SJECKOVO

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Sjekovo

Sjekovo

byNebojaLudaji

Source:HeraldoftheNationalMuseumofBosniaandHerzegovinainSarajevo:Archeology(GlasnikZemaljskogmuzejaBosneiHercegovineuSarajevu:Arheologija),issue:52/2010,pages:115139,onwww.ceeol.com.

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Mr. sci. Neboja Ludaji, Panevo

Sjekovo

Pregledni radUDK 903.4/.5(497.6 Sjekovo)637

U lanku su dati osnovni podaci o istraivanju bronzano-dobnog lokaliteta naselja Sjekovo u zaseoku Laminci- -Dubrave kod Bosanske Gradike. Brojan arheoloki ma-terijal u vidu keramikih, kotanih, kamenih, kreme-nih i metalnih nalaza Sjekovo svrstava meu bogatija nalazita kulturne grupe Barice Greani iji je kraj ocrtan pojavom kulture polja sa urnama. Na osnovu metalnih nalaza (igle, bode sa trapezastom ploicom) lokalitet se vee za period srednjeg bronzanog doba. Jednostavna horizontalna i slabo izraena vertikalna stratigrafija naselja upuuje na sezonski i polusezonski karakter naselja.

Kljune rijei: Sjekovo, Barice Greani, bronzano doba, naselje.

Uvod

Lokalitet Sjekovo predstavlja niu lesnu gredu koja se za 1 do 2 m uzdie iznad okolnog tere-na, na povrini od oko 1,5 hektara, na podruju zaseoka Laminci-Dubrave. Nalazi se oko 3,5 km juno od Donje Doline na Savi i oko 10 km ju-gozapadno od ua Vrbasa u Savu. Na lokalitetu su konstatovane, pored povrinskih nalaza koji su upuivali na postojanje naselja iz bronzanog doba, i tri humke u nizu (Dejanovia humke), u prav-cu zapad-istok (v. Prilog I), za koje se prilikom istraivanja potvrdilo da predstavljaju nekropole stanovnika naselja.

Sistematsko istraivanje naselja je obavlje-no u dve kampanje oktobra 1989. godine (sa istraivaima akademikom Borivojem oviem, Milanom ureviem, Nebojom Ludajiem i konzervatorom Esadom Veskoviem) i avgu-sta 1990. godine (istraivai akademik Bori-voj ovi, mr. Branka Raunig, Milan urevi,

Neboja Ludaji MSc, Panevo

Sjekovo

Review articleUDK 903.4/.5(497.6 Sjekovo)637

The paper sets out the principal findings of the investigations of a Bronze Age site, the settlement of Sjekovo in the hamlet of Laminci-Dubrave near Bosanska Gradika. The extensive archaeological material, in the shape of pottery, bone, stone, flint and metal finds, place Sjekovo among the richer sites of the Barice-Greani cultural group, the end of which coin-cided with the emergence of the urnfield culture. The metal finds (pins, a dagger with a trapezoid plate) suggest that the settlement belongs to the Middle Bronze Age. The simple ho-rizontal and indistinctly differentiated vertical stratigraphy of the settlement suggests that it was occupied on a seasonal or occasional basis.

Key words: Sjekovo, Barice-Greani, Bronze Age, set-tlement.

Introduction

Sjekovo is a low loess ridge rising 1 to 2 me-tres above the surrounding terrain and covering an area of about 1.5 hectares in the hamlet of Laminci-Dubrave, about 3.5 km south of Donja Dolina on the Sava and about 10 km south-west of the confluence of the Vrbas and Sava rivers. In addition to surface finds suggesting the existence of a Bronze Age settlement, three tumuli in a west-east row (see Fig. I), known as Dejanovia humke [mounds] have also been identified on the site. Excavations have confirmed that these were the necropolis of the inhabitants of the set-tlement.

Systematic excavations of the settlement were carried out in October 1989 (with Academician Borivoj ovi, Milan urevi, Neboja Ludaji and conservator Esad Veskovi) and August 1990 (with Academician Borivoj ovi, Branka Rau-nig MSc, Milan urevi, Neboja Ludaji and

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N. LUDAJI, SJEKOVO, GZM n.s. A., 52

Neboja Ludaji i Neboja Bjeloviti). U obe kampanje je istraeno 5 blok sondi podeljenih na kvadrate dimenzija 4 4 m. Godine 1989. otvorene su dve blok sonde u istonom delu na-selja, sa istraenom povrinom od 128 m, dok su 1990. godine otvorene tri blok sonde, povri-ne 240 m u zapadnom delu naselja. Zajedno sa probnim sondama na junoj i zapadnoj periferiji naselja istraena je ukupna povrina od 376 m. Paralelno sa iskopavanjem naselja, 1990. godine je istraen i tumul na Dejanovia humkama za-padno od naselja, i tom prilikom je pronaeno 70 grobova sa spaljenim pokojnicima, dok su 1991. godine istraena i preostala dva tumula tumul 2 sa 8 konstatovanih grobova i tumul 3 bez grobo-va. Brojni nalazi sa Sjekova i Dejanovia humki su umnogome doprineli rasvetljavanju pojedi-nih problema vezanih za kulturnu grupu Barice Greani1 i obezbedili znaajnu grau za dalji studijski rad.

