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Simple English Grammar for Students
at Faculty of Engineering Semarang State University
Arranged by:
LELU DINA APRISTIA
2012
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Chapter 1
Numbers
1.1 Types of Numbers
1.1.1 Cardinal Number It involves a lot of numbers .
ZERO, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN, ELEVEN, TWELVE, THIRTEEN, FOURTEEN, FIFTEEN, SIXTEEN, SEVENTEEN, EIGHTEEN, NINETEEN, TWENTY, TWENTY-ONE, TWENTY-TWO, TWENTY-THREE,
TWENTY-FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE, TWENTY-SIX, TWENTY-SEVEN, TWENTY-EIGHT, TWENTY-NINE, THIRTY, FORTY, FIFTY, SIXTY, SEVENTY, EIGHTY, NINETY, HUNDRED, THOUSAND, MILLION, BILLION, TRILLION, ETC.
1.1.2 Ordinal Number It cons is ts of a lot of numbers .
Pertama FIRST 1st Kedua SECOND 2nd
Ketiga THIRD 3rd
Keempat FOURTH 4th
Kelimat FIFTH 5th Keenam SIXTH 6th
Ketujuh SEVENTH 7th
Kedelapan EIGHTH 8th Kesembilan NINTH 9th
kesepuluh TENTH 10th Kesebelas ELEVENTH 11th Keduabelas TWELFTH 12th
Ketigabelas THIRTEENTH 13th Keempatbelas FOURTEENTH 14th
Kelimabelas FIFTEENTH 15th Keenambelas SIXTEENTH 16th
Ketujuhbelas SEVENTEENTH 17th
Kedelapanbelas EIGHTEENTH 18th Kesembilanbelas NINETEENTH 19th
Keduapuluh TWENTIETH 20th Keduapuluhsatu TWENTY-FIRST 21st Keduapuluhdua TWENTY-SECOND 22nd
Keduapuluhtiga TWENTY-THIRD 23rd keduapuluhempat TWENTY-FOURTH 24th
ketigapuluhsatu THIRTY-FIRST 31st
ketigapuluhdua THIRTY-SECOND 32nd
ketigapuluhtiga THIRTY-THIRD 33rd Keempatpuluhsatu, dst FORTY-FIRST 41st
1.2 Function of Numbers 1.2.1 Cardinal Number
Its functions are: - To tel l year
Example: I was born in 1986
1986 dibaca: Nineteen (dua digi t pertama: 19) Eighty-Six (dua digi t terakhir: 86). Secara lengkap: I was born in nineteen eighty-six (1986)
- To tel l age
Example: I am 25 years old. Or I am twenty-five years old. - To tel l number of house, or others in connection with address .
Example : I live at Jl. Mujahir No. 14 or I live at Jl. Mujahir number fourteen. - To tel l cel lhone/phone numbers
Example:
A : What’s your cellphone number? B : It’s 081223224567 or It’s Zero Eight One Double Two Three Double Two Four Five Six Seven
- To tel l price
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Example: A : What’s the price of this T-Shirt? B : It’s Rp125.000 or It’s one hundred and twenty-five thousand rupiahs.
- To tel l types of goods , for example: type of cel lphone such as N70 Example: A : What’s the type of your Nokia cellphone? B : It’s N70 or It’s N Seventy
- To tel l amount of goods Example: A : How many cars do you have? B : I have 5 cars or I have five cars.
- To tel l increase, decrease, multipl ication, and divis ion mathematica l ly Example of increase: 1+23 = 24 One plus twenty-three is twenty four.
Example of decrease: 45-35=10 Forty-five minus thirty-five is ten.
Example of multipl ication: 3x4=12
Three times four is twelve. Example of divis ion: 20:4=5
Twenty divided into four is five. - To tel l time
Example:
A : What time is it? B : It’s 13.56 or It’s thirteen fifty-six.
1.2.2 Ordinal Number Its functions are:
- To tel l date of bi rth Example: A : When were you born? B : I was born on March 17th, 1977. Or I was born on March the seventeenth, nineteen seventy-seven.
- To tel l date A : What is the date of today?
B : Today is September 2nd, 2012. Or Today is September the second, two thousand and twelve.
- To tel l the order of something or someone
Examples : 1. A : Are you the first child in your family?
B : No, I am not. I am the fourth child in my family.
