Site Planning and Layout In the design phase of a facility, fire protection

requirements are considered in the site layout Water supply, traffic and transportation

conditions, fire department access, and building exposures

Water Supply and Use Building designer should anticipate the needs

of both the fire department and automatic extinguishing systems

Provide an adequate supply of water at an adequate residual pressure. 

Cities may not be able to supply a sufficient amount of water at required pressures to every part of the city

May need to be boosted by pumps located on fire department apparatus or the buildings

Water pressure for high rise buildings 

Traffic and Transportation Time Traffic conditions Access to buildings Fire Department Access Exterior accessibility - fire department

apparatus from all sides

Exposure From Other Buildings External fire hazards to neighboring structures Radiation and convection  Factors Influencing Severity of Exposure

Temperature and duration Exposing Fire

Type of construction of exterior walls and roofs Width of exposing fire Height of exposing fire Percent of openings in exposing wall area

Exposed Building Type of construction of exterior walls and roofs Orientation and surface area of exposed exterior walls Percent of openings in exterior wall area Protection of openings

Exposure Protection Reference on Exposure Protection:

NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures

NFPA 80A: Recommended Practice for the Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures Provide a reasonable level of protection for

combustibles within and on the exterior of a building exposed to external building fire

Two major exposure sources:  Exposure to radiation Radiant energy passing through windows or other

openings Flames from burning building windows Flames from the burning façade  Exposure to Flames Flames from the roof or top a building when the

exposed building is higher than the burning building

Minimum Separation Distances Calculated using a number of factors Width of the exposing fire Height of the exposing fire

Exposure Severity Average combustible load per unit of floor

area Characteristics and average flame spread

ratings of interior wall and ceiling finishes. Using the larger of the height to width or

width to height ratio of the exposing fire, the exposure severity, and exposure guide number, the minimum separation distance can be calculated using table values and multipliers.

Means of Protection Various means of protection can be used to

adjust the calculated separation distances downward

Examples of protection measures include: Use of automatic sprinklers Use blank walls made of non-combustible

construction Extend exterior walls Eliminate wall openings Use glass block panels in openings

Building Electrical Systems As part of the building design, consideration

must be taken with regards to electrical systems and equipment

Number of structure fires per year due to electrical equipment:

Electrical Distribution Equipment: 40,350 Appliance or Tool: 11,110 Heating Equipment: 5,830 Cooking Equipment: 5,210 Air-Conditioning or Refrigeration Equipment: 3,890

Sources for Fires Human Errors That Contribute to Fires Lack of Maintenance Improper Use Carelessness or Oversight Electrical Arcing Electrical Heating

Electrical Safeguards Grounding Guarding Over current Protection Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters

NEC Hazard Classifications Class I: Flammable Gases & Vapors

Division 1 Division 2

Class II: Combustible Dusts Division 1 Division 2

Class III: Ignitable Fibers Division 1 Division 2

Hazard Classifications How are the hazard classifications used in

industry? How do “explosion proof wiring and electrical

components work? How would I select electrical equipment that is

planned for use in a hazardous location?

Codes and Standards NFPA 70: National Electrical Code OSHA Standards State and local electrical safety/building

codes Chicago Electrical Code Alaska Electrical Code

ANSI/IEEE: National Electrical Safety Code U.S. electrical industry and communications utility

field

National Electrical Code Format Chapter 1 General

Article 100 — Definitions Article 110 — Requirements

for Electrical Installations Chapter 2 Wiring and

Protection Articles 200 – 299

Chapter 3 Wiring Methods Articles 300 – 399

Chapter 4 Equipment for General Use Articles 400 – 499

Chapter 5 Special Occupancies Articles 500 – 599

Chapter 6 Special Equipment Articles 600 – 699

Chapter 7 Special Conditions Articles 700 – 799

Chapter 8 Communications Systems Articles 800 – 899

Chapter 9 Tables

OSHA Electrical Safety Standards 1910 Subpart S:

Electrical 1910.301 -

Introduction. 1910.302 - Electric

utilization systems. 1910.303 - General. 1910.304 - Wiring

design and protection. 1910.305 - Wiring

methods, components, and equipment for general use.

1910.306 - Specific purpose equipment and installations.

1910.307 - Hazardous (classified) locations.

1910.308 - Special systems.

1910.399 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Subpart S Appendix A - Reference Documents

OSHA Electrical Standards 1910.302(a) Scope

OSHA standards under Subpart S cover electrical installations and utilization equipment installed or used within or on buildings, structures, and other premises, including: Yards; Carnivals; Parking and other lots; Mobile homes; Recreational vehicles; Industrial substations; Conductors that connect the installations to a supply of

electricity; and Other outside conductors on the premises.

OSHA Electrical Standards 1910.302(b) Extent of application

Certain standards apply to certain applications based upon when they were designed and/or installed

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) Developed by the United Nations, the premise

of the GHS is that existing chemical classification and labeling systems (such as OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)) “should be harmonized in order to develop a single, globally harmonized system to address classification of chemicals, labels and safety data sheets.”

Covers all hazardous chemical substances, dilute solutions, and mixtures.

The GHS is not a global law or regulation; it is a system or a set of recommendations.

Flammable liquids Category 1: Extremely flammable liquid and

vapour Category 2: Highly flammable liquid and

vapour Category 3: Flammable liquid and vapour Category 4: Combustible liquid

OSHA’s Flammable Liquids Definitions Under GHS Flammable liquid means any liquid having a flashpoint at or below 199.4

°F (93 °C). Flammable liquids are divided into four categories as follows: Category 1 shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23 °C) and

having a boiling point at or below 95 °F (35 °C). Category 2 shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23 °C) and

having a boiling point above 95 °F (35 °C). Category 3 shall include liquids having flashpoints at or above 73.4 °F (23 °C)

and at or below 140 °F (60 °C). When a Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C) is heated for use to within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for a Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C).

Category 4 shall include liquids having flashpoints above 140 °F (60 °C) and at or below 199.4 °F (93 °C). When a Category 4 flammable liquid is heated for use to within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for a Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C).

When liquid with a flashpoint greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C) is heated for use to within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for a Category 4 flammable liquid.

Classification Criteria Health and Environmental Hazards Physical Hazards Mixtures Hazard Communication Labels Safety Data Sheets

Acute Toxicity Skin Corrosion/Irritation Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation Respiratory or Skin Sensitization Germ Cell Mutagenicity Carcinogenicity Reproductive Toxicity Target Organ Systemic Toxicity – Single and

Repeated Dose Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment

Physical Hazards Explosives Flammability – gases, aerosols, liquids, solids Oxidizers – liquid, solid, gases Self-Reactive Pyrophoric – liquids, solids Self-Heating Organic Peroxides Corrosive to Metals Gases Under Pressure Water-Activated Flammable Gases