Tok istraivanja

Postojanje praistorijskog naselja na Sjekovu ustanovljeno je 1986. godine, prilikom sondanog rekognosciranja koje je izvrio Milan urevi, arheolog iz Bosanske Gradike.

Godine 1989. i 1990, u okviru etvrte godine rada po projektu (Bronzano doba sjeverne Bo-sne), zapoeta su i sistematska iskopavanja ovog lokaliteta. Na osnovu probnih sondiranja izvede-nih runom builicom utvrena je priblina povr-ina naselja od oko 15.000 m, dok je istraena po-vrina (376 m) zahvatila (pored june i zapadne periferije) istoni deo naselja, te zapadni deo na kojem je i najvia kota lokaliteta (Prilog I).

Sudei prema statistikim pokazateljima, nase-lje u Sjekovu spada u bogatija nalazita kultur-ne grupe Barice-Greani, sa brojnim arheolokim materijalom koji e zahtevati dugotrajniju celovi-tu analizu.

Na obe istraivane povrine je uoena gotovo identina stratigrafska slika:

povrinski, orai sloj, debljine 0,20-0,25 m, u kojem je nalaen ispreturani arheoloki materijal;

1 ovi 1988, 60-61.

Neboja Bjeloviti). On both occasions, five block trenches were excavated, divided into 4 4 m quadrants. Two block trenches in the southern part of the settlement, with an excavated area of 128 m, were opened in 1989, followed in 1990 by three in the western part of the settlement, with an area of 240 m. Together with test pits on the southern and western edges of the settlement, a total area of 376 m was excavated. At the same time as the dig at the settlement in 1990, the tu-mulus at Dejanovia humke west of the settle-ment was also excavated, uncovering 70 graves with cremated remains; in 1991 the remaining two tumuli were excavated, tumulus 2 with eight identified graves and tumulus 3 with none. The numerous finds from Sjekovo and Dejanovia humke have been of considerable help in elu-cidating certain problems associated with the Barice-Greani cultural group1 and have yielded significant material for further study.

Progress of the excavations

The presence of a prehistoric settlement at Sjekovo was identified in 1986 during a field survey with test pits conducted by archaeologist Milan urevi of Bosanska Gradika. This was followed by systematic excavations of the site in 1989 and 1990, as part of the fourth year of the Bronze Age in northern Bosnia project. The settlement was identified by test drilling by hand as having an area of about 15,000 m, of which the excavated area of 376 m covered the south-ern and western edges, the eastern part of the set-tlement, and the western part, where the highest part of the site was located (Fig. I).

Judging from the statistical indicators, the set-tlement in Sjekovo is one of the richest sites of the Barice-Greani culture, with quantities of ar-chaeological material requiring lengthy and com-prehensive analysis.

Both of the areas excavated revealed an almost identical stratigraphy:

a surface layer of plough-land, 0.20 to 0.25 m thick, in which archaeological material turned up by cultivation was found;

1 ovi 1988, 60-61.

Distributed by CEEOL

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netaknuti kulturni sloj, koji dostie dubinu od 0,45 do 0,55 m, sastoji se od tamnomrke rastresite zemlje sa nalazima keramike, ku-nog lepa, kamenog i kotanog materijala;

zdravica, koja se pojavljuje ispod kultur-nog sloja, sastoji se od peskovite ukaste zemlje sa lesnim konkrecijama, u koju su ukopavane otpadne jame i jame za direke.

Prilikom iskopavanja u oraem sloju je spora-dino nalaena keramika kulture polja sa urnama, ije je prisustvo potvreno u jednoj jami u kvadra-tima D3 i E1 (prilog IV, T. XI). Meutim, nedosta-tak arhitekture i relativno mali procenat ove vrste nalaza oteavaju utvrivanje postojanja graevne faze ove kulture na Sjekovu.