2. A : Which one is the second novel you have? B : Here it is.
Chapter 2
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Introduction and Greeting
2.1 Introduction Memperkenalkan diri atau memperkenalkan seseorang pada orang lainnya merupakan aktivitas yang situasional
dan kondisional. Artinya, aspek-aspek dalam perkenalan i tu bergantung pada s i tuas i dan kondis i . Aspek -aspek
perkenalan meliputi: nama lengkap, nama panggilan, tempat tanggal lahir, umur, alamat, asal, status, latar belakang pendidikan, informas i mengenai keluarga, pekerjaan (termasuk pengalaman kerja), agama, prins ip hidup, karakteris tik, dan la in-la in.
Ketika dipertemukan dengan seseorang dalam sebuah perjalanan di da lam kereta api , tentu sa ja Anda akan mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek apa yang perlu Anda kemukakan, karena Anda memi l iki privas i yang mana Anda tidak berkenan membaginya dengan orang la in. Sebal iknya, ketika dihadapkan pada forum formal misa l nya wawancara kerja atau wawancara untuk memperoleh beasiswa, maka Anda disarankan mengikuti ‘aturan main’ dari si pewawancara berkenaan dengan perkenalan ini .
Berikut ini merupakan dia log tentang perkenalan dalam vers i terperinci . Mr. Rama : Good morning, how are you doing? Irene : I am fine, Si r. Thanks . And you? Mr. Rama : Very wel l , thanks . Anyway, I want to know more about you. What’s your ful l name? Irene : My ful l name is Irene Rachel . Mr. Rama : How should I ca l l you? Irene or Rachel? Irene : Just ca l l me Irene.
Mr. Rama : When and where were you born, Irene? Irene : I was born on the ninth (9th) of May 1987 in Surabaya. Mr. Rama : How old are you?
Irene : I am 24 years old. Mr. Rama : Where do you l ive here in Jakarta? Irene : I l ive at Jl . Raya Ke mang No. 77 Jakarta , Si r.
Mr. Rama : Do you l ive in your fami ly house, renta l house, or boarding house? Irene : That’s my aunt’s house.
Mr. Rama : Oh, I think you have your own house. Are you s ingle? Irene : Yes , I am, Si r. Mr. Rama : What about your parents , brothers or s is ters?
Irene : I am the only one child in my family. So, I have no brother or sister. My parents are s ti l l in Surabaya. They are making their own jobs up there.
Mr. Rama : Could you please expla in about your education? Irene : I spent my time for kindergarten, elementary school and junior high school in Surabaya. Then, my parents wanted me to continue my senior high school in Jakarta. But actually not only that, I continued my col lege
time at a private univers i ty in Jakarta . It was Trisakti Univers i ty. I took accounting at Faculty of Economy. Mr. Rama : I see. I can see from your certificate here before my eyes. Next, have you ever worked in any other company before?
Irene : No, I haven’t, Si r. I ’ve just graduated from my col lege. Therefore, i t’s my fi rs t job interview. Mr. Rama : Tel l me about yoursel f in five words . Irene : smart, di l igent, profess ional , ambitious and energetic. Mr. Rama : What will you do for this company with your achievement and characteris tics whi le you have no working experience? Irene : I wi l l contribute my energy to energize this company to be creative and strong in competi tive world. Mr. Rama : Just energize?
Irene : Energize and work hard energetica l ly for this company, Si r. Mr. Rama : (smi l ing) now I bel ieve that you’re smart. Anyway, what’s your rel igion, Irene? Irene : I am a Mos lem, Si r. Mr. Rama : Do you think God is important now? Irene : Sure. Though I am smart as you said, I still can’t answer many wonderful things or events in the world with my logic or ratio. That’s why I bel ive in God. I am just a human. Mr. Rama : Wel l then, I like your point of view, Irene. Just wait for the result of this interview tomorrow morning. Nice to meet you, Irene.
Irene : I look forward to hearing from you, Si r. Nice to meet you, too.
