`.

^`k stdllj`k ird Aeen enh ojhermn. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`.

N` jkd`kvrn`hn u`hnrsknlsn di rrnh ak stdllj`k vnh Krde bdr vjst, dt stdllj`k hr oljvnr spjst j

ld`kt bgnrn krdh n`h rrnh (Xdonl 46). Dlln ijsm avnr n` vjs strrnlsn ird n` strm`j`k di Krde

olnv VJX-ermnhn ak kn`uhsdt iar dt u`hnrskn bvar ed`kn ijsm, hnr olnv p strm`j`kn` ak bvar

ed`kn hnr olnv id`knt di spartsijsmnrn. Nt stnh j `rbnhn`, bvar hnr aitn vdr rdstn`hn smdrv j

trnr`n, olnv garhn` u`hnr trnr`n scd``nt, ak hnr olnv iu`hnt n` hnl VJX-ermnr ird ijsmn`n.

>3


55/81

Xdonl 46. Iu`h di VJX-ermnr ird ijsm ermnt j Krde u`hnr smdrv rdstnpldhs vnh Krde Slats s.

Ermnt Iu`hnt %

Doarrn 8; 6 6

Knhhn ;9 > 9.9M`uhn >4 4 ?.6

Smdlln 4? 4 2.3

Stdllj`k 4?2 ?9 ?6.3

Stresmdlln >: 9 46.?

rrnh ?9?9 ?4> 2.?

l ;9 6 6

Sae hnt irnekr di tdonlln`, olnv bnln ?6 % di stdllj`k-ermnr`n iu`hnt u`hnr hn``n n`n

rdstnpldhs, en`s 2 % di ermnr`n ird rrnhnr olnv iu`hnt (S. Vnhnrsn`, upuoljcnrnt). Snlvae hnttnrnsultdt nr n`mnltstn`hn, ak `renst olnv iu`hnt vnh n` tjlilhjkbnh, vjsnr hnt tyhnljkt bvar srodrn

stdllj`knr md` vrn avnriar prhdtja`. ncb & Yngm (?644) onsmrjvnr stdllj`kn` sae7 d

stupjh ijsb wjtb vnry paar dvajhd`cn rndctja s d`h lnss tn`hn`cy ta snnm sbnltnr. Iar tbdt rndsa`,

tbjs ijsb spncjns js bjkbly vul`nrdoln ta careard`t prnhdtja`. J eahst`j`k tjl rrnhnr kneenr

stdllj`knr sjk jmmn, `r hn oljvnr smret. Hnt nr aitn aosnrvnrnt, dt stdllj`knr ilyktnr `nhstres tjl hn

ij`hnr nt hyot bl, bvar hn md` sdeln sjk j n` stjen/kruppn. Hn``n dhirh sns aks, `r ed` nl-

ijsmnr j vd`hlo, bvar stdllj`knr`n aitnst, trahs kahn kneenstnhnr, id`kns j hn hyon bllnr ak svj`k.Ed` md` aks aosnrvnrn stdllj`knr, hnr sveenr `nhstres iard` nlnmtrahn`, s snlvae hn aitn

iaurdknrnr p ldvvd`hnhn stryk, ilyktnr hn tjl hyot vd`h, `r hn oljvnr smretn. Ae vj`tnrn` sdelns

stdllj`knr`n aks j strrn stjenr j hn hyon bllnr (@ymd`n`, e.il., ?668). J hnt bnln tdknt nr

stdllj`kn`s dhirh iaren`tljk ubn`sjktsessjk, `r hnt klhnr ae dt u`hk dt oljvn ht di smdrvnr.