Najvei deo pokretnog arheolokog materi-jala pripada kulturnoj grupi Barice Greani, najverovatnije njenoj razvijenoj i kasnoj fazi. Mlaa od ove dve faze je ostavila jasne tragove samo u bloku A, odmah ispod sloja ispretura-nog oranjem (nivo 2. otkopnog sloja prilog II). Nekoliko grupa sa keramikom, ostaci pei i zapeene zemlje, te koncentracije lepa pred-stavljaju jedine tragove ove graevne faze koja se nije mogla konstatovati na drugim istraenim povrinama.

Starija graevinska faza je uoena iznad i u sloju prvobitnog humusa. Meutim, u bloku A, gde su konstatovani ostaci mlae faze, osim osnove jedne pei (i dva ukopa sumnjive staro-sti), na samoj zdravici (prilog III) ne nalazimo vidljive ostatke arhitekture. Slina situacija se ponavljala i na drugim istraenim povrinama, osim u bloku D gde je uoen jedan niz jama za stupove i nekoliko izdvojenih jama (prilog IV). Ovakva situacija na naselju u Sjekovu bi, po-red konstatacije da su koritena stanita od rela-tivno tronog materijala koji ne ostavlja jasnije tragove, upuivala na jednu horizontalnu strati-grafiju karakteristinu za sezonska i polusezon-ska naselja.

Mada su sve ove faze ostavile relativno tanke kulturne slojeve, pokretni arheoloki materijal je srazmerno brojan i, u poreenju sa drugim nase-ljima kulture Barice-Greani, prilino bogat. Da bi se ovaj asortiman nalaza obogatio, na Sjekovu su odreene arheoloke celine (kao to su nedir-nuti 3. otkopni sloj u jugoistonom kvadrantu kv. A2 ili povrina sa zapeenom zemljom u kvadratu

an intact cultural layer, reaching a depth of 0.45 to 0.55 m, consisting of friable, dark brown earth with pottery, daub, stone and bone material;

the subsoil, which appeared beneath the cul-tural layer, and consisted of yellow sandy soil with loess concretions, into which rub-bish pits and postholes had been dug.

While the ploughed topsoil was being removed, there were occasional finds of pottery of the urn-field culture, the presence of which was confirmed in a pit in quadrants D3 and E1 (Fig. IV, T. XI). However, the absence of buildings and the rela-tively small proportion of this type of find make it difficult to determine whether there were build-ings of this culture at Sjekovo.

Most of the movable archaeological mate-rial belongs to the Barice-Greani cultural group, probably from its high and late phases. There was clear evidence of the more recent of these two phases only in block A, immediately beneath the layer of ploughed soil (level 2 of the excavated layer Fig. II). A number of clusters of pottery with the remains of an oven and burnt earth, along with concentrations of daub, constitute the only traces of this phase of building, which was not identified anywhere else in the excavated area.

The earlier phase of building was observed above and in the layer of original topsoil. How-ever, in block A, where the remains of the later phase were found, there were no visible remains of buildings apart from the base of an oven (and two pits of doubtful age) on the subsoil (Fig. III). It was much the same on the other areas excavated, except in block D where a row of postholes and a number of separate pits were found (Fig. IV). These findings in the settlement in Sjekovo, to-gether with the observation that the buildings were made of relatively short-lived materials that leave no clear traces, suggest a horizontal stratigraphy typical of seasonal or semi-seasonal settlements.

Though all these phases left relatively thin cultural layers, the movable archaeological ma-terial is proportionately abundant and relatively rich by comparison with other settlements of the Barice-Greani culture. With a view to adding to this assortment of finds, certain archaeological areas (such as the intact third excavation layer in south-east quadrant A2 or the area with burnt earth

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D6) bile predviene kao uzorci za flotiranje. U ze-mlji koja je ovako tretirana, pored sitnijih komada grnarije i kunog lepa, naeno je dosta sitnijih kostiju, kao i komadii izgorelog drveta. Nisu kon-statovani nikakvi ostaci itarica.

Pokretni arheoloki materijal

a) Keramika

Jo tokom iskopavanja na Sjekovu izvrena je gruba klasifikacija keramikog materijala o ijim e rezultatima biti vie govora u delu elaborata koji se odnosi na statistiko-tipoloku analizu grn-arije kulture Barice-Greani. Ovom prilikom e se izneti samo preliminarni rezultati obrade kera-mike sa Sjekova.

