Simple Note Physics Form 5

8/11/2019 Simple Note Physics Form 5

1/13

Simple Note Physics Form 5PHYSICS FORM 5

TERMS AND DEFINITION

CHAPTER 1: WAVES

Waves A TYPE OF DISTURBANCE produced by an oscillating or vibrating motion in

which a point or body moves back and forth along a line about a fixed

central point produces waves.

Wave front LINE OR PLANE on which the vibrations of every points are

in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave.

In phase =same direction, same displacement

Transverse Wave WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is

perpendicular

to the direction of propagation of the wave(water waves, light waves,

electromagnetic waves)

Longitudinal Wave WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is

parallel to

the direction of propagation of the wave(sound waves, ultrasound)

Amplitude MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT from its equilibrium position / MEASURE of

height of the wave crest or depth of the wave trough.

Period TIME TAKEN to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the

other and back to the same position.

Frequency NUMBER OF COMPLETE OSCILLATIONS made by a vibrating system in

one second

Wavelength, DISTANCE between successive points of the same phase in a wave

Damping DECREASE in the amplitude of an oscillating system is called

damping.(Internal damping: extension and compression of molecules)(

External damping: frictional force/ air resistance)


2/13

a ; f =

Resonance Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency

equivalent to its

natural frequency

by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum

amplitude.

Natural frequency FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY of which an object vibrates. It is the

frequency of a system which oscillates freely without external force

Reflection of wave Reflection of wave occurs when a wave strike an obstacle direction

; f = ; a = ; =

Refraction of wave Refraction of wave occurs when a wave travel from one medium to

another

f = ; v ; ; direction

Diffraction of waves PHENOMENON in which waves spread out as they passed through an

aperture or round a small circle

f = ; = ; speed = ; v ; direction

Interference of waves SUPERPOSITION of two waves originating from two coherent sources

coherent

=same frequency, amplitude and in phase

Constructive interference Constructive interference occurs when the both crests or both troughs of

both waves coincide to produce a wave with crests and troughs of

maximum amplitude

Destructive interference Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with

the trough of the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result

that the resultant amplitude is zero

Antinode POINT where constructive interference occurs.

Node POINT where destructive interference occurs.


3/13

Electromagnetic waves PROPAGATING WAVES in space with electric and magnetic components.

These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the

direction of propagation of wave.

Monochromatic light LIGHT with only one wavelength and color.

PRINCIPLE

Principle of superposition Principle of superposition states that at any instant, the wave displacement

of the combined motion of any number of interacting

waves at a point is the sum of the displacements of all the components

waves at that point

CHAPTER 2:

Charge, Q WORK DONE to move a unit of voltage in a circuit

Current, I RATE of flow of charge

Potential difference, V WORK DONE in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another

in an electric field

Electric field A FIELD in which electric charge experiences an electric force / A FIELD inwhich electric force acts in a particle with electric charge

Circuit CLOSED LOOP through which charge can continuously flow

Resistance, R RATIO of the potential difference across the conductor to the current

flowing through it / MEASURE of the ability of the conductor to resist the

flow of an electric current through it

Superconductor CONDUCTOR in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is

cooled below a certain temperature called the critical temperature

Electromotiveforce

(e.m.f.)

TOTAL ENERGY supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from

one terminal to the other through the cell and the external circuit

Power rating RATE at which it consumes electrical energy.


4/13

PRINCIPLE

Ohms Law Ohms law states that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is

directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of

conductor, if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.

That is, V I

CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electromagnet DEVICE in which magnetism is produced by an electric current

TEMPORARY MAGNET which acts as a magnet when the current is

switched on and ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off

Magnetic field REGION in which a magnetic material experiences a force as the result of amagnet or a current-carrying conductor

Radial field MAGNETIC FIELD with the field lines pointing towards or away from the

centre of a circle.

Electromagnetic induction PRODUCTION of an electric current by a changing magnetic field

(conductor cuts across a magnetic fluxORa change of magnetic flux

linkage with a coil)

Root mean square current

/ voltage

VALUE of a steady current/ voltage, which would produce the same

heating effect in a given resistor.

Transformer EQUIPMENT to raise or lower the potential difference of an

alternating current

supply

PRINCIPLE

Faradays Law The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is directly

proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the

solenoid or the rate at which a conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.