2.2 Greeting There are some greeting phrases in Engl ish. Such as :
- Good morning (pukul 00.00 hingga pukul 12.00 s iang) - Good afternoon (pukul 12.00 s iang hingga pukul 17.00/17.30) - Good day (tengah hari )
- Good evening (pukul 17.00/17.30 hingga pukul 00.00)
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- Good night (sebelum berpisah dengan seseorang di s iang atau sore hari atau ketika berpamitan tidur) - Good bye (sebelum berpisah) - Bye (sebelum berpisah) - See you later (sebelum berpisah) - See you next time (sebelum berpisah) - See ya (sebelum berpis ah) - See you tomorrow (sebelum berpisah dan bertemu lagi besok)
Anda juga bisa memerhatikan materi ini lebih lanjut pada tabel di bawah ini .
Apa kabar? Kabar berelemen Positif Kabar berelemen Negatif How do you do? How do you do?
How are you? I am fine. Thanks . I am very wel l . Very wel l . Thanks . And you?
I am great. I am good. Etc.
So-so Not too bad. Not so good.
Li fe sucks . I am s ick. Etc.
How are you doing? I ’m doing fine. I ’m doing wel l .
I ’m doing good. (sama saja seperti jawaban di atas )
(sama saja seperti jawaban di atas )
Ada apa? Answers (just examples) What’s up? I am making up my final report for in the end of this
month I have to give i t to my lecturer. What are you up to? I am looking for a job. It is rea l ly hard to find i t now.
Chapter 3
Part of Speech and Gerund
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3.1 Part of Speech 3.1.1 Noun
Secara harfiah, noun ia lah kata benda. Kata benda berfungs i sebagai subjek dan objek atau pelengkap (complementer). Si lakan pela jari contoh berikut.
1. Monal isa loves him. (Monal isa da lam kal imat ini berperan sebagai Subjek)
2. Marco loves Monal isa . (Monal isa da lam kal imat ini berfungs i sebagai Objek) 3. The fiance of Marco is Monal isa . (Monal isa da lam kal imat ini berperan sebagai Pelengkap)
Berkenaan dengan noun, Anda diharapkan pula memahami singular and plural noun (regular plural noun dan irregular plural noun) dan countable and uncountable noun. a. Singular and plural noun
Singular noun merupakan kata benda yang jumlahnya tunggal. Biasanya ci ri khas yang menanda i bahwa kata benda itu berjumlah tunggal ialah eksistensi dari article a, each, every, one, this, that, etc. Sebaliknya, plural noun ia lah kata benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu (>1) yang dikenal pula dengan sebutan jamak atau plura l . Ci ri khas yang
menempel pada kata benda ini ialah unsur numerik yang menunjukkan jumlah jamak misa lnya two, three, etc. dan article yang secara otomatis menandai plura l i tas misa lnya a few, some, many, a lot of, plenty of, these, those, etc.
Plural noun terbagi lagi menjadi regular plural noun dan irregular plural noun. Regular plural noun merupakan
jenis plural noun yang mana suffix atau akhiran pada kata benda i tu bersifat regular, yakni akhiran –s , -es , -ies , dan –ves .
Si lakan perhatikan tabel berikut ini . Akhiran Ketentuan Contoh
-s Sebagian besar kata benda yang berakhiran dengan huruf mana pun
Singular: a helmet Plura l : some helmets
Singular: a clock Plura l : many clocks Singular: a car Plura l : two cars
-es Kata benda berakhiran –ch, -sh, -ss,
-x
Singular: a watch
Plura l : these watches Singular: a brush Plura l : some brushes Singular: a glass Plura l : twelve glasses
Singular: a box Plura l : some boxes
-ies Kata benda berakhiran -y Singular: a fly Plura l : three fl ies
-ves Kata benda berakhiran –f, - fe Singular: a leaf Plura l : a lot of leaves Singular: a kni fe Plura l : many knives
Sementara i tu, yang termasuk dalam ranah i rregular plural noun ialah kata-kata benda pada tabel berikut. Singular Form Plural Form Example
chi ld chi ldren those chi ldren
man men four men woman women five women
tooth teeth a lot of teeth
foot feet two feet
mouse mice some mice
b. Countable and Uncountable Noun
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Countable noun merupakan kata benda yang bisa atau masuk akal dihitung jumlahnya. Secara logis , singular and plural noun merupakan bagian dari ranah countable noun. Sementara i tu, uncountable noun merupakan kata benda yang tidak bisa dihi tung jumlahnya. Si lakan cermati tabel berikut.