Na naselju u Sjekovu preovlauje grublja keramika svetlijih i sivih tonova, srednje pee-na, slabije glaane povrine. Meu ovom kera-mikom preovladavaju ulomci lonaca koji mogu imati vertikalne drke ispod oboda (T. II, 1, 2; T. III, 6; T. XII, 2) i pitosa debljih zidova e-sto ukraenih grubim plastinim ornamentom (T. VII, 1; T. XII, 1, 3). U ovu grupu spadaju i ulomci inija razgrnutog oboda sa jednom dr-kom (T. II, 3), te ulomci zdela, slinih formi kao urne sa Dejanovia humki. Nalaeni su i delovi plitkih posuda neprofilisanog oboda i ovalnog ravnog dna (T. V, 1, 2). Na vie ulomaka grubljeg posua uoavane su najee vertikalne trakaste drke, zatim jeziaste (T. XII, 4, 5), tunelaste (T. III, 1, 2) i lane tunelaste drke (T. II, 5). Dna su uglavnom ravna, dok su neto ree posude sa profilisanim, prstenastim dnom, a ponekad i sa izraenom stopom (T. IV, 5-7). Ornament na gru-bljem posuu se najee javlja u vidu razliito kombinovanih plastinih traka (T. VIII,1,3-6), ponekad sa otiscima prsta ili grubim zarezima (T. V, 2-3; T. VII, 1-3; T. VIII, 2, 6). Urezi na ovoj keramici su obino u vidu dubljih lebo-va (T. VII, 1, 5, 8, 10), ili u vidu kratkih ubo-da (T. VII, 4, 7, 9). Prisutno je u izvesnoj meri i barbotiniziranje povrine suda (T. IX, 1-3), dok je eljasti ornament srazmerno redak (T. IX, 4).

Na Sjekovu je neto rea finija keramika, uglavnom tanjih zidova, glaane i priglaane po-vrine. U najveem broju sluajeva to su ulomci

in quadrant D6) were earmarked as samples for floatation. Along with small sherds of pottery and pieces of daub, the soil treated by floatation yield-ed a quantity of small bones and pieces of charred wood. No evidence of food grains was found.

Movable archaeological material

a) Pottery

Even as the excavations in Sjekovo were being carried out, the pottery was being roughly classified. This will be dealt with in greater detail in the section of the report on the statistical and typological analy-sis of the pottery of the Barice-Greani culture; at this stage only the preliminary results of cataloguing the pottery from Sjekovo will be set out.

Much of the pottery from the settlement in Sjekovo is coarse light-coloured and grey ware, moderately fired and with poorly glazed surfaces. Most of the sherds found were from cooking pots that may have a vertical handle below the rim (T. II, 1, 2; T. III, 6; T. XII, 2) and thick-walled pithoi, of-ten decorated with crude relief ornament (T. VII, 1; T. XII, 1, 3). This group also includes sherds from dishes with everted rim and one handle (T. II, 3) and sherds from bowls similar in shape to the urns from the Dejanovia humke tumuli. Parts of shallow vessels with unmoulded rim and flat oval base were also found (T. V, 1, 2). The most common handles on the sherds of coarse pottery were verti-cal strap handles, following by lug handles (T. XII, 4, 5), tunnel handles (T. III, 1, 2) and false tunnel handles (T. II, 5). Most were flat-bottomed, though a few had a moulded ring-foot, and some a distinct foot (T. IV, 5-7). Ornament on the cruder vessels usually took the form of various combinations of relief bands (T. VIII, 1, 3-6), sometimes with the impressions of fingers or crude slashes (T. V, 2-3; T. VII, 1-3; T. VIII, 2, 6). The incisions on this pot-tery usually took the form of deep grooves (T. VII, 1, 5, 8, 10) or short punch-marks (T. VII, 4, 7, 9). There are also some cases of barbotine (slipped) surfaces (T. IX, 1-3), but comb-stamped decoration is relatively rare (T. IX, 4).

Rather less common in Sjekovo is finer-quality pottery, usually with thin walls and glazed and overglazed surfaces. In most cases the sherds of

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manjih posuda, kao to su olje (T. III, 5), manje zdele raznih varijanti (T. III, 2; T. IV, 1, 2), ili i-roki pehari sa ili bez drki (T. I, 2; T. IV, 2, 4). U ovu grupu svakako spada i netipina posuda o-lja ili pehar sa trakastom drkom i bazom u vidu etiri noice (T. I, 1). Ornament na finijoj kerami-ci nije esto zastupljen. Susreu se okrugla, ree ovalna ispupenja koja mogu biti oiviena kru-nim lebom (T. VI, 2, 5-7), a zatim finija uglaana rebra (T. VI, 1, 3), te dugmetasti nalepci (T. VI, 4). Na nekim tipovima olja i pehara esto je prisu-tan i horizontalni leb na prelazu iz vrata u rame (T. I, 2; T. VI, 2, 4), dok su na nekim ulomcima osrednje fakture i glaanja uoeni snopovi linear-nih ureza (T. VII, 5, 6, 8, 10).