Lenzs Law Lenzs law states that an induced electric current always flows in such a


5/13

direction so as to oppose the change (or motion) producing it

CHAPTER 4: ELECTRONICS

Thermoionic emission EMISSION of electrons from hot metal surface

Work function MINIMUM ENERGY required to eject electrons from surface

Cathode ray Fast moving ELECTRONS travel in a straight line in vacuum

Cathode ray oscilloscope measuring and testing INSTRUMENT used in study of electricity and

electronics

Conductor MATERIAL which allows current to flow through them

Semi conductor MATERIAL whose resistance is between good conductor and insulator

Insulator MATERIAL which does not conduct electric current

Junction voltage POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode

across the depletion layer

Rectification CONVERSION of a.c. to d.c. by diode

Smoothing PROCESS where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load

that acts as a reservoir and maintains potential difference across load

Logic gates ELECTRONIC SWITCHES with one or more inputs and one output

CHAPTER 5: RADIOACTIVITY

Atom An atom consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons,

with electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Nuclide TYPE of nucleus with particular proton number and nucleon number

Proton number NUMBER of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Nucleon number NUMBER of protons and neutrons in an atom

Isotopes ATOMS of an element which have the same proton number but different

nucleon number(similar chemical properties but differs in physical

properties)


6/13

Radioactivity SPONTANEOUS DISINTEGRATION of unstable nucleus into a more stable

nucleus with the emission of energetic particles or protons

Radioactive decay

PROCESS where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by

emitting radiations

Radioisotope ISOTOPE that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive

decay

Half life TIME TAKEN for the activity of atoms to fall to half its original value

TIME TAKEN for half the atoms in a given sample to decay

Nuclear fission PROCESS involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of

roughly equal mass and shooting out several neutrons at the same time.

Nuclear fusion PROCESS involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come

together to form a heavier nucleus

PRINCIPLE

Einsteins Principle of

Mass-Energy

Conservation

The change of energy is linked to the change of mass by the equation


7/13

Simple Note Physics Form 4PHYSICS FORM 4

TERMS AND DEFINITION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

Physical quantities QUANTITIES that are measurable

Base quantitiesPHYSICAL QUANTITIES that cannot be defined in terms

of other physical quantities but has its own definition

Derived quantitiesPHYSICAL QUANTITIES that are derived from base

quantities by multiplication or division or both

Scientific

notation/standard

form

POWERS of the base number 10 to show a very large or

small number

PrefixesGROUP OF LETTERS placed at the beginning of a word to

modify its meaning, which act as multipliers

Scalar quantityQUANTITY which has only magnitude or size(time,

temperature, mass, volume, distance, density, power)

Vector quantityQUANTITY which has both magnitude or size and

direction(force, velocity, displacement, acceleration,

momentum)

Error DIFFERENCE between actual value of a quantity and thevalue obtained in measurement

Systematic errors CUMULATIVE ERRORS that can be corrected, if the

errors are known.(zero error, incorrect calibration of

measuring instrument)

Random errors ERRORS that arise from unknown and unpredictable

variations in condition, and will produce a different errorevery time. Random errors are caused by factors that are

beyond the control of observers.(human limitations, lack of

sensitivity, natural errors, wrong technique)

Zero Errors ERROR that arises when the measuring instrument does not


8/13

start from exactly zero

Parallax error ERROR in reading an instrument because the observers

eyes and the pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the

plane of scale

Measurement PROCESS of determining value of a quantity using a

scientific instrument with a standard scale

Consistency ABILITY to register the same reading when a measurement

is repeated(improveeliminates parallax error, greater care,

not detective instrument)

Accuracy DEGREE to which a measurement represents the actual

value(improverepeat readings, avoid parallax/zero error,

high accuracy instrument)

Sensitivity ABILITY to detect quickly a small change in the value of a

measurement(thermometerthin wall bulb, narrow

capillary)

Inferences EARLY CONCLUSION that you draw from an observation

or event using information that you already have on it

Hypothesis GENERAL STATEMENT that is assumed to be true

regarding the relationship between the manipulated variable

and responding variable

CHAPTER 2: FORCES AND MOTION

Distance how far a body travels during motion

Displacement CHANGE IN POSITION of an object from its initial


9/13

position in a specified direction

Speed RATE OF CHANGE of distance

Velocity RATE OF CHANGE of displacement

Mass MEASURE of an objects inertia /AMOUNT of matter in

the object

Acceleration RATE OF CHANGE of velocity

Inertia PROPERTY of matter that causes it to resist any change in

its motion or state of rest

Momentum PRODUCT of mass and velocity

Force pulling or a pushing ACTION on an object

Impulsive force LARGE FORCE which acts over a very short time interval /

RATE OF CHANGE in momentum

Gravity

FORCE originated from centre of the Earth that pulls all

objects towards the ground

Free fall FALLING of an object without encountering any resistance

from a height towards the earth with an acceleration due to

gravity

Forces inequilibrium An object is said to be in a state of equilibrium when forces

act upon an object and it remains stationary or moves at a

constant velocity

Resultant force SINGLE FORCE which combines two or more forces

which act on an object

Work Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the

direction of the force.

