SISTEMA DE RAYOS X

Y TOMOGRAFIA MODELO XT 225

Nikon Metrology

Application notes index Metal corrosion mechanisms .................................................................................................. 2

Unveiling mysteries of nature ................................................................................................. 2

Implant research ......................................................................................................................... 2

Automotive Components Inspection .................................................................................... 3

Aircraft Component Inspection .............................................................................................. 4

Fabrics/Textiles ........................................................................................................................... 5

Rocks/Minerals ........................................................................................................................... 6

Composites .................................................................................................................................. 7

Plastic Manufacturing ............................................................................................................... 8

Metallurgy ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Implants/ Protheses ................................................................................................................. 10

Metal Manufacturing ................................................................................................................ 11

Household appliances and white goods ............................................................................ 12

Die and Mould Applications .................................................................................................. 12

Automated measurement ....................................................................................................... 13

Critical assemblies of medical devices or drug delivery systems .............................. 13

Asbestos ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Cracks and Failure Analysis.................................................................................................. 14

Dental applications .................................................................................................................. 15

Manual examination ................................................................................................................. 15

Damage propagation in composite material ..................................................................... 15

Grain sizing ................................................................................................................................ 16

Mobile phones, shavers & watches ..................................................................................... 17

Metal corrosion mechanisms

CT observations provide insight into the development of corrosion pits,

stress corrosion cracks and their geometries, to improve system design

and deduce mathematical formulae. A key aspect is that pitting corrosion

in stainless steel usually initiates through local breakdown of the passive

surface film.

Unveiling mysteries of nature

A vital aspect of studying natural specimens is the ability to visualize their internal structure.

Most investigatory methods available solely capture the outer specimen surface, or require

edged and colored sample slices to offer a glimpse of the interior. Micro-CT generates stunning

3D visualizations of the interior structure of fossils, animals, rocks and meteorites. They provide

researchers ground-breaking insight into mineral sedimentary deposits and the evolution of

animal anatomy. Mineralogists, paleontologists, zoologists, ornithologists and entomologists at

the museum have already revealed remarkable aspects of present and past species that were

unknown to date.

Implant research

Material researchers are developing bone implants made of titanium

foam that offer favorable biocompatibility and superior surface

roughness and strength. A number of weeks after implanting these

plugs into rabbits, CT investigation visualizes and quantifies the

bone ingrowth in the ramified porous implant structure.

Automotive Components Inspection

A headlight, a suspension part, a wheel rim, a bumper or a

plastic air filter box; every automotive component has its own

dimensional specifications. Quick inspection checks on the

shop floor or near the production machine can be executed

using a handheld inspection system. The MMDx scanner is

compatible with Nikon Metrology arms and most leading 3rd

party articulated arms, including Faro and Romer / CimCore.

For applications involving larger parts, the MMDx technology is

also available as part of the K-Scan Optical CMM system. This unique scanning system allows the

operator to freely walk around and take scans as desired.

Quick inspection checks on the shop floor or near the production machine can be executed with

a manual inspection system. MMD laser scanners outperform touch probe inspection systems in

terms of productivity and level of detail. The laser scanner operates in combination with an

articulated arm (Metris, Faro, Cimcore) or an optical CMM (Metris K-scan).

For more accurate and systematic inspection, Nikon Metrology

offers LK CMM and Camio, supporting touch trigger, analog

scanning and laser scanning measurement. RCA or K-Robot

are available for in-line inspection through automated laser

scanning.

Trim parts used as part of vehicle interior set specific quality

control challenges. LC and XC laser scanners yields accurate and repeatable results because it is

non-contact inspection technology that is excellently suited for digitizing soft and fragile parts.

At the same time, laser scanning acquires much more measurement data, allowing a part’s

contours and geometric features of to be evaluated thoroughly. Focus' graphic CAD comparison

charts provide powerful insight into local surface deviation, resulting in fewer iteration steps.

Aircraft Component Inspection

Precision and reliability are key in the aerospace industry.

Every day, LK CMMs from Nikon Metrology run detailed

inspection on small to mid sized landing gear, actuator

assembly, breaking system and thrust reverser

components.

When size really matters, Nikon Metrology offers truly

flexible and reliable gantry CMMs. In addition to high

accuracy with maximum volume, gantry CMMs support a variety of probing solutions, including

touch-trigger and laser scanning sensors.