Whole Groups Made Up of Similar Items
Fluids Solids Gases Particles Abstractions Languages Fields of Study
Recreation General Activities
baggage
clothing equipment food
frui t furni ture garbage
hardware jewelry junk luggage machinery mai l makeup
money/ cash/ change postage scenery traffic exci tement
water
coffee tea mi lk
oi l soap gasoline
blood, etc.
i ce
bread butter cheese
meat gold i ron
s i lver glass paper cotton wood wool , etc.
s team
a i r oxygen ni trogen
smoke smog pol lution,
etc.
rice
chalk corn dirt
dust flour grass
ha ir pepper sa l t sand sugar wheat, etc.
beauty
confidence courage education
enjoyment fun happiness
health help honesty hospita l i ty importance intel l igence justice
knowledge laughter luck mus ic patience peace pride progress
recreation s igni ficance s leep
truth violence
wealth advice information
news evidence proof
time space energy homework work
grammar s lang vocabulary
arabic
chinese engl ish spanish
deutch, etc.
chemistry
engineering his tory l i terature
mathematics phychology, etc.
basebal l
soccer tennis chess
bridge poker, etc.
driving
s tudying swimming travel ing
walking, (and other gerunds)
Jenis-jenis dari natural phenomena juga masuk dalam ranah uncountable noun. Jenis -jenis tersebut antara la in:
weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lighting, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity
3.1.2 Verb
a. Special verbs Dikatakan special verbs karena memang tiga kata kerja berikut memi l iki varias i pa l ing banyak apabi la
dikomparasikan dengan kata kerja lainnya. Variasi ini terkait erat dengan tenses yang digunakan dalam suatu diskursus. Ironisnya, varias i ini kerap ka l i luput dari perhatian mere ka yang baru bela jar bahasa Inggris .
Specia l verbs tersebut ia lah verb BE, DO, dan HAVE.
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SPECIAL VERB VARIATION TENSE SUBJECT BE IS PRESENT TENSES SHE, HE, IT
AM I
ARE THEY, WE, I , YOU WAS PAST TENSES I, SHE, HE, IT
WERE THEY, WE, YOU
BEEN PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
BEING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
HAVE HAS PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT
CONTINUOUS, PRESENT PERFECT
SHE, HE, IT
HAVE THEY, WE, I , YOU
HAD PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
HAVING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST CONTINUOUS, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
DO DOES PRESENT SIMPLE SHE, HE, IT DO PRESENT SIMPLE THEY, WE, I , YOU
DID PAST SIMPLE ALL SUBJECTS DONE PRESENT PERFECT, PAST
PERFECT, PASSIVE ALL SUBJECTS
DOING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST CONTINUOUS, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
b. General verbs
Dikatakan general verbs karena kata -kata kerja yang termasuk dalam ranah ini tidak begitu ruwet da lam penggunaannya, karena tidak menjadi bagian utama dari pola dasar suatu tense. Di bawah ini, Anda dapat mempelajari sejumlah contoh general verbs yang kerap muncul da lam kehidupa n sehari -hari .
V1 (SIMPLE FORM) V2 (SIMPLE PAST) V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE) Meaning
read read read membaca wri te wrote wri tten menulis
l i sten l i stened l i stened mendengarkan
hear heard heard mendengarkan present presented presented mempresentasikan
show showed showed/shown menunjukkan draw drew drawn menggambar des ign des igned des igned mendesign
browse browsed browsed mencari operate operated operated mengoperasikan
do did done mengerjakan
discuss discussed discussed berdiskusi make made made membuat
finish finished finished menyelesaikan obey obeyed obeyed mematuhi
ignore ignored ignored mengabaikan skip skipped skipped bolos/melewati cheat cheated cheated menyontek/selingkuh
s tudy s tudied s tudied belajar learn learned learned/learnt belajar
get got got/gotten memperoleh
have had had memi liki/mempunyai
open opened opened membuka close closed closed menutup
agree agreed agreed menyetujui
disagree disagreed disagreed tidak menyetujui
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analyse analysed analysed menganalisis tel l told told memberitahukan
ta lk ta lked ta lked berbincang
speak spoke spoken berbicara say sa id sa id mengatakan
describe described described menggambarkan
explain explained explained menjelaskan
inform informed informed menginformasikan watch watched watched menonton/menyaksikan
notice noticed noticed memperhatikan ins ist ins isted ins isted memaksa push pushed pushed memaksa/mendorong
force forced forced memaksa
forget forgot forgotten melupakan
