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The Six (6) Basic Characteristics of a Mordent GridDon Tan
2E Systems, LLC
June 27, 2016
A grand challenge World's population to double in 2050 Energy consumption per capita to double in 2050
Grid modernization Grid modernization is a win-win-win
Six (6) basic physical characteristics of a modern grid Electronictization Fractal structure of a modern grid Structured microgrids for renewable integration and grid support Fault isolation, resiliency, and asynchronous generation
Fractal Grid Structures Facing the grand challenge
2
Outline
A Grand Challenge in EnergyAPRA-E 2016
3
A Grand Challenge: Energy Consumption World energy consumption grows by 53% from 2015 to 2050
“World Energy Assessment,” United Nations Development Program, 2000
4
565.5 in 2015
866.6 in 2050
1.53x increase
A Grand Challenge: Population Growth World population to grow by 32.8% from 2015 to 2050
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.html
World energy consumption is to double by 2050
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9.7/7.3=1.328
Aging Infrastructure Age of hardware
70% of transformers 25 years or older 60% of circuit breakers 30 years or older 70% of transmission lines 25 years or older
Potential Impact 1x loss of transformer power outage for 500,000 homes ~ 2 years to replace a transformer Weather related power outage $28-$169B in US
Over-loaded transmission lines The transmission lines are loaded <50% on average in order to deliver
the peak power Bottle neck is the weakest link in the transmission Congestion cost $1 - $2B in the last decade, a report from PJM
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Golden opportunities for new technology insertion
The Six (6) Basic Characteristics of a Modern Grid
Modern Grid
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Large Investment Projected Total investment of $1.1 Trillion For reliability and replacement purposes
Net investment $338B - $476B in 20 years (EPRI), realization of “smart
grid” values
Transmission and Distribution Market size reached $39.5 - $46.5B in 2013
……
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Grid modernization will broaden the traditional investment pool to include government agencies, grid owners, grid
operators, and consumers
Grid Modernization: A Basic Question Where would we prefer to invest for our future? Continue with the traditional synchronous generator-
based central generation and passive/static controlOr
Develop an electronic storage-based distributed generation and active/dynamic control
Or Leverage and modernize the existing infrastructure with
electronic storage-enabled distributed generation and active/dynamic control
Grid modernization is a transformation of the grid with the potential for win-win-win
9
Electronictization: Laying the foundation Fractal architecture: Ensuring energy grid to be
infinitely expandable Structured microgrids: Integrating naturally renewables
into the grid Fault-Tolerance: Fault isolation Resiliency: Self-recovery from dead bus (black start) Asynchronous (bulk) generation: Regional sync only,
reducing cost and improving operational robustness
10
The Six (6) Basic Characteristics
A Modern Grid is Electronic, Fractal, Structured, Fault-Tolerant, Resilient, and Asynchronous, Beneficial to All Stake Holders
Electronictization: a FoundationGrid Modernization
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Before Digitized, It Has to Be Electronictized
Steve W. Blume, Electric Power System Basics, IEEE Press & Wiley Inter-sciences, 2007
Electronic Active Dynamic
Electric and Electromechanical
Power Electronics & Systems (PE&S), as a system of technologies, brings a suite of technologies to help
transform the grid from passive, electric, and electro-mechanical to active, electronic, electric, and electro-
mechanical
Electronic, Electric and Electromechanical
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All Things Grid Connected
Grid Connected
Power Interface
Converters
Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (SATCOM, VSC, APF,
SSSC, UPFC, etc.)
