SITI KUSMARDIYANI SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB

---- Describe ---

1999

PROSEA, Medicinal and Poisonous Plants, 430.

Prosea, 77.

Rauvolfia vs Rauwolfia;

the former name was given to this Apocynaceous genus by Plumier in 1703, honouring the botanist Leonard Rauwolf. This spelling oversight caused much contention over the years centring on whether Plumier's obvious intention should be adopted in the name Rauwolfia. Both spellings are commonly found but the rules dictate that Rauvolfiahas priority.

Evans, 8

--- Read: Ch. 3 Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy ---

in Materia Medika Indonesia

Formerly the termed were :

“simples” or “simple drugs”

they exist as they occur naturally, not having been compounded or mixed with other substances

Simplicia in London Pharmacopoeia

Simplisia

CRUDE DRUGS

Wallis, 168

Orthosiphonis folium Cocae folium

Sennae foliumAbri folium

LEAVES

© KUSMARDIYANI

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Litseae cortex Cinnamomi cortex

Alstoniae cortexCinchonae cortex

BARKS

© KUSMARDIYANI

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Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma

Zingiberis rhizoma

Kaempferiae rhizomaLanguatis rhizoma

RHIZOMES

© KUSMARDIYANI

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PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

HARVESTINGCOLLECTION

DRYINGGARBLINGPACKAGING, STORAGE, PRESERVATION

Read : Tyler, Pharmacognosy; Ch. 1. Introduction - Preparation of Drugs, p. 6-8.

COLLECTIONWild vs Cultivated Plants

--- Elaborate ---

Wild plant Cultivated plant

Tempuyung Sonchus arvensis

Explain

CULTIVATION the right identity of botanical source

the desired type and amount of constituents

Carelessness

Ignorancefailure to take the right plant (part)

Visiting Kebun Percobaan Manoko, Lembang, Bandung. -- slides --

There are various aspects concerning cultivation of medicinal plants. Explain!

Hand labor

Mechanical means

digitalis, tea

economic factors

HARVESTING

QUALITY & QUANTITY --- GEOGRAPHIC & OTHER FACTORS

HOW TO GET THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS:

LEAVES FLOWERS FRUITS SEEDS BARKS WOODS ROOTS RHIZOMES HERBS

?

HARVESTING

Gathercoal

Gathercoal

TIME OF COLLECTION quality of vegetable drugs

---- Read and Discuss -----

Gathercoal

TIME OF COLLECTION quality of vegetable drugs

The flowers gathered when they are closed produce the finest and most powerful insect powder,

nearly 2x that made from the-half-closed or open flowers

Pyrethrum flowers Pyrethri flos

dried flower bud

Select the most suitable plant part !

DRYINGTO REDUCE WATER CONTENT

An excess of water will encourage microbial growth, the presence of fungi or insects, and deterioration following hydrolysis.

Drying methods : NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL DRYING

Ramstad, ….

GARBLING

This should be carried out after the drug is dried and before it is packaged.

It is usually a semiskilled operation.

other part of the plant

dirt

added adulterants

Removal of extraneous matter:

Illustration of collection, garbling, and drying processes:as part of a student’s final project.

Packaging : tin cans, glass container.

Storage condition : cool, dark, well ventilated with dry air, as low a temperature as possible.

The use of methyl bromide for fumigation.

Never in wooden box or in paper bags Avoid : deterioration

odor contaminationinsects (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera) rats

Biologics must be stored at 2 – 8 oC

STORAGEPACKAGINGPRESERVATION

INSECTS FOUND IN CRUDE DRUGS

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INSECTS FOUND IN CRUDE DRUGS

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Myristicae semen + INSECT

© SK

INSECTS FOUND IN CRUDE DRUGS

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SOME STARCHES OF COMMERCE

Wallis, 17.

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION

Piperis foliumParameriae cortex

Capsici fructusGuazumae folium

Microscopic examination of a mixture containing 4 pulverized crude drugs-- Kusmardiyani, Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Crude Drugs --

Sappan lignumPsidii folium

Parkiae semen Theae folium

BIOASSAY

Read : Tyler, Pharmacognosy; Ch. 1. Introduction - New Bioassays, p. 19-20.

Examples:Brine shrimp lethality test

Potato-disc assay

EXTRACTS / FRACTIONS / ISOLATES

2 days

1 day

LD50

10 naupliiEvaporate

+ ASW 5 mL

Artificial sea water (ASW) 38 gram sea salt/L

Brine shrimp eggs

Count the number of dead nauplii, use Program Finney

BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST

A brine shrimp hatchery made from a plastic soap dish and placed in the light. The shrimp should hatch within 24-48h. Significant if LD50 <30 ug/mL.

