DMAIC approach for process improvement Phase Deliverable
items Tools Formula
Define Team CTQs Action plan
Project charter Process maps & flow charts (value stream
maps, supplier/input/process/output/customer (SIPOC) diagram, QFD,
etc.) Benchmarking
Measure Quality, Cost, Throughput/ cycle time, etc.
SPC tools such as histogram, stem-and-leaf, run charts, scatter
diagram, Pareto chart, process capability analysis; GR&R
Process cycle efficiency=(value-add time)/process cycle time;
Process cycle time=work-in-process/average completion rate Cp; Cpk;
Cpm
Analyze Graphic data displays
Hypothesis test, confidence interval, regression analysis,
ANOVA, multivariate methods, FMEA, etc.
Improve CTQs Design experiments, response surface methodology,
simulation, concurrent engineering, TRIZ, SSM, etc.
Control CTQs Process capability analysis, control charts,
process control plans
Note: CTQ=critical quality characteristic; QFD=quality function
deployment; GR&R=gauge repeatability and reproducibility;
ANOVA=analysis of variance; FMEA=failure mode & effect
analysis; SSM=soft systems methodology.
IDOV approach for product/process design Phase Deliverable items
Tools Formula Identify Team
CTQs Product planning
Project charter Voice of customer, QFD, TOPSIS, Fuzzy TOPSIS,
SERVQUAL, etc. Business scorecard, benchmarking, etc.
Design Product/process design
Cause and effect matrix, Robust design, GR&R, CAD,
simulation, capability study, tolerance design
Optimize Verification of technology
Design experiments, Response surface methodology, ANOVA, robust
design, design for manufacturing, TRIZ, FMEA, SSM, etc.
Verify Verification of mass production Saving cost
Process mapping, capability study, reliability study, etc.
Financial analysis
Note: QFD=quality function deployment; TOPSIS=technique for
order preference by similarity to ideal solution; SERVQUAL=service
quality framework; GR&R=gauge repeatability and
reproducibility; CAD=computer aided design; ANOVA=analysis of
variance; FMEA=failure mode & effect analysis; SSM=soft systems
methodologg.