to se tie malobrojnih fragmenata keramike kulture polja sa urnama, nalaenih u oraem slo-ju, kao i u jami izmeu blokova D i E (prilog IV), moe se rei da oni pripadaju, najverovatni-je, ranoj fazi irenja te kulture u severnoj Bosni (Br D, Ha Al po Reineckeu).2 Radi se uglavnom o zdelama sa uvuenim facetiranim, te takozva-nim turbanskim obodom (T. XI, 2-4), dok je u spomenutoj jami pronaena i jedna fino ukraena olja sa visokom drkom (T. XI, 1), koja, sudei po analogijama, pripada jednoj lokalnoj severno-bosanskoj varijanti poznog bronzanog doba, za sada najbrojnije zastupljenoj na Gradini u Savi-ima kod ekovia.3

b) Kotani nalazi

Pored brojnih nalaza ivotinjskih kostiju, koje mahom pripadaju domaim ivotinjama (koza ovca, govee, svinja), prilikom flotiranja poje-dinih celina konstatovano je i prisustvo sitnijih kostiju riba, ptica i sitnijih glodara. Ako izuzme-mo kosti sitnih glodara (koje su mogle naknadno dospeti u kulturni sloj) i ptica (koje su srazmer-no retke), brojne riblje kosti bi nas upuivale na injenicu da je ribolov, pored stoarstva, pred-stavljao jednu od vanijih aktivnosti stanovnika naselja.

Relativno su retki nalazi obraenih kostiju. Re je o nekoliko ila (kao na T. X, 9), glaa-lica (T. X, 13), a naene su i dve kotane perle (T. X, 14).

2 Vinski-Gasparini 1983, 617 i dalje.3 Kosori 1983, 78, T.VII-X.

this kind were from small vessels, such as cups (T. III, 5), small bowls of various kinds (T. III, 2; T. IV, 1, 2) or wide drinking cups with or with-out handles (T. I, 2; T. IV, 2, 4). Also belonging to this group is an atypical vessel a cup or beaker with a strap handle and a base in the shape of four feet (T. I, 1). This finer-quality pottery is not often decorated; when it is, the decoration is in the form of round or, more rarely, oval bosses which may be surrounded by a circular groove (T. VI, 2, 5-7), finely-glazed ribbing (T. VI, 1, 3) and knob-like applications (T. VI, 4). Some types of cup and drinking cup often have a horizontal groove at the transition from the neck to the shoulder (T. I, 2; T. VI, 2, 4), while some sherds of medium-quality fabric and glazing feature groups of linear inci-sions (T. VII, 5, 6, 8, 10).

The few sherds of pottery from the urnfield cul-ture found in the layer of cultivated soil and in the pit between blocks D and E (Fig. IV) most likely belong to the earlier phase of the dissemination of this culture in northern Bosnia (Br D, Ha Al in the Reinecke scale).2 These were mainly from bowls with inverted, faceted turban rim (T. XI, 2-4); also found in the pit was a finely decorated cup with a high handle (T. XI, 1) which, by analogy, would belong to a local northern Bosnian variant of the Late Bronze Age, thus far represented in greatest numbers of find at Gradina in Savii near ekovii.3

b) Bone

Along with the many finds of animal bones, mainly of domestic animals (sheep and goats, [bo-vine] cattle, pigs), the floatation referred to above yielded the smaller bones of fish, birds and rodents. Disregarding the presence of bones from small ro-dents, which could have reached the cultural layer at a later date, and of birds, of which there were few, the quantities of fish bones could suggest that fish-ing was one of the main activities of the inhabitants of the village, along with herding.

There were relatively few finds of bone artefacts: a few awls (as in T. X, 9), burnishers (T. X, 13) and two bone beads (T. X, 14).

2 Vinski-Gasparini 1983, 617 passim.3 Kosori 1983, 78, T.I,VII-X.

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c) Kameni i kremeni materijal

Meu kamenim artefaktima na Sjekovu pre svega treba ukazati na veliki broj ulomaka rvnje-va (naroito u bloku E) od krupnozrnog peara. Iako bi ova vrsta nalaza mogla predstavljati po-sredni dokaz o intenzivnijoj zemljoradnji, za ta-kvu konstataciju nema drugih potvrda. U flotira-nom uzorku nije potvreno prisustvo ugljenisanih itarica, a na samom naselju nema nalaza alatki za obradu zemlje. Sasvim je mogue da su se pomou rvnjeva obraivali ir i drugi kotunjavi plodovi, iji su ostaci, dodue u malom broju, i potvreni u kulturnom sloju naselja.