For supersize fuselage, wing or engine parts, leading aircraft manufacturers count on Laser

Radar and iGPS, two revolutionary solutions based on innovative laser technologies. Both

solutions offer accurate and contactless inspection capabilities that are used within a wide

variety of large volume measurement and inspection applications: aircraft fuselage section

analysis, tool assembly and alignment inspection as well as the inspection of aircraft engine inlet

cowls and checking the geometry of aircraft wing.

Onsite inspection of cracks or fatigue issues on aerospace components is possible with a portable

microscope. ShuttlePix is the ideal tool to investigate large objects or components that cannot

taken to the lab for analysis.

Fabrics/Textiles

The fabrics and textiles industry is one of the oldest in the world, and with modern innovations

and the advent of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) offering lightweight potentials for innovative

techniques, the verification of manufacturing quality is paramount as it directly impacts the

mechanical properties of the materials and the structural behaviour of its constituents.

Common faults include: uneven linear density, count variation, slubs, neps and end breaks

during spinning. In addition many materials, such as paper, are coated with a finishing product

like china clay and the consistency of this requires inspection, and quality assurance.

Quality assessment of materials constructed with FRP's is critical, particularly for the verification

of fibre orientations post manufacture, there are numerous inspection methods of which X-ray

analysis is advantageous. Computer tomography, CT, is employed to assess fracture modes after

mechanical testing under both tensile, compressive and torques loads and inner pressure

loading. Damage detection in braided composite pipes is commonly carried out via acoustic

emissions.

In production line assessment of more traditional textile products (clothing, carpeting, medical

dressings etc) is important to detect error in human inspection as a result of fatigue. Optical

devices are used to detect pick density and locate fabric flaws where lasers bounce light off the

yarn and a one-dimensional image is fed back to computer software where the defects can be

imaged.

Alternatively samples can be taken and further studied and analyzed macroscopically, for faults

and consistency in production, using a stereomicroscope, or microscopically, using an incident

light microscope, in the laboratory.

Key instruments include: Eclipse 50i pol, LV100 pol, LV-series and Steromicroscopes

Key words include: fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), fibre orientation, fracture modes, pick

density, stereomicroscope, X-ray, acoustic emissions, computer tomography (CT), optical

analysis

Rocks/Minerals

The analysis of rock and minerals is important both academically, for geological and earth

sciences, and industrially, in oil and mineral-related industries. Academically, the techniques are

applied to advance the understanding of what is happening to the earth, to date rock, mineral

and microfossil samples and for mineral typing. Industrially, mineral analysis is applied in oil

production and in the manufacture of common materials such as glass.

The major techniques used are bright-field, fluorescence stereomicroscopy and polarization

microscopy for the analysis of minerals, ores and concrete. These techniques make it possible to

compare sound and defective concrete, aggregates, dimension stone, metalliferous ores, and

industrial minerals, typically prepared as polished thin sections.

Epi-illumination can be used to study sulphide and oxide ores, while UV is ideal for studying

concrete sections impregnated with fluorescent dye in order to determine the capillary porosity

of the cement paste and, from this, deduce the water/cement ratio in the concrete. Using this

information with modal data (proportions of aggregate, sand, binder and voids) it is possible to

estimate the mix design of the concrete.

Key instruments include: Eclipse 50i pol, LV100 pol, LV-series and Stereomicroscopes

Key techniques and terms include: brightfield microscopy, fluorescence, polarization, diascopic

and episcopic illumination.

Composites

Comprised of at least two constituent materials of significantly different physical or chemical

properties, composites are of two types: matrix and reinforcement. Modern composites are used

in advanced spacecraft engineering and more commonly steel, cement, concrete and asphalt for

road surfacing. The earliest composites can be dated back to the use of mud and straw as

rudimentary building bricks.

Composites can be split into two

main categories, commonly

referred to as short fibre reinforced

materials and continuous fibre

reinforced materials (which are

often comprised of a layered or

laminate structure). Industrial

damage and wear and tear through

shocks, impact, loadings or

repeated cyclic stresses can cause

delamination, a separation of the

laminate layers. Fibre pull-out, a

separation of individual fibres from

the matrix is also a problem.Non

destructive testing is conducted on a timely basis both throughout the production process and

the ultimate use of the composite for quality control purposes. Techniques such as ultrasound,

acoustic emission, resonant frequency and piezoelectric paint sensors are amongst those that

can be used to identify fibre pull-out and delamination.Alternatively samples can be taken and

further studied and analyzed macroscopically, for faults and consistency in production, using a

stereomicroscope, or microscopically, using an incident light microscope, in the laboratory.