>8


56/81


57/81

nl-onijsmnt ? kd`kn j vj`tnrn` ?64?/43. _nsultdtnt vdr, dt hnr olnv aosnrvnrnt (jmmn id`knt) u`hnr ?6

sònl. Ljknlnhns olnv hnr nl-ijsmnt j`tn`sjvt j _jon systnent ta kd`kn j vj`tnrn` ?64?/43 ak bnr

olnv hnr aosnrvnrnt kd`smn i sònl, bvar hnr ap tjl ?646 nllnrs vdr n` (nstjenrnt) onstd`h p >66-

3666 j`hjvjhnr (Gnpsn` e.il., ?64?). Bvdh smylhns s hn``n mrditjkn tjlodknkd`k1 Hnt md` vj jmmn

svdrn p, en` sòln`s iarsvj`hn` idlhnr tjhsessjkt sdeen` enh hn` malhn vj`tnr ?66:/46, bvar

hnr olnv rdppartnrnt ae starn iarnmaestnr di gdkn`hn smdrv j hn strrn vd`hlo. J ?646, olnv hnr j dlt

id`knt :? sònl j _jon , ak di hjssn bdvhn m`dpt bdlvhnln` (83) smdhnr, bvardi n` star hnl hjrnmtn

md` bnìrns tjl smdrv-ò (sn iata). Oartsnt ird _jon ak Ydrhn , ij`hns n` onstd`h (hn`

aprj`hnljkn) di sònl j Yjhn`, ak hn``n onstd`h olnv irne tjl ?66; ea`jtnrnt ak iu`hnt su`h,

onstn`hn di ed`kn rsmldssnr ak enh cd. ?>66 vams`n j`hjvjhnr. Jkn` j ?644 olnv hnr ea`jtnrnt j

Yjh, ak bnr vdr onstd`hn` stdhjk su`h, ak hn` olnv nstjenrnt tjl cd. 8666 j`hjvjhnr. Sjhn` bdr vjeahtdknt n` hnl rdppartnr ae iaurdknrn`hn ilammn di smdrv j hn` `nhrn Yjh. Hn` irnetjhjkn

ea`jtnrj`k vjl iarbon`tljk vjsn, ae smdrvnr`ns iaurdknrj`k bdr `nkdtjvn ma`snmvn`snr iar sòln`

j Yjhn`.

Nmsneplnr p smdhnhn sòlnr id`knt j _jon ?646. Iata7 Ejcbdnl Hndca`

Smdrvprhdtja` j snr

Hnr ij`hns n` hnl (cd. 4>) smdrvmala`jnr j nllnr aemrj`k strrn hd`smn snr, ak smdrvnr aptrhnr sae

ihnskn`hn j ld`kt hn ilnstn di varn snr ae nitnrrnt ak j n` vjs uhstrm`j`k aks ae vj`tnrn`.

Bjhtjl bdr hnr jmmn vrnt enkn` iamus p niinmtn` di smdrvnr`ns prhdtja` j snr`n uhavnr j hn

sjtudtja`nr, bvar hnr nr vd`hrn`hn rrnh- nllnr ldmsnsealt, hnr pdssnrnr kn``ne n` s (sn iarrjkn

dis`jt). ^`hnrsknlsnr j Svnrjkn (N`kstre, ?664) ma`mluhnrnhn, dt smdrvnr jmmnbdvhn smdhnljk

>9


58/81

vjrm`j`k p onstd`hn`n di ijsm j hn u`hnrsktn snr. Ed` u`hnrsktn bnr ijsmnonstd`hn` j n`

prahumtjv 43>6 bd star s, ir ak nitnr n` smdrvmala`j (cd. 466 pdr) ntdolnrnhn sjk. ^hvjmlj`kn` j

ijsmnonstd`hn` olnv s sdeen`ljk`nt enh onstd`hn` j n` d`hn` ej`hrn s, d`kjvnljkt uhn`

smdrvprhdtja`. ^h ird rnsultdtnr`n ma`mluhnrnhn iaridttnrn`, dt hnr jmmn mu``n sparns `akn`

ontyhnljk niinmt di smdrvprhdtja`n` p ijsmnonstd`hn`, snlvae smdrvnr`n d`kjvnljkt ignr`nhn ilnrn

ijsm (4; ta`s) n`h ijsmnrjnt (44 ta`s).

Smdrv j Bdlh S. Iata7 Grkn` S. Ejmmnlsn`

Hnr ij`hns hak aks nmsneplnr j ljttnrdturn` p dt smdrvn` spjllnr n` ralln iar ijsmnonstd`hn`ns

strrnlsn ak sdeen`st`j`k j vjssn snr.

