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SIX WEEK TRAINING PRESENTATION
ONC++ PROGRAMMING
FROM
ABOUT HCL • HCL Corporation (originally Hindustan Computers Limited), also known
as HCL Enterprise, is one of India's largest electronics, computingand information technology company
• . Based in Noida, near Delhi, the company comprises two publicly listed Indian companies, HCL Technologies and HCL Infosystems.
• HCL was founded in 1976 by Shiv Nadar, Arjun Malhotra, Subhash Arora, Ajai Chowdhry, DS Puri, & Yogesh Vaidya.
• HCL was focused on addressing the IT hardware market in India for the first two decades of its existence with some sporadic activity in the global market.
• .6weeks training from HCL- CAREER DEVELOPMENT CENTER 17-sec CHANDIAGARH in c++ programming landuage.
About C++
• C++ is superset of c. C++ is built on C because of C’s suitability to system programming , its widespread availability & its close ties with the UNIEX operating system.
• C++ was originally called “C with CLASSES”.
ORIGIN of C++• C++ is an expanded version of C. C was developed by DENNIS
RITCHIE at BELL lab & was 1st put in use in 1972.• BJARNE STROUSTROP developed C++ in 1983 at AT & T Bell labs,
New Jersey, USA. It was 1st object oriented language & also strong supporter of C. C++ was initially designed to manage very large programs.
• It was named first C with CLASSES . Later in 1983 the name was changed to C++. In the name “C++” “++” means it is an advanced & incremented version of C.
• C++ has been revised twice, 1st time in 1985 & then in 1989.
Simula 67 (1967) C language (1972)
C++ (1983)
Applications of C++ (OOP’s):
Artificial Intelligence & Expert SystemsNeural networking .Real-Time systems.Simulation & Modelling.Object oriented Databases.Office Automation SystemsCAD/ CAM systems.
Object-Oriented Programming in C++OOPs in computer science, type of high-level
computer language that is self-contained, modular instruction sets for defining & manipulating aspects of computer program.
There discrete , pre-defined instruction sets are called OBJECTS and may be used to define variable, data structures, & and procedures for executing data operations.
In OOPs , object have built-in rules for communicating with one another.
FEATURES of OOP’s (C++) languageObject oriented lang does not work around single
component or unit. It uses a vocabulary more than procedure lang. it is grouping of all the elements or components linked with object approach.
OOP’s
Encapsu
la
tion
ObjectAbstractio
n
Class
Inheritance
Message passing & reusability
Polymorp
his
mDynamic
Binding
OBJECT & CLASSES:• Object are made up of :-
• A class is group of object that share common properties & relationships. Classes are user- define types & behave like built-in types of a programming language.
Data members
Member function
Outside World
Data 1Data 2Fxn 1Fxn 2
Data 1Data 2
Function
Data function
Object 1 Object 2
Object 3
Member of object1
Data Abstraction:- means representing essential features without including background details or explanation. Class use the concept of abstraction & are defined as a list of abstract data & function to operate on these data.
Encapsulation :- wrapping up (or binding) of data & function (that operate on the data) into a single unit (called class). The data is not accessible to outside of class. Only function which are inside the class can access the data.
Data Hiding :- access to private part of an object is restricted in the sense that functions of the object can only access the data & can’t be altered by external changes.
Relationship b/w encapsulation & abstraction:-
PublicMembers
Private memb
ers
Abstraction(only public members)
Encapsulation(public members
+Private
members)
Inheritance Inheritance is a method by which create new class by
extending & enhancing existing class. The existing class called “Base class” & the new class called “Derived class”.
Types of inheritance:- 1. Single inheritance :-
2. Multiple inheritance :-
Base class (a)
Derived class (b)
Base class 1
Base class 2
Base class 3
Derived class
3. Multi-level inheritance :-
4. Hierarchical inheritance :-
5. Hybrid inheritance :-
Base class
Intermediate class
Derived class
Base class
Derived class 3
Derived class 2
Derived class 1
Base class
Intermediate class
Base class 2
Derived class
POLYMORPHISM Polymorphism means one name & many
duties. The ability of one thing to make (poly) distinct forms (morphism).
The property by which same message is sent to object of different classes & the objects behave differently.
TriangleArea (triangle)
Rectangle Area(rectangle
)
CircleArea( circle)
ComputeArea( )
Advantages of OOP’sData security.ReusabilityCreating new data typesAbstractionObject independenceMaintainabilityLess development timeModularityEasy to divide project work
C++ programming basicCharacter set :- denotes any denotes any letter or
alphabet, digit or special symbol used to form word, number & expression.