Intelligent Solid-State
Transformers
Intelligent Solid-State
Circuit Breakers,
Smart Fuses
Bi-Directional Power
Distribution & Control
Units
Electronictization: A Foundation for Grid Modernization
D. Tan, “Electronictization – A Foundation for Grid Modernization,” Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No.1, March, 2016 , pp. - (Invited)
Synergy among various hardware is critically important
More functionality and performance to break price barrier High reliability to compete with traditional “dumb”
hardware Adiabatic* power conversion for high power (>98.5%) Small size and footprint for easy installation Low cost to enable wide acceptance and deployment Location and load insensitive Interoperability of various hardware types National and international regulatory requirements Policy support for adaptation of new technologies with local
economic benefits
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Electronic Hardware Challenges
Challenge: Obtain efficiency, cost and size simultaneously
Technology
Policies and Standards
* D. Tan, "Power-Conversion Technology Is Going Adiabatic," in IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 4, Dec. 2015, pp. 47-53
Fractal in NatureModern Grid
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A modern grid needs to be infinitely expandable in order to serve us well into the next century Traditional grid? – No Hierarchical grid? – No, not in the global sense Energy Internet? – No
Information : Transmission of data does not required current in theory; If you don’t use it, you keep it; When there is a failure, you just loose it (The ability for consumers to add an information server “freely,” as long as you follow the three protocols: RJ45 Ethernet i/f, TIP/IP, and HTML)
Energy: Transmission of energy does require current (Infinite expandable=Infinite area in the limit); If you don’t use it, you loose it; When there is a failure, you destroy the equipment, leading to potential blackouts
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Fractal Structure of a Modern Grid
Modern grid’s fractal structure can serve us well into next century
A tree structure
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One Example of Fractal Structure
0th iteration
1st iteration
2nd iteration
3rd iteration
8th iteration
http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/recursion.html
Three (3) fundamental characteristics of fractals Simple rules for infinite iterations Self similarity to scale Non-integer dimensions
Modern grid’s fractal nature Infinite expandable in length But with finite footprint (area) Environment friendly Iterative structure ensured through structured microgrids
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Fractal Structure of a Modern Grid
Challenge: ID minimum invariant structure for a fractal grid
Classical calculus is
inadequate in describing
the complexity
of the modern grid
Structured Microgrids for Natural Renewable Integration
Modern Grid
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Structured Microgrids: A Definition
DoE: A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid (and can) connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode.
Extension of the DoE Definition* Integrated with loads, energy sources, storage devices, sensors, and data bus, a
structured microgrid is an autonomous subsystem that features 1. Balanced energy over the intended operation/capacity
2. Reconfigurable for stand alone or grid connected 3. Resilient with fault tolerance/fault isolation
4. Bidirectional power flow5. Modular/scalable - Definition can be extended for multi-port cases
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*D. Tan, "Emerging System Applications and Technological Trends in Power Electronics," IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 2, , June 2015, pp. 38-47
Structured Microgrids (cont’d)
Power GridGrid Control/Data
The structured microgrids is conducive to a modern grid that is: Fractal* in nature and structured with building blocks in architecture Infinite extendable, but only with finite footprint, environment friendly Resilient together with asynchronous generation, transmission and distribution
*Fractal: Simple rules for infinite iterations, self similarity to scale, and non-integer dimensions
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An Illustration of DC-Dominant Microgrid
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
DC/ACConvert
DC Bus AC Subbus
AC Loads
AC Loads
DC Loads
DC Loads
Grid Power
Wind Power
Solar Power
Back-Up
Sensors, Control , and Processing
Grid Control / Data CMD/
TLM
A DC-dominant microgrid Illustration
AC/DC Bi-dirConvert
Battery Storage
AMCL1
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
23
A Fractal Radial Distribution with SMs
Bulk Transmission
AMCL1
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F21
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F22
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3211AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3212AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3221AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3222
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…
Fault Isolation, Resiliency, and Asynchronous Generation
Modern Grid
24
Fast Protection Essential The September 8, 2011 event clearly indicates the need for
fast protection
25
Challenge: Interrupt high current and limit high voltage effectively
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A First Resilient DC Microgrid (IEEE ECCE’15 Keynote, D. Tan)
Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing
27
Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing (cont’d)