J nt aerhn di Ldmn Bura`, sae nr n` di hn starn snr j hnt `arhljkn ^SD, bdvhn ijsmnrn aplnvnt nt

idlh j id`kstnr`n di doarrn sdetjhjk enh, dt onstd`hn` di ta-tappnt smdrv (Vbdldcracardx durjtus)

vdr stnknt. ^h ird u`hnrsknlsnr di doarrn-onstd`hn` j sn` onrnk`nhn ed`, dt smdrvnr vdr rsdk tjl

9,3 % di doarrnr`ns tatdln hhnljkbnh. Ma`mlusja`n` vdr, dt hnt jmmn mu``n vrn smdrvnr`n, sae vdr

rsdk tjl idlhn`hn id`kstnr. Hd hnttn stnetn avnrn`s enh d`hrn u`hnrsknlsnr j aerhnt onsluttnhn

ed` dt u`hldhn dt rnkulnrn smdrvonstd`hn` (Hjd`d e.il., ?669). J nt d`hnt aerhn di sdeen s,

ma`mluhnrnhn ed` hnt eahsdttn, ak bnr jvrmsdttn ed` mrditjk rnkulnrj`k di smdrvonstd`hn`. Nitnr >r enh rnkulnrj`k di smdrvonstd`hn` vdr d`tdllnt, dlhnrn` ak strrnlsn` p doarrnr`n stnknt edrmd`t,

ak onstd`hn` vdr p vng tjlodkn tjl ir-smdrv stdtus. Hnttn olnv talmnt sae nt tyhnljkt tnk` p dt

smdrvnr`n bdvhn bdit n` `nkdtjv j`hilyhnlsn p onstd`hn` di doarrn (Ijnlhnr, ?646).

J A`njhd Ldmn bdr ed` iulkt uhsvj`kn`n j iarnmaestn` di doarrn ak sd`hdrt sjhn` slut`j`kn` di

4:>6nr`n. Smdrvnr onky`htn dt y`kln vnh sn` j d`hn` bdlvhnl di 4:26nr`n, ak d`tdllnt di smdrvnr

stnk j hn ilkn`hn r. Ird onky`hnlsn` di 4::6nr`n ak irne kjm hnt tjlodkn iar onstd`hn` di ohn

doarrn ak sd`hdrt, ak j eahst`j`k tjl tjhljknrn aptrhtn hnr jmmn l`knrn kahn r iar onstd`hn`n

>;


59/81

di hn ta ijsmndrtnr. Hnt olnv sd`hsy`ljkkgart, dt smdrvnr`n vdr hn` vsn`tljkstn rsdk tjl hn``n

uhvjmlj`k. Hnriar kjm ed` j kd`k enh dt `nhorj`kn smdrvnr`ns d`tdl vnh oartsmyh`j`k. Iar ohn

sd`hdrt ak doarrn rnsultnrnhn hnt j, dt rnmruttnrj`kn` di u`kn ijsm vn`htn tjlodkn tjl hnt e`stnr, sae

ed` bdvhn jdkttdknt, ir smdrvnr`n onky`htn dt y`kln ak skn ihn j sn` (_uhstde e.il., ?668).

Smdrv, hnr trrnr vj`knr`n j Lalhrup S vnh Yjoark. Iata7 Gns Haloy

J Hd`edrm bdr hnr jmmn vrnt uhirt hncjhnrnhn u`hnrsknlsnr di smdrv-prhdtja` p s-ijsm, en` j

iaroj`hnlsn enh aeidttn`hn u`hnrsknlsnr di vd`hrj`ksdhirhn` di ijsm j`h ak uh di hd`smn snr,

bdr vj int kd`smn saljh vjhn` ae bvar star n` hnl di ijsmn`n, hnr md` n`hn sae smdrvihn.

