SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman

SIPRISIPRI

SIPRISIPRIStockholm

International

Peace Research Institute

Siemon Wezeman

Stockholm

International

Peace Research Institute

Siemon Wezeman

Presentation for OAS meeting 30 Nov. 2006

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OAS and Confidence Building Measures: Learning from the restOAS and Confidence Building Measures: Learning from the rest


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What is a CBM?What is a CBM?

Measure to diminish mistrust and misunderstanding/worst case scenario thinking

Measure to promote understanding and acceptance

Measure to promote friendship and cooperation

ALL IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS

It is not something to address agreed problems like narco-traffic, organized crime or terrorists

Measure to diminish mistrust and misunderstanding/worst case scenario thinking

Measure to promote understanding and acceptance

Measure to promote friendship and cooperation

ALL IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS

It is not something to address agreed problems like narco-traffic, organized crime or terrorists


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European CBM/CSBMEuropean CBM/CSBM

ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Pooling European coal and steel production and

establishing a free market for it Strategic/military capacity scope - not directly

on military expenditures or weapons

ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Pooling European coal and steel production and

establishing a free market for it Strategic/military capacity scope - not directly

on military expenditures or weapons


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EEC - European Economic Community (1957) Changed to European Union (1992)

Broad strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditure, weapons or defence policy (excluded in 1957 and 1992 treaties)

Establishing integrated European economy

EEC - European Economic Community (1957) Changed to European Union (1992)

Broad strategic/military capacity scope - not directly on military expenditure, weapons or defence policy (excluded in 1957 and 1992 treaties)

Establishing integrated European economy


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NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Co-operative defence Became more CSBM with re-armament of

Germany (1955 - after failure of European Defence Community)

Common military expenditure definition Transparency: Public data on military

expenditure

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Co-operative defence Became more CSBM with re-armament of

Germany (1955 - after failure of European Defence Community)

Common military expenditure definition Transparency: Public data on military

expenditure


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CSCE - Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (1975)

Changed to OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1995) Transparency: exchange of information on arms

acquisition plans, acquisitions, holdings and disposition of forces

Government-to-government

CSCE - Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (1975)

Changed to OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1995) Transparency: exchange of information on arms

acquisition plans, acquisitions, holdings and disposition of forces

Government-to-government


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Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe - CFE (1989)

Changed to Adapted CFE Treaty (1999) Result of serious Cold War tension of early-

1980s Reduction of armaments Transparency: Government-to-government

reports on holdings, verification

Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe - CFE (1989)

Changed to Adapted CFE Treaty (1999) Result of serious Cold War tension of early-

1980s Reduction of armaments Transparency: Government-to-government

reports on holdings, verification


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Normal democratic behaviour Public and/or semi-public data on military

expenditure, arms acquisitions, military doctrine and military/foreign policy

Public discussion on the above in Parliament Strong involvement of and strong government

and public support for NGO/think tanks analyzing the above

Normal democratic behaviour Public and/or semi-public data on military

expenditure, arms acquisitions, military doctrine and military/foreign policy

Public discussion on the above in Parliament Strong involvement of and strong government

and public support for NGO/think tanks analyzing the above


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Outreach to other regions Share experiences Support CBM/CSBM actively

Workshops on UNROCA Financial support for ECOWAS Moratorium Financial support for non-European NGOs and

participation of non-Europeans in European NGO work

Outreach to other regions Share experiences Support CBM/CSBM actively

Workshops on UNROCA Financial support for ECOWAS Moratorium Financial support for non-European NGOs and

participation of non-Europeans in European NGO work


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Asian CBM/CSBMAsian CBM/CSBM

ASEAN-ARF - Association of South-East Asian Nations Regional Forum Publications of defence policy in ‘Defence White

Paper’ Code of Conduct in South China Sea Cooperative anti-piracy patrols

ASEAN-ARF - Association of South-East Asian Nations Regional Forum Publications of defence policy in ‘Defence White

Paper’ Code of Conduct in South China Sea Cooperative anti-piracy patrols


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African CBM/CSBMAfrican CBM/CSBM

AU - African Union Permanent African peacekeeping units made up

from units from several African countries

ECOWAS Moratorium on arms acquisitions

AU - African Union Permanent African peacekeeping units made up

from units from several African countries

ECOWAS Moratorium on arms acquisitions


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Middle Eastern CBM/CSBMMiddle Eastern CBM/CSBM

? At best the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation

Council Some ‘track 2’ efforts

? At best the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation

Council Some ‘track 2’ efforts


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Lessons to learnLessons to learn

Integration of regions Economic/cultural Military

Integration of regions Economic/cultural Military


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Importance of Transparency for democratic rule Improves general quality of democracy Possibly reduces waste (by allowing more

informed decisions on spending) Improves internal relations Improves insight and trust by neighbours

Importance of Transparency for democratic rule Improves general quality of democracy Possibly reduces waste (by allowing more

informed decisions on spending) Improves internal relations Improves insight and trust by neighbours


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Provision of data is not enough - Analysis has to be done and to be possible Data available to public or neutral analysts Freedom of speech - analysts have to be

allowed to say whatever they think Support for independent analysis - NGO/think

tanks

Provision of data is not enough - Analysis has to be done and to be possible Data available to public or neutral analysts Freedom of speech - analysts have to be

allowed to say whatever they think Support for independent analysis - NGO/think

tanks


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CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency are means NOT a goals

CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency need to be useful

CBM/CSBM obligations have to be doable Streamline/coordinate measures Support for less capable members

CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency are means NOT a goals

CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency need to be useful

CBM/CSBM obligations have to be doable Streamline/coordinate measures Support for less capable members

SIPRISIPRISiemon Wezeman

Senior Researcher/Project LeaderArms Transfers Project

+46-08-6559739 or [email protected]

Siemon WezemanSenior Researcher/Project Leader

Arms Transfers Project

+46-08-6559739 or [email protected]

Documents

SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Siemon Wezeman