Tokens :- are the smallest elements or atomic elements .
Following tokens:- 1. keyword:- are the words that have a standard, predefined
meanings. Known as reserved words. For example : double, char, int, long, void etc.
2. Identifiers:- refers to the names of variables, function, arrays, class, etc. created by the user.
3. Constants:- is a quantity that remain unchanged during the execution of a program.
constantsNumeric
constants(numbers)
Character constants
Single character constants
String constantsReal
constantsInteger
constants
Data types:- is defined as a finite set of values along with set of rules for permissible operations.
Declaration of variables:- data type V1,V2,…….Vn;
where V1,V2…..Vn are the names of variables, separated by commas.
For example:- int number1,number2; float sum, mean;
Data types
User-defined types
StructureUnionClass Enum
Derived typesArray
FunctionPointer
reference
Basic types Int
CharFloat
Doublevoid
C++ program#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h> void main() { int n; clrscr(); /*start of program cout<<“hello goog moring”; cin>>n; getch();} */ end of programs
Halt execution temporarily, after
display
getch() & clrscr() use library function
Input/output statements
Header files
Special fxn 2 tell compiler where program start.Erase content of dos
screen. erase output of previous program run
Pre-defined obj represents
standard input stream
Pre-defined obj repesents
standard output streams in c++
Comment help the header in understanding the flow of the program & what is being calculated at various stages. /* multiple text*/ or// single line//
InsertionOr
Put to operator
Extraction Or
Get from operator
Modification of the data to be displayed . These are operation used with insertion operation “<<“ i.e. for cout statements.
To access manipulators , file iomanip.h should be included in the program.
1. Endl manipulator: predefined iostream manipulator. It is equivalent to the end line character ‘\n’ and then flushing output buffer.
cout<<“a= “<<a<<endl; result:- a=5 cout<<“b= “<<b<<endl; b=102. Setw( ): specify the require field size for displaying an output
value. cout<<setw(8) <<5764; result:- _ _ _ _ 5 7 6
43. Setprecision( ): specify the number of digits to be displayed
after the decimal point while printing the floating-point numbers. cout<<setprecision (3) <<3.14546789; result:- 3.145(rounded)4. Setfill( ): specify a charcter that is used to fill the unused
portion of a field. cout<<setw(8)<<setfill(‘*’)<<5376<<endl; result: * * * * 5 7 6 4.
Operators An operator is a symbol or letter used to indicate a specific
operation on variables in program.1. Arithmetic operators:- (+,-,*,/.%)2. Relational operators:- (>,<,==,<=,>=,!=)3. Logical operators:- (&&,II,!)4. Increment & Decrement operator:- (++,--) two types :- pre increment & decrement (first inc or dec ment value than
assignment . For example c= ++a;) Post increment & decrement ( assigning than inc or dec ment
value. For eaxmple c=a++;)5. Conditional operator:- a ternary operator pair “? :” is available in
c++ to construct conditional expression of the form expression ? Expression2 : expression3;
6. Bit wise operator:- are used to manipulate the data at bit level. (&,I,^,~,<<,>>)
7. Scope resolution operator:- (: :)
Control Structure or Flow• Programming constructs used to alter the flow of
control in aprogram from normal sequential execution. Control
statements
branching looping jumping
If
switch
Conditional control
Go to
continue
breakdo
while
for
if-else
Else-if Nested-
if
Simple-if
backwardforward
Functions• Function is a self-contained block of code that
performs a particular task.
Syntax:- function name() {-------------- }
Function types
User-defined function(developed by user. Example main()
Library functions (not required to be
written by user)Examples:- sqrt,cos,sin etc
Return Statement :- a function may or may not return any value to callig function. If it does, it is done through return statement.
syntax:-return(expression);Function prototyping :- helps compiler
by it a prior information to it. 1. number of arguments. 2. type of arguments 3. type of return values. Syntax:- <data type><function-
name>(parameter list); Example :- float sum (float a, float b);
Parameter Passing in FunctionFunction that have parameters can be called in one of the
following two ways:
1.Call by value:- the call by value method copies the values of the actual parameter into formal parameters that is the function creates its own copy of arguments values & then uses them. Changes done to the values in the formal parameters are not reflected back into calling function.
2. Call by reference:- this method passes the addresses or references of the actual parameters to the called function . Thus actual & formal parameters share the same memory locations. This is achieved by apply an address operate (&) to the formal parameters in the function definition .
10
10 20
20
a b Actual parameters
Formal parameters
x y
ARRAYSArray are data structure which hold multiple variables of
same type. syntax:- data-type variable-name[sizes]; Types of array:- 1. linear array :- even known as 1 dimensional or list array.
