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3 lapisan pertahanan tubuh
1. Skin: The First Line of Defense
2. Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of DefenseLine of Defense
3 Th I R Th Thi d3. The Immune Response: The Third Line of Defense
Fungsi Sistem Integumenu gs S ste tegu e
• Kulit merupakan batas antara tubuhKulit merupakan batas antara tubuh dengan lingkungan
• Kulit sebagai garis pertahanan pertama ( )(Skin: The First Line of Defense)
• Kulit sebagai satu pembatas terhadap infeksi (The Skin as a Barrier to Infection)( )
Bagaimana patogen masuk keBagaimana patogen masuk ke dalam tubuh ?
Masuk melalui sistem integumen , mata, telinga serta saluran grespirasi dan pencernaan.
Bagaimana tubuh memberi respon jika patogen masuk ke dalam tubuh ?
• Perlawanan pertama yang dilakukan tubuhyang dilakukan tubuh adalah dengan respon immun non spesifik : sel Makrofag dan cairan limfaMakrofag dan cairan limfa
• Cairan limfatik mengalir melalui sistem limfatik (lymphatic system) yang berfungsi juga dalam sirkulasi sistem immunsirkulasi sistem immun seluler
• Sel Macrophages mefago sitosis mikrobial ukuran besar
The lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs, including the spleen and thymus gland.
A macrophage in action (1800ë). In this scanning electron micrograph, a macrophage is “fishing” with long, sticky cytoplasmic extensions. Bacterial cells that come in contact with the extensions are drawnBacterial cells that come in contact with the extensions are drawn
toward the macrophage and engulfed.
Apa dan dari mana sel makrofag berasal ?
Sel makrofagSel makrofag
• Sel makrofag merupakan sel khusus yangSel makrofag merupakan sel khusus yang bersifat fagositik terhadap “invaders” yang masuk ke tubuh berasal dari struktur selmasuk ke tubuh , berasal dari struktur sel hati, limfa, dan sumsum merah.
• Sel makrofag bersirkulasi dalam cairan t lantar sel.
Selanjutnya apa yang akan terjadi jika ada infeksi ?
Monosit melalui kapiler masuk ke jaringan penghubung lokasi infeksi monositpenghubung lokasi infeksi monosit
berubah menjadi makrofag
In response to an infection monocytes (anIn response to an infection, monocytes (an undifferentiated leukocyte) found in the blood squeeze through capillaries to enter the connective tissues. Th t th it f th i f ti th tThere, at the site of the infection, the monocytes are transformed into additional macrophages.
Adakah Pertahanan SelulerAdakah Pertahanan Seluler
Selain sel makrofag ?
NeutrofilNeutrofil
Neutrofil adalah sel darah putih yangNeutrofil adalah sel darah putih yang bekerja seperti makrofag menelan dan membunuh bakteri dengan caramembunuh bakteri dengan cara fagositosis. Selanjutnya neutrofil mengeluarkan cairan kimia yang dapatmengeluarkan cairan kimia yang dapat membunuh bakteri lain yang berada di sekitarnyasekitarnya.
Natural killer cellsNatural killer cells
Tidak membunuhTidak membunuh dengan fagositosis, melainkan menyerang sel target yang telah terinfeksi.caranya : memasukan porfirin ke sel targetterjadi lubang padaterjadi lubang pada membran sel targetair masuk sel pecahair masuk sel pecah
NK sel membunuh sel yang terinfeksi bakteriNK sel membunuh sel yang terinfeksi bakteri
How complement creates a hole in a cell membrane. As thediagram shows, the complement proteins form a complex
transmembrane pore resembling the perforin lined pores formedtransmembrane pore resembling the perforin-lined pores formedby natural killer cells.
Sel apa saja yang diserang NK SEL ?
NK SEL bertugas membunuhNK SEL bertugas membunuh
1. Sel yang terinfeksi oleh bakteri/virusy g2. Sel kanker3 Sel tumor3. Sel tumor
Implikasinya : untuk melawan kanker bisa dengan jalan memperbanyak NK SEL
Sistem pertahanan KIMIAWIS ste pe ta a a
• Cara lain dari pertahanan seluler yangCara lain dari pertahanan seluler yang juga efektif adalah dengan sistem complement system yang terdiri p y y gapproximately 20 different proteins that circulate freely in the blood plasma.
• Protein tsb membentuk agregat dan merusak dinding sel bakteri/fungi, t b t k l b d i k lterbentuk lubang dan air masuk sel bakteri pecah
Ada yang mau bertanya ?Ada yang mau bertanya ?
