SJ 5121 - Transport and Society - Part1

8/7/2019 SJ 5121 - Transport and Society - Part1

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Transport & the Society(Transportation, Land Use,and the Environment)

Kuliah ke - 1SJ5121 Rekayasa Lalu Lintas

Harun alRasyid Lubis

Program Magister Sistem & Teknik Jalan Raya ITB


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Transport & Society

Administration, Planning, &

Funding


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I. Transport Actors and TheirTasks


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Who Does Transport?

Government

National Agencies Local Administrative Agencies

Law Enforcement Private Firms

Air, Rail, Bus Service Providers Taxis/Jitneys Private Road Builders/Operators


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Government Agencies in the UK

Department of Transport

Aviation Authorities Rail Authorities

Highways Agency Metropolitan Counties

London Non-Metropolitan Counties & Regions


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UK: Highways Agency

Responsible for Determining:

Scale of Road Network Content & Priorities for New Construction

Methodologies for Appraisal of Roads Policies for Charging Road Users & forPrivate Finance of Roads


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UK: Highways Agency

Key Tasks:

Deliver Roads in to Time & Cost Reduce Average Time to Deliver Roads Maintain Roads Cost Effectively

Improve Information Supplied to Road Users Mechanisms: Planning & Policy Guidance to Local Authorities

Transport Supplementary Grants Publish Results of Research Rural, Public Transport, and Innovation Grants


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UK: Rail Transport Nationalized in 1948 Privatized starting in 1996:

Franchise Passenger Service Transfer Freight/Parcel Service to Private Sector Separation of Track-Operator (RailTrack) from Train-Operators

(many)

British Rails Roles: Regulate fair application of agreements for track access and

charging Office of Passenger Rail Franchising: set service standards;

award & monitor franchises Grant leases on rail stations Develop subsidy arrangements where socially necessary

Re-Nationalization of Track Operations in 2001: Network Rail, a not-for-profit company


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UK: Metropolitan Counties Metropolitan District Council:

Control of Land Development Granting Planning Permissions Build/Maintain Local Roads, Traffic Management,

Parking

Passenger Transport Authority: Award Agreements to Provide Public Transport Administer Concessionary Fare Schemes (e.g. to

Disabled & Elderly) Ensure School Transport Services Identify & Subsidize Socially Desirable Service License Taxis & Private Hire Cars


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UK: Non-Metropolitan Counties

Difference from Metropolitan Counties:

Public Transport is Administered Directly byCouncils, Not by Passenger TransportAuthorities


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UK: Land Use Planning with

respect to Transport Strategic Planning:

London & Metro Counties: Unitary Plans

Non-Metro Counties: County Councils: Structure Plans Local Governments: Local Plans

Local Planning and Land Use Policies Must: Promote Development at Locations Highly Accessible Without aCar Locate Major Generators in Existing Centers with High

Accessibility Without a Car

Strengthen Existing Local Centers that Already HaveCommunity/Shopping/ Employment Opportunities

Limit Parking Provision to Discourage Reliance on the Car


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II. Transport Funding


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UK: Finance

Trends and Conditions in the UK:

After Privatization, Reduced Direct Provision Funding from Treasury through National Budgetary

Process

Funding from the European Community for Links toOther Member States Rail Access Charges Paid by Train Operators

Private Investment in Rail Infrastructure Block Grants to Local Governments Private Capital in Exchange for Planning Permission


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USA: Evolving Methods

of Raising Funds Report by Martin Wachs:

1. What funding methods are in decline, and why?2. What funding methods are on the rise, and why?3. What does Dr. Wachs suggest for the future of USA

transport funding? Why?4. Do these recommendations have any relevance

outside the USA?


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USA: Evolving Methods

of Raising Funds Development Fees Property Taxes Fuel Taxes Transit User Fees (Fares)

Road User Fees (Tolls) Vehicle Registration Fees Sales Taxes

Government Bonds, Paid Back by: General Funds Tolls

Sales Taxes


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Fuel Taxes Fixed Amount per Volume of Fuel Purchased Primarily Federal Government

Relevant Trends: Inflation Fuel Economy

Result: Gas Tax Receipts Sharply Declined Over Last 30 Years


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Development Fees

Developers of LandRequired to Constructand Cede Streets to thePublic

Local Governments Relevant Trends:

Increased CompetitionAmong Local Jurisdictions

Result: Local Governments Often

Charge Less in Fees Than

Services Cost


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Percentage Tax on Value of Home

Primarily Local Governments Relevant Trends:

Rapid Increases in Home Values CanMake Taxes Overly Burdensome

Caps on Property Taxes are Common;But Limit Ability of Receipts to Keep Upwith Inflation

Property Tax Receipts HaveDeclined

Property Taxes


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User Fees: Road Tolls

Fixed Fee for Use of

Roadways Primarily StateGovernment

Relevant Trends: Very Unpopular and

Politically Difficult Some Very Old Toll Roads

Persist Some Recent Increases in

Acceptance


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User Fees: Transit Fares

Fixed Fee for Use of Public

Transit Local Transit Agencies Relevant Trends:

Raising Fares Runs Counterto Increasing Mode Share


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Vehicle Registration Fees Annual Fee for Auto Registration; May be Fixed, or Tied

to Value of the Auto

Primarily State Government, Sometimes Local Districts Relevant Trends:

Increases with Number Cars, so Tends to Increase with Income Some have been struck down in court as excessive


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Sales Taxes

Percentage Tax on All

Sales Transactions State & Local Governments Relevant Trends

Diffuse Effect, so LessUnpopular

Increasing in Use


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Government Bonds

Government Borrows

by Issuing Bonds Primarily States Relevant Trends

Must be Repaid byTolls or Taxes

Increasing Use byPoliticians

Unsustainable ifOverused


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Future Possibilities

Fees Adjusted to Reflect Costs on Society

Charge More to Heavy Trucks Electronic Toll Systems

Tolls without Queues Vary with Congestion Level Vary with Road Segment


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Wachss Recommendations

States Assume Responsibility

Plan for Widespread Electronic Tolling Develop Pricing Strategies for Efficient

Use Develop Pricing Strategies According to

Costs

Documents

SJ 5121 - Transport and Society - Part1