These types are of ladder type. Only 1 subscript is used. Syntax:- data-type array-name [size]; example :- int x[50]; 2.Non-linear array:- subdivide into 3 categories as:2 –dimensional array:-(2 subscripts row & coulmn)
Syntax:- data type array-name [row-size][column-size]Example:- int a[10][10];
3-dimensional array:- (3 subscripts row, coulmn, space size)Syntax:- data-type array-name [space-size][row-size][column-size];
Examples:- int st[5] [4] [2];
N-dimensional or multi-dimensional array:- n size of rows,column & space & so on.
Syntax:- data-type array-name [s1] [s2] [s3]-----------[sn];
STRING• Strings represented by arrays of characters . The end of string
is marked with a special character, null character.• String constants:- sequence of charcters enclosed by
duble quotes. Example:-
• If include single quote or double quote in string, then use with back slash(\). Example:-
• String Variable:- is an array of characters. General form of declaration of a string variable is. Example:-
• The complier automatically supplies a null character(‘\0’) at
the end of string.
“magic of string”
“helloween\’s town”
Char string_name [size];
String Functions• Standard library’s string handling functions, which contains external
declarations of string functions.• Strlen() function:-counts & returns the number of characters in a string.
The null character ‘\0’ is not counted. Form is where ‘n’ is integer variable• Strepy() function:- used to copy one string to another. form is• Stremp() function:-compares two strings & returns 0 if they are equal. It
returns a negative number if the 1st string is alphabetically less than the 2nd string or positive number if string is greater than the 2nd string.
form is • Strrev() function :- used to reverse a string. Form is• Strupr() function:- used to convert a string to uppercase. Form is• Strlwr() function:- used to covert a string to lowercase. form is
#include <string.h>
n= strlen(string);
strepy(string1,string2);
Stremp(string1, string2);
strrev(string);
strupr(string);
strlwr(string);
Structure• Structure is hetergeneous collection of related fields. Fields are called
structure members or structure elements. Every field has different type-specifier (data-type).
• General format of structure definition is:-
struct name { datatype member1;datatype member2;datatype member3;…………datatype member-n;};
struct student {int roll; char name[20]int ageint marks};
struct
Keyword also called tag
Declaring Variable of Structure TypeOnce a structure is define, declare variable
(s) of that type.Synatx:- Example:-
Sname var-1,var-2, …………..var-n;
Struct student{Int roll;Char name [20];Int age;Int marks;}S1,s2;
Declare s1 & s2 as structure variable representing two students
Initializing Structure• Like simple variable & arrays structure
variables are also be initialized at declaration time.
Struct student{Int roll;Char name [20];Int age;Int marks;};Student s1={100, “amit”, 18,92};
Structure is initialized . Values are enclosed within curly braces . values assigned to the members of the structure in order of their apperance.1st value is assigned 2 1st field…& so on..
Union is a variable that declares set of multiple variables ( called members or elements having different data-types)sharing the same memory area. Compiler allocates sufficient memory to hold the largest variable of union
syntax:
union name-tag{ datatype-1 member1; ……………………………… datatype-n member-n;}union name-tag v1,v2…..vn;
example:
union student{ char grade;int rollno;float marks;double fees}union student s;
Class declarationClass declarationClass is an aggregation of data members
& data functions joined under a common class specifier. Format of declaration :-
Class <name>{Private: variable declarations; functions declaration;public: variable declaration; function declarations;};
Keyword
User defined name of the class
Visibility mode
Accessing Class Members• Class members that are declared to be public can be accessed from
outside . Access them using following syntax:-@. Object-name . Member-name;@. Object-name . Function-name (actual-arguments);
Class sample{Int a,b;Public: int c; void main();};Main(){Sample x;x.c =4; //accessing the data memberx.a=4;x.sum(); //accessing member function…}
Defining Member Function in Class
Outside the class definition• 1st define prototype of function
within class & then define them outside .scope resolution operator as so:-
Inside the class definition• When functon is defined
inside class itself at place of declaration, it is treated as an inline function.
Member function may be defined in two places:
Class sample{ Int a,b;Public : Void sum();};Void sample : :sum( ){ cout<<“sum is”<<a+b;}
Class sample{ Int a,b;Public : Int s; Void sum() { cout<<“sum is”<<a+b; }};
PointersPointers are memory addresses variable i.e. the variables,
which have addresses of the variable having some value, stored in the memory.