remember remembered remembered mengingat memorize memorized memorized menghafalkan
think thought thought memikirkan
understand understood understood mengerti feel fel t fel t merasakan
taste tasted tasted mencicipi eat ate eaten makan drink drank drunk minum
whisper whispered whispered membisikkan s ing sang sung menyanyi
ca l l ca l led ca l led memanggil/menghubungi
send sent sent mengirim imagine imagined imagined membayangkan
concentrate concentrated concentrated berkonsentrasi focus focused focused fokus
look for looked for looked for mencari wait waited waited menunggu bring brought brought membawa
buy bought bought membeli sell sold sold menjual
pass passed passed melewati/lulus
cross crossed crossed menyeberang walk walked walked berja lan
run ran run berlari
jump jumped jumped meloncat
cl imb cl imbed cl imbed memanjat sour poured poured menuang
add added added menambahkan
s ti r s ti rred s ti rred mengaduk fry fried fried menggoreng
boi l boi led boi led merebus s l ice s l iced s l iced mengiris chop chopped chopped merajang
cut cut cut memotong
meet met met bertemu
know knew known mengetahui hold held held mengadakan/memegang
long longed longed merindukan
miss missed missed melewatkan/kangen come came come datang
arrive arrived arrived tiba vis i t vis i ted vis i ted mengunjungi
keep kept kept menjaga
wear wore worn mengenakan tear tore torn merobek
s leep s lept s lept tidur
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worry worried worried mengkawatirkan choose chose chosen memi lih
pick picked picked menjemput/memetik
lean leaned leaned bersandar wake woke waken bangun/membangunkan
s i t sat sat duduk
s tand s tood s tood berdiri
move moved moved bergerak/pindah let let let membiarkan
express expressed expressed mengungkapkan create created created menciptakan rea lize rea lize rea lize menyadari
recognize recognized recognized mengenal/mengakui
quarantee quaranteed quaranteed menjamin
apply applied applied mengaplikasikan practice practiced practiced mempraktikkan
continue continued continued melanjutkan
try tried tried mencoba repeat repeated repeated mengulangi
reject rejected rejected menolak accept accepted accepted menerima invi te invi ted invi ted mengundang
ask asked asked bertanya/meminta answer answered answered menjawab
mention mentioned mentioned menyebutkan
find found found menemukan set set set menata
solve solved solved memecahkan masalah open opened opened membuka
close closed closed menutup kick kicked kicked menendang/menghajar throw threw thrown membuang
pul l pul led pul led menarik
c. Auxiliary verbs Auxiliary verbs merupakan kata kerja bantu. Mengapa dikatakan bantu? Karena pada umumnya fungsinya ia lah
untuk mengubah tatanan pola kalimat positi f menjadi ka l imat negati f dan ka l imat interrogati f (ka l imat tanya).
Si logisme yang muncul ialah bahwa auxiliary verbs hanya muncul dalam kal imat negati f dan ka l imat tanya. Hal ini berlaku untuk auxiliary verbs DOES, DOESN’T, DO, DON’T, DID, dan DIDN’T. Lain halnya dengan auxil iary HAS, HASN’T, HAVE, HAVEN’T, HAD, HADN’T, sebab auxiliary verbs ini muncul dalam kalimat positif, negatif atau interrogati f untuk
menunjukkan sudah, belum, atau bertanya sudahkah. Anda tentu ingin mengetahui apa sa ja contoh dari auxiliary verbs.
DOES : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT
Contoh: Does she rea l ly know computer? DOESN’T : Kependekan dari DOES NOT
Contoh: She doesn’t real ly know computer. DO : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I , YOU
Contoh: Do we s tay at this hotel for some nights? DON’T : Kependekan dari DO NOT
Contoh: We don’t s tay at this hotel for some nights . DID : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang menggunakan tense past simple with general verb untuk semua subjek
Contoh: Did you forget to bring your tablet yesterday? DIDN’T : kependekan dari DID NOT Contoh: You didn’t forget to bring your tablet yesterday.
HAS : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang mengguna kan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT Contoh: He has done the job s ince half an hour ago (+) atau Has he done the job s ince ha l f an hour ago?
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HASN’T : Auxi l iray verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAS NOT Contoh: He hasn’t done the job s ince ha l f an hour ago.
HAVE : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang menggunakan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I , YOU Contoh: They have l ived here for 7 years (+) atau Have they l ived here for 7 years?