J Yjoark Snr`n ak Lalhrup S nr hnr slnhns sjhn` ?66> (Lalhrup S) ak ?662 (Yjoark snr) olnvnt

VJX-ermnt nt start d`tdl smdllnr, doarrnr ak ordsn`. Sjhn` ?662 nr smdrvmala`jn` vnh Bdlh S (9,3

me vm) ak n` smdrv-rdstnpldhs vnh Yjoark S`hnrs gv`ljkt olnvnt u`hnrskt iar ermnr. Hn

ilnstn rnsultdtnr stdeenr ird pnrjahn` ?662-?64? ak di hn j dlt 89:9 smdllnr, ordsn` ak doarrnr

ermnt j hn` pnrjahn nr hnr j dlt iu`hnt 944 VJX-ermnr (48 %) (:: ordsn`, ?;2 smdllnr ak 4>2

doarrnr). ^h di hn ermnhn ijsm olnv j kn``nes`jt pr. r iu`hnt 49 % ak 48 % ordsn` iar

bn`balhsvjs Lalhrup S ak Yjoark Snr`n, 2 % ak 48 % smdllnr ak 44 % ak ?2 % doarrnr (Xdonl

44). Jkn` smdl hnt paj`tnrns, dt hjssn tdl nr ej`jeuesvrhjnr, ak dt vj mu` ij`hnr n` hnl di ermnr`n

ird ijsm ht di iukln`n (sn Idmtdoams s.?9).

Sdelnt snt pnknr rnsultdtnr`n ird ?662-?64? p, dt smdrvn`s prhdtja` j snr md` vdrjnrn n` hnl

enllne r, drtnr ak snr, en` avnrarh`nt snt nr d`hnln` di ermnr kn`iu`hnt j smdrvmala`jn` ak p

smdrvrdstnpldhsn` kd`smn bgt. Hnr nr n` tn`hn`s tjl dt prhdtja`s-`jvndunt nr ljht bgnrn j Yjoark

>2


60/81

Snr`n sdeen`ljk`nt enh Lalhrup S. Hnt md` b`kn sdeen` enh, dt smdrvnr`n rdstnr vnh Yjoark

Snr`n, bvjlmnt hn kr j ej`hrn aeid`k j Lalhrup S. Sdetjhjk nr ilyvndistd`hn` ird mala`jn` vnh

Bdlh S l`knrn tjl Lalhrup S n`h tjl Yjoark Snr`n, bvjlmnt e d`tdkns dt rnhucnrn ttbnhn` di

iaurdknrn`hn smdrvnr.

Xdonl 44. Vracn`t-d`hnl di ermnhn ijsm iu`hnt j`hn`iar >66 hdkn p rdstnpldhsn` vnh Yjoark S`hnrs ak`rljkkn`hn smdrvmala`jnr. Mu` ijsm strrn n`h cd. 4? ce nr ermnt ak ijsm ap tjl 966 krde nr j`mluhnrnt ju`hnrsknlsn`. Hnr nr j kn``nes`jt ermnt 4>9 ijsm pr r pr drt (4:-8;4).

Lalhrup S Yjoark Snr`n

D`hnl spjst (%) Ordsn` Doarrn Smdlln Ordsn` Doarrn Smdlln

?662 4; 44 43 3; 49

?66: 46 48 ?3 3? 49

?646 8 2 49 ?4 49

?644 4; 43 8 44 ?3 43

?64? 49 43 ; 2 ?9 :

N` enrn hntdlgnrnt u`hnrsknlsn di prhdtja`n` j Yjoark Snr`n j pnrjahn` ?662-?646 (Smav e.il.,

?648) dislrnhn, j eahst`j`k tjl hn k`ksn tnarjnr, dt jsr hn strstn ijsm (smdlln, ordsn` ak

doarrnr) vdr uhsdttn iar dt oljvn spjst di smdrvn` (Ijk. :). I.nms. s vdr hnt enrn n`h bdlvhnln` di hn

ermnhn doarrnr enllne ?8 ak 36 ce hnr j`hn`iar nt r olnv oyttn iar smdrvn` (Smav e.il., ?648).