Key tools and techniques include: stereomicroscopy, inverted microscopes

Key instruments include: LV-series, XT H systems

Key words include: delamination, fibre pull out, stereomicroscopy, incident light microscope

Plastic Manufacturing

Quality control in plastics manufacturing presents a real challenge as out-of-specification

components represent a financial burden to the manufacturer, not only because of materials and

machine time involved with re-running the batch, but also because of disposal and recycling

charges.

With injection-moulding batches of plastics components stretching into the millions, identifying

when key dimensions are threatening to drift out of tolerance is crucial. However, in addition to

plastic conversion processes being subject to natural fluctuations, the sheer speed of the

injection moulding process poses a real challenge in terms of effective quality control. Equally

challenging is the range of colors, textures, sizes and complexity of components that need to be

measured. Manufacturers need to be able to check statistically valid numbers of samples yet

avoid compromizing demanding production schedules.

In addition to edge-to-edge dimensions, the position, diameter, depth and profile of apertures

may also need to be checked. Also, since plastics form the outer cover of many high quality

items, their surfaces need to be completely blemish-free.

Stereomicroscopy plays a key role in allowing staff to examine surface finishes and spot minute

imperfections. Manual metrology provides an accurate means to assess prototypes, check the

performance of injection moulding dyes and perform lower volume quality control checks. Non-

contact z-height measurement can also be a useful asset on manual measuring microscopes

used for lower volume QC work.Automated, non-contact video-based measuring not only allows

multiple edge-to-edge measurements to be reliably made on large numbers of simple plastic

components, but also the position, diameter, depth and profile of apertures on lower volume,

complex work pieces.With the correct illumination settings, repeatable and reproducible edge

detection, even the edges on dark and clear parts can be correctly refracted, detected and

reproducibly measured. Non-contact video measurement can also be used to compare CAD vs

actual data and perform real-time SPC.

Key techniques for QC in plastics manufacturing include:stereomicroscopy; extended depth of

field; polarizingmicroscopy; phase contrast; non-contact z-height measurement; non-

contact video measuring systems; twin-ringLED illumination; through-the-lens laser

autofocusing (TTL AF); laser scanning; and automated edge detection.

Metallurgy

From extraction to production, metallurgy and metallography are used to examine the

microscopic mechanisms that affect the behaviour of metals, their composites and alloys. A well

manufactured material can be made more resistant to virtually any source of potential failure,

including corrosion, stress and creep - all of which are crucial considerations for the use of

metals and alloys in manufacturing and engineering. To achieve this, however, metallurgists

must contend with a host of complex factors, both naturally occurring and those resulting from

engineering processes, which can alter the physical properties of metals and ultimately, their

industrial applications.

Just as the macroscopic properties of metals are tested using instruments capable of measuring

their hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength, analysis of a metal's microstructure is

carried out using a combination of general and specialist microscopy techniques. With the right

tools, metallurgists can confidently survey a host of metallurgical failure mechanisms including:

• Fatigue

• Corrosion

• Creep

• Stress ruptures

• Fractures

• Cracking and crack propagation

• Hydrogen embrittlement

Prepared metallographic samples, are inspected using dedicated inverted microscopes that allow

researchers to assess the grain size and phase of metals. Metallurgical studies, in contrast, can

involve these as well as the use of specialized optical microscopes (transmitted and reflected

light illumination), scanning electron microscopes and video measuring systems for select

applications. When specialist software is added to this mix, researchers and control engineers

can capture truly brilliant images and maximise the use of sample information.

Key techniques and instruments: stereomicroscopy, polarized light microscopy, transmitted and

reflected light illumination, inverted microscopes, video measuring systems,

Implants/ Protheses

With medical devices, failure is not an option. Reproducible examination and measurement of

key components and specified tolerances play a key role in ensuring the reliable and repeatable

performance needed for simple, single-use catheters right through to the most advanced drug

delivery systems.In order to avoid the rejection of rogue batches. They also need to be able to

verify the quality of bought-in materials prior to release from inventory and provide a complete

audit trail for regulatory purposes.Microscopy is a key tool in the examination of medical devices

and components as it provides the means to produce the high contrast images needed to spot

small imperfections on and below the surface of samples such as catheters and surgical blades.