KUSMARDIYANI

Get information and draw the schemes for other biological screenings.

While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of liquid air (−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours.

Once placed in briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The naupliuslarvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year.

Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a chorion coating which has a brown colour.

An Artemia cyst

Brine shrimp - Artemia salina Leach

- Wikipedia -

These eggs, also known as cysts, are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called cryptobiosis, meaning "hidden life".

NATURAL PRODUCTS

Organic compounds of natural origin that are unique to one organism,

or common to a small number of closely related organisms.

?

FORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS BY LIVING ORGANISMS

BIOSYNTHESIS

BIOGENESIS

Chemical compounds are synthesized and degraded by means of a series of chemical reactions each mediated by an enzyme.

METABOLISM

CATABOLISM

ANABOLISM(SYNTHESIS)

(DEGRADATION)

PRIMARY METABOLISM SECONDARY METABOLISM

FLOW CHART OF SOME CELL METABOLITES

Trease, 151

PRIMARY

SUGARS AMINOACIDS FATTY ACIDS NUCLEOTIDESetc.

POLYSACCHARIDESPROTEINS LIPIDS RNA, DNA etc.

METABOLISM All organisms possess similar metabolic pathways

by which they sinthesize certain essential chemical compounds which are essential for the survival and well-being of the organisms

The pathways produce compounds which usually have no apparent utility.

The pathways are perhaps only activated during particular stages of growth and development

Plant secondary metabolites unique excretion.

During periods of “stress”” (nutrition limitation or microbial attack)

Animal ----------------------- kidney, liver etc. Microorganism ------------ surrounding media Plant ------------------- “storage”

SECONDARYMETABOLISM

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS LEADING TO SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS IN PLANTS

Tyler, 16.

INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

METABOLISM

Primary metabolites provides small molecules which are employed as

starting materials for all of the important secondary

metabolic pathways

principal starting materials (“building blocks”)

ELUCIDATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS

A B C . . . . . . X Y Z

Structure elucidation

Biogenetic pathway

Incorporation of (stereo)spesifically labelled precursor

Biosynthetic pathway?

Tyler, 15

Drug metabolism study using radioactive tracers

ArecolineLobeline

( - ) - Ephedrine Nicotine

Caffeine Mescaline Morphine

Pilocarpine

( - ) - Hyoscyamine

( - ) - Cocaine

Strychnine

Emetine

Quinine

SECONDARY METABOLITES

-ALKALOIDS-(an example)

PLANT CELL AND TISSUE

CULTURE

Read : Tyler, Pharmacognosy; Ch. 1. Introduction - New Culture Technique, p. 20-21.

In vitro culture of higher plants.

The culture on nutrient media under sterile condition.

Evans, 99

CULTIVATION OF PLANT CELLS

TOTIPOTENT : A SINGLE CELL IS CAPABLE OF DEVELOPING INTO A COMPLETE PLANT

You will be responsible for all the topics listed in the Tyler’s Pharmacognosy book.

Start preparing the summary, so that you will be well-prepared for the final exam.

1. General Introduction2. Carbohydrates and Related Compounds3. Glycosides and Tannins4. Lipids5. Volatile Oils6. Resins and Resin Combinations7. Steroids8. Alkaloids9. Peptide Hormeones and the Endocrine System

10. Enzymes and Other Proteins11. Vitamins and Vitamin-containing Drugs12. Antibiotics13. Biologics14. Allergens and Allergenic Preparations15. Poisonus Plants16. Herbs and “Health Food”

Chapters in red will be discussed in class.The rest will be yours to learn by yourself.

The Steps of

SQ4R

One of the first textbook reading system, SQ3R, was developed by Francis P. Robinson in 1941. The SQ4R is based on SQ3R with a fourth R added for the “record” step.

Wong, L., 2000, Essential Study Skills, 3rd ed., 105-122.

1. Survey the chapter

2. Write Questions for each heading and subheading

3. Read the information one paragraph at a time

4. Select a form of notetaking to Record information

5. Recite the important information from the paragraph

6. Review the information learned in the chapter

INTRODUCTION PART II GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY

KUSMARDIYANI SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB

Enjoy the learning process.Know how, why and what you learn by using appropriate learning strategies.

Good luck.