HAVEN’T : Auxi l iary verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAVE NOT Contoh: They haven’t l ived here for 7 years . HAD : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang menggunakan tense past perfect with be and with general verb Contoh: I had finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning (+) or Had I finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning? HADN’T : Auxiliary verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAD NOT Contoh: I hadn’t finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning.
3.1.3 Adjective
Adjective merupakan kata sifat, yakni kata yang menunjukkan kualitas sesuatu atau seseorang. Kualitas i tu sendiri
dapat berunsur positif maupun negatif. Perlu diingat, positifitas maupun negativi tas da lam hal ini bers i fat relati f. Berikut ini merupakan beberapa con toh dari kata s i fat.
Adjective Positif and the meaning Adjective Negatif and the meaning smart (cerdas) dul l (tolol )
clever (pintar) s tupid (bodoh)
beauti ful (cantik) ugly (jelek) handsome (ganteng)
di l igent (ra jin) lazy (malas )
ful l (kenyang) hungry (lapar)
rich (kaya) poor (miskin) bright (terang) dark (gelap)
happy (bahagia) sad (sedih)
s trong (kuat) weak (lemah) clean (bers ih) di rty (kotor)
good (bagus) bad (buruk)
healthy (sehat) s ick (saki t)
generous (dermawan) s tingy (pel i t) careful (hati -hati/tel i ti ) careless (tidak pedul i/sembarangan)
arrogant (sombong) friendly (ramah)
3.1.4 Adverb a. Adverb of Time
Adverb of time merupakan kata yang menerangkan tentang waktu terjadinya suatu peris tiwa.
Days Months Past Present Future Monday
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
January
February March Apri l May June July August September
October November December
Yesterday
This morning This afternoon Last week Last Friday night An hour ago A year ago Last century
today
Tonight At the moment At present Now Nowadays Recently Along day
Tomorrow
Next day A day after tomorrow Next three days Next Thursday The fol lowing week Next week Next year
Mus im juga merupakan bagian dari keterangan waktu, yakni DRY SEASON dan WET (RAINY) SEASON di Indonesia serta
WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, dan AUTUMN di negara barat.
b. Adverb of Place
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Adverb of place merupakan kata yang memberikan informas i mengenai tempat terjadinya suatu peris tiwa. Keterangan tempat dapat dengan mudah dideteksi, yakni dengan mencari preposisi (kata depan) misa lnya di , pada, dari dan seterusnya. Negara, kota, kabupaten, kecamatan, desa, tempat akademis, tempat kuliner, tempat hedonis tik, tempat konsumsif dan jenis tempat lainnya merupakan bagian inheren dari keterangan tempat apabila mereka disertai dengan preposisi (kata depan), sebab apabila tidak didahului kata depan, maka mereka merupakan bagian dari Noun. Si lakan bandingkan: 1. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
2. She lives in Jakarta. Kata Jakarta pada kalimat 1 merupakan Noun. Sementara kata Jakarta pada kalimat 2 menjadi satu kesatuan dengan prepos is i in dan berperan sebagai keterangan tempat. c. Adverb of Manner
Adverb of manner merupakan kata yang menunjukkan informasi tentang cara sesuatu berlangsung atau cara seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Biasanya ciri khas dari kata yang merupakan keterangan cara berakhiran dengan huruf –ly. Misa lnya: carefully, diligently, well, quickly, etc.
d. Adverb of Frequency Adverb of frequency merupakan kata yang menerangkan seberapa sering sesuatu berlangsung atau seberapa
sering seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Keterangan Frekuens i biasanya muncul da lam kal imat-ka l imat yang menggunakan tense present simple with general verb. Keterangan tersebut antara la in always, usually, often, seldom,
sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every Sunday, every week, every month, every year, once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, etc.
3.1.5 Article a. a, an and the Artikel a digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu atau seseorang i tu berjumlah tunggal sa ja . Artikel ini
digunakan untuk noun yang berawalan dengan huruf konsonan. Sementara i tu, artikel an dengan fungs i yang sama dengan a disandingkan dengan noun yang berawalan dengan huruf vokal. Adapun, artikel the digunakan untuk noun berawalan huruf apa saja. Artikel ini disandingkan dengan noun yang telah disinggung atau disebutkan sebelumnya. Jadi , artikel the berfungsi untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu atau seseorang i tu sudah jelas, sudah teridentifikasi, sudah diperkenalkan, dan spesifik. Artikel ini juga selalu hadir di sebelah noun yang khas, spesifik dan hanya berjumlah satu.