Pored rvnjeva, na naselju su nalaeni i ulom-ci bruseva, kao i glaanih ekia i sekira. Uoeno je i nekoliko zaglaanih kamenih kugli (prilog II) koje su mogle sluiti kao projektili za praku ili trenice za usitnjavanje hrane.

Na irem podruju lokaliteta, kako na naselju tako i na nekropolama, kremeni su artefakti pred-stavljali este nalaze. Poto ova vrsta materijala jo nije posebno obraivana, za sada je teko pret-postaviti da li potie sa nekog paleolitskog ili me-zolitskog sloja poremeenog aktivnostima u bron-zanom dobu. Ovaj materijal je uglavnom grubo obraivan najvie su nalaeni odbici i polujez-gra, dok su alatke srazmerno retke (T. X, 10, 11).

Ovde je potrebno spomenuti i relativno este nalaze renih oblutaka koji moda predstavljaju ostatke substrukcija pei ili nekih drugih objekata, kao to je to bio sluaj na naselju u Baricama.

d) Metalni nalazi

Pored nekoliko komada metalne zgure, zatim grudvica bronzanog oksida i jednog komada siro-ve bronze (T. X, 15), koji bi ukazivali na eventual-nu topioniarsku aktivnost, na naselju u Sjekovu je naeno i nekoliko bronzanih predmeta. To su:

dve bronzane igle sa glavom u obliku glavi-ce eksera (Nagelkopfnadel) (T. X, l, 2);

igla sa kuglastom glavicom ukraenom ra-dijalnim zarezima (T. X, 3);

igla sa glavom u obliku svitka (Rollkopfna-del) (T. X, 4);

bronzano ilo (T. X, 5); minijaturno bronzano dleto (T. X, 6); deo trapezaste ploice bodea (T. X, 7);

c) Stone and flint artefacts

Of particular note among the stone artefacts from Sjekovo is the large number of pieces of coarse sandstone quern stones (especially in block E). Though this type of find could be seen as indi-rect evidence of intensive agriculture, there is no other evidence for this. No carbonized food grains were found by floatation, nor did the settlement yield any tools for working the land. It is quite possible that the quern stones were used to grind acorns and stone fruit, the remains of which were found, albeit in small quantities, in the cultural layer.

Other stone tools found in the settlement were pieces of whetstone and of polished hammers and axes. A number of smooth stone balls (Fig. II) were found, which could have been used as sling-shots or to grind food into small pieces.

Flint artefacts were a common find in the wider area of both the settlement and the necropolises. This material has not yet been dealt with, and it is hard to say at this stage whether it originated from a Palaeolithic or Mesolithic stratum disturbed by Bronze Age activities. Most of it was crudely worked, and indeed it consisted mainly of core-trimming flakes and partly knapped cores, with relatively few actual tools (T. X, 10, 11).

Reference should also be made here to the rela-tively common finds of river pebbles that could be the remains of the substructure of an oven or other object, as in the settlement at Barice.

d) Metal finds

In addition to a number of pieces of metal dross and of lumps of bronze oxide and one piece of raw bronze (T.X, 15), which could be an indication of smelting, a number of bronze artefacts were also found at the settlement in Sjekovo:

two nail-headed bronze pins (Nagelkopf-nadel) (T. X, l, 2);

a pin with a spherical head decorated with radial incisions (T. X, 3);

a roll-topped pin (Rollkopfnadel) (T. X, 4); a bronze awl (T. X, 5); a miniature bronze chisel (T. X, 6); part of the trapezoid platelet of a dagger

(T. X, 7);

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deo manjeg bodea (T. X, 8) i ploasto bronzano dugme sa uicom (T. X, 12).

Svi ovi predmeti su konstatovani u kulturnom sloju zajedno sa ulomcima keramike to e u da-ljim analizama keramikog materijala sa Sjekova svakako olakati njeno datovanje.

Kulturni i hronoloki kontekst

Kako jo nije zavrena detaljnija klasifikacija i obrada raspoloive grae sa naselja u Sjekovu, o hronolokom i kulturnom kontekstu ovog lokalite-ta za sada je mogue dati samo uoptene zaklju-ke. Ve je ranije konstatovano da naselje nesum-njivo pripada kulturnoj grupu Barice Greani. Po oblicima i nainu ukraavanja grnarije, ovaj materijal je srodan, pre svega, sa keramikom iz naselja istraivanih u okviru ovog projekta (Crno polje u Ljusini, Peradarska farma u umatcu, Ba-rice u Lamincima-Jaruanima i Topolovaca brego-vi kod Donje Dubice). Na svim ovim lokalitetima kulturni sloj je relativno plitak sa slabo izraenom vertikalnom stratigrafijom, tako da, na osnovu te-renskih istraivanja, jo uvek nemamo jasnu sliku o genezi ove kulture, kao ni razjanjene odnose sa kulturom polja sa urnama severne Bosne.