It can also prove beneficial in examining failures, to assess whether they are due to a

manufacturing error or misuse.

Optical metrology provides an accurate means to assess prototypes, check the performance of

new injection moulding tools and perform lower volume quality control checks.

Automated non-contact video measuring allows multiple measurements to be reliably made on

large numbers of small and complex components at a rate that can keep pace with demanding

production schedules. With the correctillumination settings, repeatable and reproducible edge

detection, even the edges on dark and clear parts can be correctly refracted, detected and

reproducibly measured. Non-contact video measurement can also be used to compare CAD vs.

actual data and perform real-time SPC.

Key techniques used in QC of medical devises include: stereomicroscopy; extended depth of

field; polarizingmicroscopy; phase contrast; non-contact z-height measurement; non-contact

video measuring systems; twin-ringLED illumination; through-the-lens laser auto-focusing (TTL

AF); laser scanning; automated edge detection.

Material researchers are developing bone implants made of titanium foam that offer favorable

biocompatibility and superior surface roughness and strength. A number of weeks after

implanting these plugs into rabbits, CT investigation visualizes and quantifies the bone ingrowth

in the ramified porous implant structure.

For some medical components, such as knee or hip implants and hearing aids, the as-built shape

of the component is crucial for fast patient recovery and maximum comfort. By digitizing a

patient-specific part using a digital laser scanner, the entire geometry can be evaluated on the

basis of graphic color diagrams.

Metal Manufacturing

Quality control is paramount in the metal manufacturing industry as lapses in quality can lead to

serious performance and safety impairments. Quality control measures range from ensuring key

dimensions are within tight specifications to other criteria such as checking surface finish and

grain/crystal size which can be vitally important since they can have a dramatic effect on quality

and performance.

Since the tensile strength of metals is inversely proportional to grain or crystal size, controlling

and checking that the correct size is achieved during the manufacturing process is crucial in the

manufacture of components such as bearings and crankshafts. Imperfections within the

crystalline structure will determine how it performs under load, so being able to detect them is a

key aspect of both research and development and on-going QC.

Episcopic microscopy, and in particular polarizing techniques, play a key role in allowing staff to

measure grain size and spot imperfections at the interface between adjacent grains. Manual

metrology provides an accurate means to assess prototypes, check the performance

of CNC drilling systems and perform lower volume quality control checks. Non-contact, z-height

measurement can also be a useful asset on manual measuring microscopes used for lower

volume QC work.

Since the tensile strength of metals is inversely proportional to grain or crystal size, controlling

and checking that the correct size is achieved during the manufacturing process is crucial in the

manufacture of components such as bearings and crankshafts. Imperfections within the

crystalline structure will determine how it performs under load, so being able to detect them is a

key aspect of both research and development and on-going QC.

Episcopic microscopy, and in particular polarizing techniques, play a key role in allowing staff to

measure grain size and spot imperfections at the interface between adjacent grains. Manual

metrology provides an accurate means to assess prototypes, check the performance of CNC

drilling systems and perform lower volume quality control checks. Non-contact, z-height

measurement can also be a useful asset on manual measuring microscopes used for lower

volume QC work.

Automated, non-contact video-based measuring not only allows multiple edge-to-edge

measurements to be reliably made on large numbers of simple pressed metals components,

being stamped out in their millions, but also the position, diameter, depth and profile of

apertures on lower volume, complex work pieces produced as a result of a number of drilling and

machining processes. With the correct illumination and automated edge detection, video

measuring systems can also compensate for burrs left as a result of the manufacturing process.

Non-contact video measuring systems can also be used to compare CAD vs actual data, perform

real-time SPC and evaluate gears.

Key techniques for checking quality control in the manufacture of metal

include:stereomicroscopy; non-contact z-height measurement; non-contact video measuring

systems; twin-ring LED illumination; through-the-lens laser autofocusing (TTL AF); laser

scanning; automated edge detection.