Apa yang dimaksud respon inflamasi ?respon inflamasi ?
The events in a local inflammation. When an invading microbe has penetrated the skin, chemicals, such as histamine and prostaglandins, p p g
cause nearby blood vessels to dilate. Increased blood flow brings a wave of phagocytic cells, which attack and engulf invading bacteria.
Pertahanan lapis ke-2Pertahanan lapis ke-2
Pertahan non spesifik : respon seluler oleh makrofag, monosit, g
neutrofil, basofil, eosinofil, NK sel,
Bagaimana respon immun spesifik berlangsung (pertahanan lapis ke 3) ?
By Cells of the SpecificImmune SystemImmune System
T cells direct the cell-mediated response,B cells the humoral responseB cells the humoral response.
Sel terkontaminasi mikroba menampilkan antigen dikenali reseptor antibodi
T cells bind to foreign antigens in conjunction with MHC proteins. The CD4 coreceptor on helper T cells requires that these cells interact with class-2 MHC (or MHC-II) proteins. The CD8 coreceptor on cytotoxic T cells requires ( ) y
that these cells interact only with cells bearing class-1 MHC (or MHC-I) proteins.
Bagaimana kerja T cell ?Bagaimana kerja T cell ?
The T cell immune defense. After a macrophage has processed an antigen, it releases interleukin-1, signaling helper T cells to bind to the antigen-MHC protein complex. This triggers the helper T cell to release interleukin-2, which
stimulates the multiplication of cytotoxic T cells. In addition, proliferation of cytotoxic T cells is stimulated when a T cell with a receptor that fits the antigen displayed by an antigen-presenting cell binds to the antigen-MHC protein complex.with a receptor that fits the antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell binds to the antigen MHC protein complex.
Body cells that have been infected by the antigen are destroyed by the cytotoxic T cells. As the infection subsides, suppressor T cells “turn off” the immune response.
Cytotoxic T cells destroy cancer cells. (a) The cytotoxic T cell (orange) comes into contact with a cancer cell (pink). (b) The T cell
recognizes that the cancer cell is “nonself” and causes the destructionrecognizes that the cancer cell is nonself and causes the destruction of the cancer.
Bagaimana kerja B Cells ?Bagaimana kerja B Cells ?
Antibodi immunoglobulin
• 1. IgM. This is the first type of antibody to be secreted during the primary response and they serve as receptors on the lymphocyte surface. These antibodies also promote agglutination reactions ( i ti t i i ti l t ti k t th l ti t )(causing antigen-containing particles to stick together, or agglutinate).
• 2. IgG. This is the major form of antibody in the blood plasma and is secreted in a secondary response.secreted in a secondary response.
• 3. IgD. These antibodies serve as receptors for antigens on the B cell surface. Their other functions are unknown.
• 4. IgA. This is the major form of antibody in external secretions, such as saliva and mother’s milk.
• 5. IgE. This form of antibodies promotes the release of histamine and other agents that aid in attacking a pathogen. Unfortunately, they sometimes trigger a full-blown response when a harmless antigen enters the bod prod cing allergic s mptoms s ch as those of haenters the body producing allergic symptoms, such as those of hay fever.
Apa tugas sel T ?Apa tugas sel Thelper ?
Bagaimana tubuh membentuk kekebalan terhadap virus tertentu ?
Aspek aplikatif antibodi-antigen
Gejala AlergiGejala Alergi
• Bersin-bersinBersin bersin• Hidung berlendir
M t b i• Mata berair• Timbul bercak-bercak merah di kulit
TugasTugas
1 Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan1. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan Autoimmune Diseases
2 Jelaskan respon immun yang terjadi2. Jelaskan respon immun yang terjadi jika :
t b h t k t i i ia. tubuh terkontaminasi virus b. tubuh terluka benda tajamc. tubuh mengidap sel kanker
Siap untuk tes ????Siap untuk tes ????
Tes sistem immunTes sistem immun
1 Uraikan bagaimana terjadinya respon1. Uraikan bagaimana terjadinya respon inflamasi
2 Jelaskan macam sistem pertahanan2. Jelaskan macam sistem pertahanan tubuh yang kita miliki ?
3 B i t b h jik t b h kit3. Bagaimana respon tubuh jika tubuh kita terkontaminasi oleh virus ?
Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases are producedAutoimmune diseases are produced by failure of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self antigensrecognize and tolerate self antigens. This failure results in the activation of autoreactive T cells and theautoreactive T cells and the production of autoantibodies by B cells causing inflammation and organcells, causing inflammation and organ damage.