Doarrn` nr n` smdttnt spartsijsm, ak smdrv-prhdtja` j hnt aeid`k vj aosnrvnrnhn j Yjoark Snr`n j

?662-?646 vjl sd`hsy`ljkvjs pvjrmn ijsmnrjnt. ^havnr sn`s spartsijsmnrn ak hn strstn knhhnr ak

sd`hdrt j sn`, bdr doarrnr avnr ?> ce jmmn ed`kn ign`hnr. N` nmstrd hhnljkbnh p (ej`jeue) >6

%, iarrsdknt di smdrvn`, rnhucnrnr onstd`hn` ontyhnljkt, ak rnhucnrnr spartsijsmnr`ns cbd`cnr iar dt

i n` star doarrn p mrakn` j Yjoark Snr`n. Hnttn olnv sd`hsy`ljkkgart kn``ne sdeen`ljk`j`knr di

hhnljkbnhnr`n ird Yjoark Snr`n enh hhnljkbnhnr ird snr uhn` smdrv-prhdtja`.(Smav e.il.,

?648).

>:


61/81


62/81

Dt hnr olnv ht ej`hst ?6 % di hn uhsdttn rrnhnr j Yjoark S nr jmmn n`nstn`hn. Slnhns vjstn

u`hnrsknlsnr ird Bdlh S, dt hn` sdelnhn prhdtja` ird smdrv ak bngrn uhkgarhn n` ontyhnljk idmtar

iar rnmruttnrj`kn` di s-rrnh j Bdlh S (Oanl, ?64?). Ynh dt VJX-ermn vjlhn rrnhnr j tjllon`n tjl

Bdlh S ak sn`nrn scd``n garhn` u`hnr smdrv-mala`jn` iar apkylpnhn VJX-ermnr, olnv hnr

nstjenrnt n` prhdtja` ird lamdln smdrvnr p ?,2 :,: % (k`st7 9,8 %) j lont di hnt irstn r nitnr

erm`j`k. Bvjs ed` bnr mu` snr p hn ermnhn rrnhnr, sae idmtjsm vd`hrnhn uh j sn`, vdr

prhdtja`n` ird smdrv avnr ?6 %. Hnr nr sae dltjh enh kn`iu`h di VJX-ermnr tdln ae nt

ej`jeuesnstjedt, jhnt ed` jmmn vnh bvar star n` hnl di hn ermnr, hnr idmtjsm nr spjst di smdrvnr

n`hnr p garhn` u`hnr mala`jn`. Iar dt vurhnrn hnttn, olnv hnr aks rdhjaermnt nt d`tdl rrnhnr. Hd

hjssn vd`hrnhn uh j sn`, olnv 84 % di hne ht di smdrv ak 3> % di bngrn j lont di 9 uknr. Dt hn``n

prhdtja` idmtjsm pvjrmnr rrnh-onstd`hn` p l`knrn sjkt, jllustrnrns vnh uhvjmlj`kn` j d`tdllnt dikyhnod`mnr ird rrnh j tjllon`n tjl Bdlh S.

D`tdllnt di kyhnod`mnr stnk mrditjkt j irstn bdlvhnl di 4::6nr`n nitnr dt ed` bdvhn uhirt

rnstdurnrj`knr j ommn`n, rnhucnrnt `rj`kstjlirsln` ak kn``neirt jlt`j`k di sn`. Stjk`j`kn` j

d`tdl kyhn`hn s-rrnhnr smylhtns, dt sn` olnv mldrnrn, ak kyhniarbalhn`n olnv iaronhrnt.

Smdrvnr`ns aptrhn` j sn` `hrnhn sjk ird dt smdrvnr mu` bdvhn aptrht sae ihnskn`hn j ej`hrn

d`tdl tjl smdrvnr`n ntdolnrnhn n` smdrvmala`j vnh sn`s ornh sjhst j 4::6nr`n. Sdetjhjk enh, dt

smdrvmala`jn` vamsnhn, idlht d`tdllnt di kyhnod`mnr j ommn`n. J sdeen tjhsrue vamsnhnijsmnbngrnmala jn` aks, hak jmmn s edrmd`t. Nitnr hn` brhn vj`tnr j ?646 nr d`tdllnt di smdrv- ak

bngrnrnhnr rnhucnrnt, bvjlmnt snr uh tjl dt bdvn enhirt n` stjk`j`k j d`tdllnt di rrnh-kyhnod`mnr

(Ijk. 46). Sn`nstn aptllj`k j ?643 vjstn n` iartsdt stjk`j`k tjl ?94 kyhnod`mnr, en` hnttn `nhn

jmmn dt maeen enh j hdtdd`dlysnr`n.