Household appliances and white goods

Today domestic appliances such as a cooking ring, vacuum cleaner or microwave contain high-

tech technology. From design through production, manufacturers require confirmation regarding

the geometry of plastic and sheet metal parts as well as the attachment and connectivity of

electrical and electronic power and control circuitry. Therefore, Nikon Metrology recommends

using LK CMM equipped with LC60D, XC65D and LC15 laser scanners, or the XT H 225 X-ray and

CT inspection system.

The drums of tumble driers and washing machines are rotating components that influence the

quality and comfort level of white goods. To efficiently digitize the drums’ freeform surfaces and

geometric features, white good manufacturers today more and more tend to choose for

productive 3D laser scanning.

Die and Mould Applications

Tool Metal stamping, casting and

plastic injection molding are

popular production methods for

molds and dies. Physical

phenomena like part shrinkage and

spring back make it difficult to

precisely match the CAD geometry.

The iterative manufacturing

process can be monitored closely

using Nikon Metrology LC or XC

laser scanners , which outperform

tactile inspection in terms of

measurement point count and

inspection productivity. Color maps

generated in Focus Inspection visualize CAD deviation, providing powerful insight to avoid trial

and error. Tool wear or accidental damage may call for repair rather than replacement. As

original CAD may not outdated or missing, 3D scanning is a valid solution to reverse engineer

the original tool.

Automated measurement

Automated non-contact video automatically takes measurements on larger series of complex

medical components at a rate that can keep pace with demanding production schedules.

Optimum illumination settings ensure repeatable and reproducible edge detection. Non-contact

video measurement can also be used to perform CAD comparison and real-time SPC.

Critical assemblies of medical devices or drug delivery systems

With medical devices failure is not an option. By literally looking inside key components and

critical assemblies, X-ray and CT face no limitations as to accessing hard-to-reach spots.

Radiography is often used to verify the dimensions of drug delivery systems’ inhaler chamber or

dispenser mechanism. Likewise, the connections of a pacemaker can be double checked before

surgery starts.

Asbestos

Asbestos is a ubiquitous construction material with a wide variety of uses including: thermal

insulation in buildings, general fire protection and the lining of brake pads. There are several

forms, the most common of these being blue (crocidolite), brown (amosite), white (chrysotile)

and rarer forms include, tremolite, athophylite, actinolite.

Inhalation of asbestos fibres, especially crocidolite, is associated with lung disease (asbestosis,

lung cancer and mesothelioma). Due to the hazardous nature of asbestos there is a need to

determine whether asbestos is present in the environment - in traffic-heavy urban areas, old

buildings, during demolition work etc.

Light microscopy is a key tool in the examination of environmental examples. It is able to

determine the presence, type and preliminary size distribution of asbestos fibres in a given

volume of sample.

Sample analysis usually commences with stereo microscopic examination of the bulk sample to

determine the presence of asbestos fibres. Fibres can be further identified

using polarizing microscopy. The quantity and size distribution of fibres is then analyzed

by phase contrast microscopy, as certified by regulatory bodies and can be aided by image

analysis software. Digital imaging technology enables records and audit trails to be kept for each

analysis.

Key microscopy techniques in asbestos imaging include: stereomicroscopy, polarizing

microscopy, phase contrast, image analysis, digital imaging

Cracks and Failure Analysis

In many industries it is extremely difficult to manufacture products that will be totally immune to

cracking and breaking in service, making testing at the point of manufacture, and during use,

essential. Cracks can occur in a number of materials such as metals, composites, plastics and

minerals, and may indicate manufacturing failure in industries including automotive, aerospace,

building, engineering and manufacturing. Non-destructive crack evaluation is essential for

quality control and ultimate failure analysis.

Cracks can be identified, and their nature analyzed, through a host of different microscopic

techniques including inverted microscopy, stereomicroscopy, metallurgic analysis, digital

microscopy and, in some indications, traditional measuring microscopy or an X-ray/CT system.

Timely assessments are needed during production and

throughout service to establish whether damage has

occurred, If so, the investigator will then need to know

where the initiation came through why the fault is there

(e.g. a visible casting error or contamination), the size of

the crack and the distance from point to point.

More commonly, cracks and structural damage are

identified via non-microscopic methods such as resonant frequency, piezoelectric paint sensors

and ultrasound. Microscopic techniques can then be employed to provide further clarity and

analysis to the damage.

