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Situation of Children with Hearing
Impairments in Ethiopia
Presentation Layout
I. Understanding hearing impairment
II. Prevalence and etiological conditions in Ethiopia
III. Developmental effects of hearing impairment
IV. Educational situation of children with hearing
impairment
V. Early Identification and Intervention practices
VI. Inclusive Education : The Way of the Future
1. Understanding Hearing Impairment
Hearing Impairment
The Deaf The Hard of HearingEducational & medical
definitions
HI & its possible impacts (Varna,1993)
DEGREE OF
HEARING LOSS
DECIBELS
(DB hl)
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON SPEECH
AND LANGUAGE
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON
ADJUSTMENT AND
BEHAVIOUR
None 0 - -
Mild 20- 40 Slight difficulties May show slight deficit
Moderate 41 - 70 Difficulties in speech receptivity May show behavioral
difficulties
Severe 71 - 95 Difficulties in speaking omissions in
spoken language.
Social problems as well as
educational difficulties
Profound 95+ Have marked difficulties in
understanding speech and speech may
be unintelligible.
Educational limitations,
behavior and social skills
may be immature
2. Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Ethiopia
Incidence and prevalence of hearing impairment in Ethiopia
Onset of Hearing Impairment
Age 3-5 6-9 10-12 13-15 15-25
Per cent 32% 16% 8% 16% 16%
Prevalence :15 %
3. Ethological Conditions of Hearing Impairment
3.1 Disabling factors and types of Hearing Impairment
Causes of Hearing Impairment
Congenital conditions
Acquired conditions
Unknown
3.2 Site of Hearing Impairment Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
3.3 Causes of HI Ethiopia
3.
4. Developmental Profile of Children
with Hearing Impairments
4.1 Language Development
(Deaf & Hard of Hearing )
a) Communication Methods
Oral Communication
Manual Communication
Total Communication
b) Sign Language
4.2 Cognitive and Learning Characteristics
Impact of lack of Interaction Psychosocial situation (cognitive, emotional & behavioral factors)
Learning Characteristics The Deaf
•Pre-lingually Deaf
•Post-lingually Deaf The Hard of Hearing
4.3 Socio-emotional development
a) Family & social environmentChildren from deaf parents Children from hearing parents
b) Onset of hearing impairment Pre-lingually Deaf
Post-lingually Deaf
C) Hard of Hearing Children
4.3 Psychomotor conditions
Gross motor skills
Balance and Equilibrium
5. Educational Status of Children with Hearing Impairments (Tigray, special school for the deaf)
Ethiopian School System
6
Secondary Education -1st Cycle
7 8
9 10TL 2
TL 1
Early Childhood Care and Education
1st Cycle - Primary Education - 2nd Cycle
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3
Ethiopian School System Cont…
2nd Cycle Secondary Education TVET
11 12 L5L4L 3
Higher Education
Enrollment of Children with Special Needs Education in Primary schools (grades 1-8) (MoE,2011)
Disability Male Female Total
Visual 4039 2977 7016
Motor 7361 5992 12653
Hearing 2242 1729 3971
Intellectual 35783 26068 61851
Other 6335 4563 10898
Total 55760 40629 96389
Education of Children with Disabilities in Ethiopia : Challenges
7. Early Intervention and inclusive
practices
Early Intervention Traditional practices
Home-based services
Early childhood education
Inclusive Practices Discussions and debates Challenges of IE
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. How do people understand and communicate with a deaf person in your community ?
2. Compare & contrast the learning characteristics of a deaf child and a hard of hearing child?
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
3. What are the developmental implications of being pre-lingually and post-lingually deaf ?
4. Discuss the development implications of a child brought –up in a deaf and hearing family ?
5. What is your opinion about the deaf culture & the education of the deaf in an inclusive setting ?
Thank You !!
The child needs an adult to convey, interpret, analyze and understand his/her world
[open the appetite]
World Adult Child