94


63/81


64/81

sjk, dt hn tjl- ak dilo, sae s-ijsmn`n typjsm vd`hrnr tjl, nr enknt se, en` bdr spncjijmmn

smgulnstnhnr, bvar ijsmn`n iaren`tljk md` iln sjk enrn sjmrn eah prhdtja` ird ol.d. smdrvnr.

Smdrv iu`hnt hh enh >6 ce knhhn. Iata7 Ejcbdnl Bale

lSmdrvnr spjsnr knr`n l ak aitn md` ed` aosnrvnrn smdrvnr, hnr mepnr enh dt i strrn l `nh j

edvn`. Hnt nr sjmmnrt n` di kru`hn`n tjl dt smdrvn` aks mdlhns lnmrdkn. l ij`hns j ohn snr,

vd`hlo, igarhn ak ld`ks mystn`, ak dlln hjssn stnhnr md` hn vrn uhsdt iar prhdtja` ird smdrvnr. J

Hd`edrm vamsnr hn ilnstn l iaren`tljk ap j snr, ak hnriar aetdlns ln` bnr j mdpjtlnt ae snr.

Smdrv enh star l. Iata7 Ldrs Engloy

93


65/81

N` lhrn u`hnrsknlsn ird @arhjrld`h vjstn, dt l uhkgarhn 88 % di smdrvnr`ns ihn j Laukb @ndkb,

bvar smdlln ak doarrn nr knt hrdedtjsm tjlodkn nitnr, dt smdrvn` bdvhn ntdolnrnt sjk ([drmn & Hdy,

4::>). J Odynr s strstn s, Cbjnesnn (26 me?), vurhnrnhns smdrvn`s prhdtja` tjl dt svdrn tjl ?> %

di hn` maeenrcjnlln id`kst di l, snlvae prhdtja`n` start snt vdr onkr`snt tjl starn j`hjvjhnr

(old`mn l) j `avneonr e`nh (Mnllnr, 4::>).

J Hd`edrm nr hn` hjrnmtn prhdtja` p uhsdttn l olnvnt u`hnrskt j _j`kmoj`k Igarh j ?668. Hnr

olnv j dlt uhsdt 46.666 se (4>-?6 ce) C[ ermnhn l. Ynh dt kn ij`hn ermnr j smdrvkylp, olnv

prhdtja`n` p hn uhsdttn l nstjenrnt tjl aemrj`k 86 % j lont di hn trn e`nhnr iarsknt vdrnhn

(Gnpsn` e.il. ?646= Sa``nsn`, ?669).

^hst`j`k di C[-ermnhn se-l j _j`kmoj`k Igarh. Iata7 @jnls Gnpsn`

J Kuhn`n` bdr vj jkn``ne n` rrmmn VJX-ermnt vd`hrn`hn old`ml id`knt j n` ilhn vnh

Ynstojrm vd`hmrditvrm. Hn ermnhn l, hnr pdssnrnr vnh Xd`knvrmnt ;> me l`knrn `nhn di n`,

oljvnr dutaedtjsm rnkjstrnrnhn p n` hdtdlakknr. Bnr bdr vj ma`stdtnrnt, dt mu` cd. 46 % di hn

ermnhn l bdr pdssnrnt Xd`knvrmnt. Xjhljknrn u`hnrsknlsnr bdr vjst nt start tdo (;6 %) di old`ml

vnh pdssdkn di Xd`knvrmnt (Vnhnrsn` e.il., ?64?). J hjssn tjlilhn bdr hnt slnhns jmmn vrnt

prhdtja` ird smdrvnr, hnr bdr mu``nt iarmldrn bavnhpdrtn` di hn :6 % tdo, en` hnrjeah

pdssdknpraolnenr. Hak olnv hnr u`hnr scd``j`knr di smdrv-mala jn` vnh Bdlh S, iu`hnt 44

98

7/22/2019 S

Documents

Skarv - betydning af predation