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Resiliency Example: Dead Bus Recovery
29
A modern grid can be connected asynchronously through, for instance, back-to-back (BtB) dc converters Connection for different frequencies (50 Hz vs. 60 Hz) Connection of regional or (micro)grids to form a larger grid
with similar but not synchronized frequencies BtBs can provide asynchronous connection, fault isolation,
and local energy generation/storage As proven during the August-2003 US-Canada Blackout
between the Midwest-Quebec interconnect New local storage will allow local generation with renewables
to be integrated
30
Asynchronous (Bulk) Generation/Distribution
Challenge: Identify the minimum interface protocol to enable asynchronous generation and fault isolation simultaneously
Asynchronous Bulk Generation
BtB
Only area control of frequency in synchronism only
Fractal Grid StructuresInaugural eT&D, 2016
32
Structured Microgrid (SM): Basic Structure
Bulk Transmission
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F2
3MC
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
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A Radial Distribution with SMs
Bulk Transmission
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F2
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
Bulk Transmission
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A Mesh Distribution w/ Structured Microgrids
Bulk Transmission A
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F2
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
Bulk Transmission B
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A Fractal Radial Distribution with SMs
Bulk Transmission
AMCL1
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F21
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F22
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3211AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3212AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3221AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3222
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…AMC
L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4…
37
A Fractal Mesh Distribution with SMs
Bulk Transmission A
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F2
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
Bulk Transmission B
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
3MC 3MC
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5AMC L
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
3MC
3MC 3MC
3MC
Synchronous Bulk Generation
Frequency , f, is the regulating quantity in synchronism
Asynchronous Bulk Generation
BtB
Only area control of frequency in synchronism only
Grid Edge
Structured Microgrids
Distribution
MVDCMVDC, & LVDC
Transmission
HVDC & HVAC
Bulk Generation
Asynchronous & Synchronous
Generation
Evolution towards a Mordent Grid
Telecom Sensor Network C&DH
Progress will be from grid edge onwards
Foundation Technology
PE&S
Systems
Converters
Components
All Things Grid Connected
1C
2W3M
Foundation technology: 3M, 2W, & 1C
Releasing the Power of Consumer Investment
ConsumersConsumers
Grid Owner & Grid Owner & Independent Independent
OperatorsOperators
Policies & Policies & EconomicsEconomics
Grid Grid Infrastructure Infrastructure ModernizationModernization
A win-win-win situation
FRACTAL-Grid Contents Fractal: Invariant minimum structure Autonomous Structured Microgrids: Interface protocol Electronic: Adiabatic power conversion, high reliability and low
cost Asynchronous: Back-to-back dc/dc for fault isolation and enable
asynchronous (bulk) generation Resilient: Dead bus recovery for mix energy sources Fault tolerant: Circuit breaker, current limiter, voltage limiter,
and smart fuses Name Fault-tolerant Resilient Asynchronous EleCTronic Autonomous-
Structured Fractal Grid
43
Contents Fractal: Invariant minimum structure Autonomous Structured Microgrids: Interface protocol Electronic: Adiabatic power conversion, high reliability and low
cost Asynchronous: Back-to-back dc/dc for fault isolation and enable
asynchronous (bulk) generation Resilient: Dead bus recovery for mix energy sources Fault tolerant: Circuit breaker, current limiter, voltage limiter,
and smart fuses Name Fault-tolerant Resilient Asynchronous EleCTronic Autonomous-
Structured Fractal GridFRACTAL-Grid
Facing the Grand ChallengeAPRA-E 2016
44
Facing the Grand Challenge Grid capacity is typically two (2) times of daily average
Pete Shoemaker, “Basics of PV systems for grid-tied applications,” PE&G Tutorial, 2012
Grid capacity is over sized and largely underutilized
45
46
A Radial Distribution with SMs
Bulk Transmission
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F1
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F2
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F3
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F4
AMCL
S RES
3MC
G
3MC
F5
3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads
Bulk Transmission
With 100% balanced, the bulk transmission can be a peak power provider
Facing the Grand Challenge PE&S technologies have the potential to enable the grid to
meet the world’s 2050 energy demand (100% growth) without having to increase the grid’s transmission and distribution capacity by Integrating renewable energy through structured microgrids Improving the transmission and distribution efficiency Enhancing flexibility through dynamic control Strengthening grid fault tolerance and resiliency
47
PE&S technologies will help enable us to meet next century’s energy growth challenge and reduce environmental footprint in
electricity generation, transmission and distribution
48
TPE:TPE:Technical Performance ExcellenceTechnical Performance Excellence