Misa lnya matahari (the sun), bulan (the moon), bumi (the earth) dan la in-la in. b. that, this, those, these
That merupakan artikel yang diletakkan bersebelahan dengan noun yang jumlahnya hanya satu dan jaraknya agak jauh dari speaker. Those merupakan artikel yang fungs inya hampir sama dengan that, hanya sa ja those di tempatkan di sebelah noun yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu. Adapun , this merupakan artikel yang di letakkan di sebelah noun yang jumlahnya hanya satu, tetapi jaraknya dekat dengan speaker. Demikian juga halnya dengan these.
These merupakan artikel yang fungs inya sama dengan this, hanya sa ja this di tempatkan di sebelah noun yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu.
c. a few, a little, many, much, some, any, a lot of a few dan a little sama-sama memiliki makna sedikit. Namun, a few ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang countable, sedangkan a little ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang uncountable. Hal yang penting untuk di ingat, meskipun
berarti sedikit, kata benda yang bersebelahan dengan a few tetap memperoleh akhiran –s , -es , -ies , atau –ves (l ihat pembahasan tentan plural noun baik regular plural noun maupun i rregular plural noun). Many dan much sama -sama
bermakna banyak. Akan tetapi, many digunakan untuk countable noun dan much digunakan untuk uncountable noun. Some bermakna beberapa. Artikel ini dapat disandingkan dengan kata kerja countable atau uncountable. Apabi la di letakkan sebelum kata kerja countable, maka kata kerja tersebut berakhiran –s, -es, -ies, atau –ves (lihat pembahasan
tentan plural noun baik regular plural noun maupun i rregular plura l noun). Sementara i tu, apabi la di tempatkan sebelum kata kerja uncountable, maka kata kerja tersebut tidak perlu penambahan artikel apa pun. Misa lnya: some
homework. Begitu pula halnya dengan a lot of yang berarti banyak. Artikel ini dapat disandingkan dengan countable atau uncountable noun.
3.1.6 Preposition Preposition yang acapkali muncul dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ialah TO, FOR, FROM, IN, ON, INTO, AT, BELOW,
UNDER, BENEATH, UP, DOWN, BY, WITH, WITHOUT, SINCE.
TO berarti ke, kepada, atau untuk. Misa lnya:
They give the invitation to all their friends. For juga memiliki arti yang sama. Namun, FOR dapat bermakna selama jika muncul dalam konteks ka l imat yang menggunakan present perfect tense sebagaimana SINCE yang juga muncul da lam kal imat present perfect tense
dan bermakna sejak. Misa lnya:
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- I’ve learned English for 15 years. - I’ve learned English since I was in Junior High School.
FOR dapat pula berperan sebagai konjungs i apabi la maknanya karena. Misa lnya: I love you for you are really sweet (aku mencinta imu karena kamu sangat manis ). FROM berarti dari. Misa lnya:
I get the invitation from both of them. In berarti di, di dalam atau pada. Biasanya muncul sebelum tahun, nama bulan, nama kota, nama tempat secara general misalnya: in a class , atau sebelum V-ing, misa lnya: I try hard in grasping the meaning. Contoh la in:
- I am in Bandung. - We are in the class. - Paulo was born in 1978.
ON berarti pada atau di atas. Biasanya muncul sebelum kata benda yang letaknya memang di atas benda yang la in, sebel um nama hari , sebelum tanggal , dan la in -la in. Misa lnya:
My netbook is on the table. INTO berarti ke dalam. Pahami sendiri makna spes i fiknya dari ka l imat-ka l imat berikut.
- I am pouring the water into the glass. - You break this glass into pieces.
AT berarti di atau pada. Biasanya muncul sebelum tempat yang menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari -hari , misalnya at home, at campus, at school, at night, sebelum jam misalnya at 10.00 p.m., atau sebelum tempat yang spes i fik misa lnya at Semarang State University.
BELOW, UNDER, BENEATH bermakna di bawah. Si lakan perhatikan contoh di bawah ini . - Look at the example below, please. - I’ve got you under my skin.