Inverted microscopes are powerful tools in this area as they provide a high level of precision and

are strong and durable enough to withstand the weight of an entire engine shaft or gear box,

allowing cracks to be identified in situ. Alternatively, damaged parts can be cut out for remote

examination then mounted and analyzed under highresolution magnification using digital

microscopy and the software associated with this mode of analysis.

X-ray and CT is the most advanced system and is often used in complex carbon-fibre material

for innovative aerospace applicatons. WIth this system you can gain full insight into the inside of

materials and structures.

Key terms and techniques include: stereomicroscopy, inverted microscopy, digital microscopy,

software, metallurgy

Dental applications

In the dental segment, computed tomography (CT) is performed to verify correct positioning and

orientation of dentures on prosthesis crafted by dental technicians. Both technologies provide

geometric information that allows them to fine tune each individual denture design before it is

manufactured and inserted into the patient’s set of teeth.

Manual examination

Small imperfections of medical devices and components can be traced using specialized

microscopes. High-contrastdigital imaging makes it easy to examine the surface of catheters and

surgical blades prototypes. Also the performance of new injection moulding tools can be checked

or lower volume quality control checks can be performed through microscopy.

Damage propagation in composite material

Identifying failure mechanisms in composites is important

because damage often remains largely invisible externally

until late in the testing process. Research using X-ray and CT

technology help gain a better understanding of the failure

mechanisms and develop mathematical formulae describing

the degrading performance characteristics. Research aims at

developing and exploiting in-situ rigs that allow multi-mode

stressing to be applied on composite samples – a keen

interest of international aerospace companies.

Grain sizing

Correct grain size is crucial to material microstructure and in obtaining correct physical and

mechanical characteristics for a wide range of materials such as metals, plastics, mineral and

composites in the engineering, construction, medical device, semiconductor/electronic and many

other sectors. Fine grained steels, for example, provide strength while coarse grained steels are

more easily machined. The analysis of grain size is used as a quality control tool to ensure that

materials are manufactured to specification and are fit for purpose. Grain size analysis is also

used diagnostically to understand material failures in research and development settings and in

on-going quality control. The process of grain analysis in quality control must be performed to

established standards available from organizations such as ASTM and JIS.

Microscopic analysis of grain size is usually performed on a sample cross section. Grain

boundaries can be revealed by manipulating light, color and contrast during imaging and / or by

pre-etching the sample. Even in samples with a uniform grain size, apparent grain size and

shape may vary depending on where each grain has been cut (oblique cutting, for example,

results in a grain with an elongated appearance). Microscopic examination is usually

accompanied by image analysis with appropriate software (such as NIS Elements Metallo

module) that automatically measures the number and size distribution in a given area to

calculate the grain size. Several measurement methods are commonly used, such as

'planimetric', 'linear', 'circular' or 'Abrams'. Automated imaging and image analysis can greatly

accelerate grain analysis in quality control applications.

Important microscopy techniques in grain size analysis (depending on the material examined)

include brightfield,darkfield polarized light, epi-fluorescence, reflected light microscopy and

interference contrast techniques.

Terms commonly used in grain size analysis:

• Planimetric grain sizing

• Linear grain sizing

• Circular grain sizing

• Abrams

• Jeffries planimetric method,

• Triple-point count method

• Heyn intercept method

• Brightfield

• Darkfield

• Phase contrast

• Differential interference contrast

• Reflected light microscopy

• Polarized light microscopy

• Epi-fluorescence

• Metallurgical microscope

• Image analysis software

Mobile phones, shavers & watches

Complex high-tech plastic parts, such as mobile phone covers, set specific challenges in terms of

quality and development cycles. The LC15 high accuracy laser scanner, applying high point

density on a small field of view, accurately digitizes these compact and detailed objects with

tight tolerances.

The same laser scanner is used for the inspection of plastic shaver parts that are sometimes

metal coated. Inspection is used for both inspection and research purposes. XT H 225 is an X-

ray and CT system that takes inspection one step further by running quality checks of the razor

heads of (disposable) razor units.

Digital cameras and quality watches featuring compact optics, complex mechanics and sensitive

electronics also need verification to make sure specifications are met. Ideal for the job are the

industrial XT H 225 systems combining stunning imaging with high measuring accuracy.

Individual parts can also be measured using CNC video measuring systems, such as iNEXIV and

NEXIV systems, and industrial or measuring microcopes.