Syntax :- data-type *pointer-variable;Example:-
Variable-name
Variable-value
Memory address
q 440 5000 P memory-variable (pointer)
int *p,q;q=440;p=&q;Cout<<q<<“is stored address”<<p;
Result:- 440 is stored address 5000
Constructor Constructor is a special number function that
execute automatically when object is created.Two things remember while creating constructor1.it’s name should be same as that of class name.2. no return type is used.
syntax:-class class-name{Private:Data-type data members;public: class name();}
example:-class student{Private:Int rn;Char name[20];public: student( ) {Rn=0;Name=“ “;}};
Constructor defined
Parameterized :Those constructor
which contains parameter .
Syntax:-Class classname{Private:Public:Classname(argument list){} // parameterized const
};
DEFAULT :Empty
constructor are default
constructors.Syntax:-
Class classname{Private:Data-type data;Public:Classname()}
Copy constructor:-Usedto initialize
value of an object by copying values of
object of same class.when compiler
has to create a temprary object of a
class object.Syntax:-
Class-name(class-name or constructor-
name & object-name);
Destructor Destructor is a special member function that member function
that executes automatically when the object is destroyed.Two things to remember:-1. it’s name should be same as that of class accepted i.e. 1st
character is (~) tilde.2. no return type is used.• Syntax:- ~ constructor-name (); or ~class-name();• Example:- Class student
{ private:Int rn;Char name [10]; public: student() // constructor defined{
Rn =0; Name=“ “;}~student (); //destructor defined};
Inheritance• Inheritance is a process of creating new classes from the existing
ones i.e. base class to derived class.
Whenever defining derived class , have to specify its relationship with base class. Syntax:-
Feature A
Feature B
Feature C
Feature A
Feature B
Base class Derived class
Defined in derived class
Defined on base class but inherit from base class
Class derived_class_name : visibility_mode base_class_name { //members of derived class };
Access Specifier • Private derivation:-
• Protected derivation:-
Class b
Private
Protected
Public
(base class)
Class d: private b
Private
Protected
Public
(derived class)
Notinheritable
Class b
Private
Protected
Public
(base class)
Class d: private b
Private
Protected
Public
(derived class)
Notinheritable
Class b
Private
Protected
Public
(base class)
Class d: private b
Private
Protected
Public
(derived class)
Notinheritable
Public derivation:-
Visibility of inheritance members.
Visibility of derived class
Visibility of base class
Privatederivation
Protected derivation
Public derivation
Private --->Protected --- >Public ----- >
Not inheritedPrivateprivate
Not inheritedProtectedprotected
Not inheritedProtectedpublic
Access specifier
Accessible from own class
Accessible from derived class
Accessible from object outside class
PublicProtectedprivate
YesYesyes
YesYesNo
YesNoNo
The access control to private, protected &public of a class
C++ streamsA stream can be cnsidered to be intermediary
for i/o ,between the program & I/O devices.Input streams:-
output streams:-
Inputstream
Input device
program
outputstream
Outputdevice
program
ios
ostreamfstreamifstream
iostream
streambuf ostreamistream
STREAMS
Function in file handlingOpening files using open( ) function:Syntax:-Example:-
Closing files using close() function:Synatx:-Example:-
file-stream-class object;object.open(“filename”);
Ofstream outfile;Outfile.open(“result”);
Ifstream infile;Infile.open (“data”);
Objectname .close();
Infile.close();Outfile.close();
Write() & read() functions 1st argument of the function read() is the
address of the variables & 2nd is the size or length of that variable is byte. Syntax :-
Read()
Write ()
Infile . Read((char*) & variable , sizeof(variable));
outfile . write((char*) & variable , sizeof(variable));
Stream Object
Type casting
Address of variable
Size of variable in bytes
Airlines reservation
Passenger detail
Flight detail
TURBO C++ software. Passengers related info.. Flight related info.. Cancellation required in case by passenger. Help if so requires my passenger Queries regarding reservation .
Flight Info.
Destination
point
Fares Day of flight
Boardingpoint
Fight code
Timing (take off flight)
PASSANGER INFO.
PERSON NAME
DATE OF RES.
FIGHT CODE
AGE
GENDER
PIN CODE
ADDRESS INFO
H-NO. PIN CODE
COLONY P.O.
CITY
Enter the name of passenger.
Flight code.
Enter passenger name who did the reservation.
Flight code number.
Help direction
WORK LOAD IS REDUCE. MANITANCE OF DATA BECOMES EASILY. TIME SAVING & FASTER.
Team work by:-
•LoveleenChee
ma•Dinesh Kumar
•Rohit Kumar
•Sahil garg
(DESH BHAGAT ENGG
COLLEGE )
Computer Science Engg .
Department
MANDHI GOBINDGARH
(PUNJAB)INDIA
Thanks a lot….