Na osnovu metalnih nalaza, naselje na Sjeko-vu se okvirno moe datovati u razvijeno srednje bronzano doba (sudei po tipu igala, bodeu sa tra-pezastom ploicom itd.). Problem prisustva nalaza kulture polja sa urnama, usled nedostatka razvije-nije vertikalne stratigrafije, i na ovom lokalitetu je aktuelan, tako da za sada nije mogue konstatovati kakva vrsta kontakta je postojala izmeu ove dve kulture. Ukoliko nalaze keramike kulture polja sa urnama ne bismo tretirali kao pojave naknadnog naslojavanja i ukoliko bismo i metalne priloge sa nekropole na Dejanovia humkama posmatrali u ovom kontekstu, onda bismo morali raunati na izvesnu hronoloku neosetljivost u keramografiji kulture Barice-Greani.

Isti problem je aktuelan i kada se pomou ke-ramikog materijala pokua objasniti geneza ove kulturne grupe. Slinost nekih ornamentalnih ele-menata sa bebrinskim facijesom u Slavoniji,4 te arhaini detalji, kao to su tunelaste drke ili bar-

4 Dimitrijevi 1979, 141 i dalje.

part of a small dagger (T. X, 8), and a flat bronze button with eye (T. X, 12).

All these artefacts were found in the cultural layer along with potsherds, which will no doubt facilitate the dating of the pottery from Sjekovo during further analysis.

Cultural and chronological context

Since the detailed classification and analysis of the material from the settlement in Sjekovo has yet to be completed, at this stage general conclusions only can be drawn concerning the chronological and cul-tural context of the site. As noted above, the settle-ment indubitably belongs to the Barice-Greani cul-tural group. In shape and manner of decoration, the pottery is similar in particular to the pottery from the settlements excavated as part of this project (Crno polje in Ljusina, the poultry farm in umatac, Barice in Laminci-Jaruani and Topolovaca bregovi near Donja Dubica). At each of these sites, the cultural layer is relatively shallow with rather indistinct verti-cal stratigraphy, meaning that the field work has not yielded enough information to create a clear picture of the genesis of this culture or to clarify its relation-ship with the urnfield culture of northern Bosnia.

The metal finds suggest an approximate date for the settlement in Sjekovo of the high Middle Bronze Age (judging from the type of pin, the dag-ger with a trapezoid platelet, etc.). The problem posed by the presence of finds from the urnfield culture remains topical here too, in the absence of a clearer vertical stratigraphy, and it is not possible at this stage to be sure what kind of contacts there were between the two cultures. Unless the urnfield culture pottery is regarded as a feature of later stratification and if the metal grave goods from the necropolis at Dejanovia humke are seen in this context, a degree of chronological uncertainty in the study of the pottery of the Barice-Greani cul-ture will have to reckoned with.

The same problem is faced when attempts are made to clarify the genesis of this cultural group with the aid of its pottery. Its similarity to cer-tain ornamental features of the Bebrina facies in Slavonia,4 and the archaic details, such as the

4 Dimitrijevi 1979, 141 passim.

122


botin, ukazuju na injenicu da je kultura Barice-Greani nastala tokom starijeg bronzanog doba.5 Tokom svog razvoja ova kulturna grupa je poka-zivala neke stilske slinosti na keramici sa grna-rijom, pre svega sa nekih lokaliteta srednjeg bron-zanog doba u Slavoniji,6 te u nekim elementima i sa keramikom iz naselja bronzanog doba centralne Bosne i severne Hercegovine, kao to su Pod A, Varvara A/2-3 i naroito Varvara B/1-2 C.7 Meu-tim, oigledan konzervativizam, koji se ogleda u dugom odravanju pojedinih keramikih formi, ornamentalnih tehnika i motiva, oteava precizni-ju rekonstrukciju kulturno-istorijskih kretanja na ovom podruju, i u vezi s tim, karakter kontakata sa susednim kulturama.

Nosioci kulture Barice-Greani su, sudei pre-ma skromnim ostacima stambene arhitekture, kao i prema brojnim nalazima kostiju domaih ivo-tinja, u veoj meri bili orijentisani na stoarsku proizvodnju koja je podrazumevala i nomadski nain ivota. Proizvodi dobijani ovakvim eko-nomisanjem bili su pogodni za razmenu (koa, mlene preraevine i sl.), pre svega za predmete od bronze, no ne treba zanemariti ni mogunost postojanja lokalnih topioniarskih aktivnosti, ba-rem u poznijim fazama razvoja ove kulture. Po-red stoarenja, bio je zastupljen i ribolov, dok je zemljoradnja predstavljala sekundarnu aktivnost.