Energy CAPACITY of a system to do work

Gravitational PE ENERGY STORED in the object because of its height

above the earth surface

Elastic PE ENERGY STORED in the object as a result of stretching or

compressing it

Kinetic energy ENERGY possessed by a moving object

Power RATE at which work is done or energy is changed and

transferred

Efficiency ABILITY of an electrical appliance to transform energy


10/13

from one form to another without producing useless energy

or wastage

Elasticity PROPERTY of an object that enables it to return to its

original shape and dimensions after an applied force is

removed

Spring constant FORCE needed to extend a spring per unit length

Elastic limit

MAXIMUM STRETCHING FORCE which can be applied

to an elastic material before it ceases to be elastic

PRINCIPLE

Hookes Law Hookes law states that the force, F applied to a spring is

directly proportional to the springs extension or

compression, x, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded

Principle of

conservation of

energy

Principle of conservation of energy states that total energy

in an isolated system is neither increased nor decreased by

any transformation. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed,

but it can be transformed from one kind to another, and the

total amount stays the same.

Principle of

conservation of

momentum

The principle of conservation of momentum states that, in

any collision or interaction between two or more objects in

an isolated system, the total momentum of the system will

remain constant; that is, the total initial momentum will

equal the total final momentum.

Newtons first law of

motion

Newtons first law of motion states that a body will either

remain at rest or continue with constant velocity unless it is

acted on by an external unbalanced force.

Newtons second law

of motion

Newtons second law of motion states that the acceleration a

body experiences is directly proportional to the net forceacting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass.

F =ma

Newtons third law of

motion

Newtons third law of motion states that to every action

there is an equal but opposite reaction.


11/13

CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE

Pressure FORCE acting normally on a unit surface area

Gas pressure FORCE per unit area exerted by the gas particles as they

collide with the walls of their container (due to the rate of

change of momentum)

Buoyant force NET FORCE acting upwards due to the difference between

the forces acting on the upper surface and the lower surface

PRINCILPE

Law of Flotation Law of floatation states that the weight of an object floating

on the surface of a liquid is equal to the weight of water

displaced by the object.(weight of object = weight of water

displaced)Pascals Principle Pascals principle states that a pressure applied to a confined

fluid is transmitted uniformly in all directions throughout

the fluid.

Archimedes principle Archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on a

body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid

displaced by that object(buoyant force = weight of water

displaced)

Bernoullis principle Bernoullis principle states that the pressure of a movingfluid decreases as the speed of the fluid increases, and the

converse is also true

CHAPTER 4: HEAT

Temperature DEGREE of hotness of an object

Thermometric

property

PHYSICAL PROPERTY of a substance which is sensitive

to and varies linearly with the temperature change

Thermal equilibrium A STATE when heat transfer between the two objects areequal and the net rate of heat transfer between the two

objects are zero

Heat capacity HEAT ENERGY required to raise its temperature by 1C or

1 K

Specific heat capacity HEAT ENERGY required to produce 1C or 1 K rise in


12/13

temperature in a mass of 1 kg.

Latent heat HEAT ABSORBED OR RELEASED when a substance

changes its state without a change in temperature is called

the latent heat of the substance.

Specific latent heat of

fusion

HEAT ENERGY required to change 1 kg of a substance

from solid state to liquid state, without a change in

temperature

Specific latent heat of

vapourisation

HEAT ENERGY required to change 1 kg of a substance

from liquid state to gaseous state, without a change in

temperature

PRINCIPLE

Boyles Law Boyles Law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas

is inversely proportional to its volume provided the

temperature of the gas is kept constant(PV = k)

Pressure Law The pressure law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of

gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in

Kelvin), provided the volume of the gas is kept constant(P/T

= k)

Charles Law Charles law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gasis

directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in Kelvin),

provided the pressure of the gas is kept constant(V/T = k)

CHAPTER 5: LIGHT

Refraction PHENOMENON where the direction of light is changed

when it crosses the boundary between two materials of

different optical densities as a result of a change in the

velocity of light.

Apparent depth, d DISTANCE of the image from the surface of water (or theboundary between the two mediums involved)

Real depth, D

DISTANCE of the object from the surface of the water (or

the boundary between the two mediums involved)

Total internal

reflection

TOTAL REFLECTION of a beam of light at the boundary

of two mediums, when the angle of incidence in the


13/13

optically denser medium exceeds a specific critical angle

Critical angle GREATEST ANGLE OF INCIDENCE in the optically

denser medium for which the angle of refraction, r = 90

Power of lens MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY to converge or diverge an

incident beam of light

PRINCIPLE

Laws of Reflection he angle of incidence, i, is equal to the angle of reflection, r

(i = r)

he incident ray, normal and reflected ray will all lie in the

same plane

Law of Refraction he incident ray and the refracted ray are on the opposite

sides of the normal at the point of incidence, all three lie in

the same plane

bey Snells law

Snells Law The value of sin i / sin ris a constant.

IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Virtual - an image which cannot be projected (focused) onto a screen

Real - an image which can be projected (focused) onto a screen

Laterally inverted - an image which left and right are interchanged

Upright - an image which in vertical position

Diminished - image formed is smaller than the object

Magnified - image formed is larger than the object

Documents

Simple Note Physics Form 5