Pojavom kulture polja sa urnama oznaen je kraj kulture tipa Barice-Greani, a u kolikoj meri je ova uestvovala u genezi kulture polja sa urna-ma, pokazae tek budua istraivanja.

5 Tunelaste drke mogu ukazivati i na opu modu sred-njeg bronzanog doba na irem panonskom prostoru jer se pojavljuju u kulturi grobnih humaka; J. W. Neugebauer 1994, 145 165, Belegi I kulturi N. Tasi 1974, 240 244, te u srednjem bronzanom dobu Slovenije i tajerske J. Dular et al. 2002, 155, G. Tiefengraber 2007, 105, Abb. 11, Abb. 18.

6 Gabrovec 1989.7 ovi 1978, 1983.

tunnel handles or the barbotine ware, suggest that the Barice-Greani culture originated in the Early Bronze Age.5 As it evolved, this cultural group demonstrated certain stylistic similarities to the pottery of a number of Middle Bronze Age sites in Slavonia6 and, in some aspects, to the pottery of Bronze Age settlements in central Bosnia and northern Herzegovina, such as Pod A, Varvara A/2-3 and, especially, Varvara B/1-2 C.7 However, the obvious conservatism reflected in the long re-tention of certain pottery forms, ornamental tech-niques and motifs makes it harder to reconstruct cultural movements in this region with any accu-racy and, in consequence, the nature of contacts with neighbouring cultures.

The meagre remains of dwellings and the numerous finds of domestic animal bones sug-gest that the people of the Barice-Greani cul-ture concentrated mainly on herding, following a nomadic lifestyle. The produce of such an economy was ideal for exchange (leather, dairy products and so on), mainly to obtain bronze objects, but the possibility that there were lo-cal smelting works, at least in the later stages of this culture, should not be overlooked. Fishing was also practised, with agriculture as a second-ary activity only.

The emergence of the urnfield culture marked the end of the Barice-Greani culture, but the ex-tent to which the latter was involved in the genesis of the urnfield culture remains to be clarified by future investigations.

5 Tunnel handles may also indicate the widespread Middle Bronze Age fashion of the Pannonian region, since they feature in the culture of grave mounds; J. W. Neugebauer 1994, 145 165, Belegi I culture N. Tasi 1974, 240 244, and in the Middle Bronze Age of Slovenia and Styria; J. Dular et al. 2002, 155, G. Tiefengraber 2007, 105, Abb. 11, Abb. 18.

6 Gabrovec 1989.7 ovi 1978, 1983.

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AL Arheoloki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

AV Arheoloki vestnik, Ljubljana

IHAD Izdanja Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva [Publications of the Croatian Archaeological Society]

GZM Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

PJZ Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja

B. OVI 1978 Velika gradina u Varvari, I dio, GZM n.s. XXXII, Sarajevo, 1978, 5-175.

1983 Regionalne grupe ranog bronzanog doba, PJZ IV, Sarajevo, 1983, 114-191.

1988 Barice Greani, kulturna grupa, AL, tom 1, Sarajevo, 1988, 60-61.

S. DIMITRIJEVI 1979 Arheoloka topografija i izbor arheolokih nalaza s vinkovakog tla, IHAD 4, Vinkovci, 1979, 133-282.

J. DULAR, I. AVEL, S. TECCO HVALA

2002 Bronzanodobno naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakou. Opera instituti archaeologici, Slo-veniae 5, Ljubljana, 2002.

S. GABROVEC 1989 Bronasta doba v Sloveniji stanje raziskav in problemi, AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 1988--1989, 115-127.

J. W. NEUGEBAUER 1994 Bronzezeit in Oststerreich. St. Plten Wien, 1994.

M. KOSORI 1983 Praistorijsko naselje Gradina u Saviima kod ekovia, GZM n.s. 38, Sarajevo, 1983, 73-94.

N. TASI 1974 Bronzano doba. U: Praistorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1974, 185-256.

G. TIEFENGRABER 2007 Zum Stand der Erforschung des Mittel und Sptbronzezeit in der Steiermak, in: Studi-en zur Mittel und Sptbronzezeit am Ronde der Sdostalpen. Universittsforschungen zur prhistorischen Archologie Band 148. Bonn, 2007, 67-113.

K. VINSKI-GASPARINI 1983 Srednje bronano doba savsko-dravskog meurjeja i bosanske Posavine, PJZ IV, Sa-rajevo, 1983, 493-504.

Literatura / Bibliography

Skraenice / Abbreviations

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1

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T I

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T II

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