- I think there’s something spooky beneath my bathtub. UP berarti di atas. Kemunculannya berfungsi sebagai penegas bahwa sesuatu i tu berada di atas atau bangun.
Misa lnya: - I want to go upstairs. - She wake up.
- You lift me up. - He makes up his mind.
Bahkan ada pula yang menunjukkan sifat mengawang-ngawang misa lnya:
- I feel like I’m up in the air. - He doesn’t care about what’s happening up there.
DOWN berarti di bawah. Kemunculannya ialah sebagai penegas bahwa sesuatu i tu memang berada di area bawah. Misa lnya:
- Deep down in Fiona’s heart, she’s still anxious.
- They are down since the proposal is rejected by the boss. BY berarti oleh atau dengan. Misa lnya:
- Deddy is accepted to be a new employee by the manager. - By giving the best, we deserve to get the best.
WITH berarti dengan. Contoh: - I can live and get everything in this world with you. - You will master this material with listening to the lecturer.
WITHOUT berarti tanpa. Contoh: - I can live and get everything in this world without you. - Without listening to the lecturer, you can’t master the material.
3.1.7 Conjunction Conjunction berarti kata penghubung yang merangkai satu kalimat dengan kalimat lain. Berikut ini merupakan
beberapa contoh dari kata penghubung.
Conjunction Meaning Example
And dan Me and you like surfing the internet.
But tetapi I browse some good translations on Google
Translate, but I can’t find them
out. Yet tetapi He tries, yet he fails to win the
game.
However Akan tetapi/Bagaimana pun juga They plan to stay. However,
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they are already asked to go back home.
Or Atau You leave him, or I’m goint to leave you.
whi le Sementara i tu We figure out this problem, while she doesn’t care at all.
Meanwhi le Sementara i tu We figure out this problem. Meanwhile, she doesn’t care at all.
Hence Oleh karena i tu You love English. Hence, you
learn much about it from many sources.
Therefore You love English. Therefore, you learn much about it from many sources.
So Jadi You love English. So, you learn much about it from many
sources. Because karena Dave is angry because they
don’t obey the rules.
For Dave is angry for they don’t obey the rules.
Since Dave is angry since they don’t obey the rules.
Before Sebelum Before I go to campus, I put the
books into my bag. After setelah After I put the books into my
bag, I go to campus.
Later on kemudian I’ll pray. Later on, I go to sleep. Bes ides Sela in i tu Mom is gentle. Besides, she is
tough. Next Selanjutnya I’ll switch on the computer.
Next, I’ll install some new programs.
3.1.8 Pronoun
Pronoun merupakan kata ganti untuk menghindari repetisi yang kurang penting. Secara umum, pronoun terbagi menjadi empat tipe, yakni subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive adjective dan possessive pronoun. Subject pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan kata-kata yang berperan sebagai subjek da lam kal imat. Object pronoun diaplikasikan untuk menggantikan kata -kata yang berperan sebagai objek da lam kal imat. Possessive adjective
merupakan kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepunyaan dan ditulis persis di sebelah kata benda yang dimi l iki . Misa lnya: my eyes, my room, my body, etc. Sementara i tu, possessive pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepunyaan, tetapi ditulis terpisah dari benda yang dimiliki. Biasanya possessive pronoun ini berpisah dari noun-nya
karena verb. Misa lnya: - Those files are mine. These are yours. - The files on your table are not yours. You took mine.
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possesive Pronoun
SHE HER HER HERS HE HIM HIS HIS
IT IT ITS -
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS WE US OUR OURS
I ME MY MINE YOU YOU YOUR YOURS
3.2 Gerund
Gerund merupakan noun dengan formula V1+-ing (Ving), berperan sebagai subjek, objek atau pelengkap dalam kal imat. Contoh: - Sleeping is very important for health. (Sleeping dalam kal imat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan sebagai subjek) - John loves sleeping. (s leeping da lam kal imat ini merupakan gerund dan berfungs i sebagai objek.)
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- His hobby is sleeping. (Sleeping da lam kal imat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan seba gai pelengkap.)
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Chapter 4
Tenses
4.1 The Structure of Sentences in Past and Present
Present Tense Past Tense Present Simple with be (+) S + i s /am/are + N/Adj/Adv (-) S + i s /am/are + NOT + N/Adj/Adv (?) Is /am/are + S + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Simple with be (+) S + was/were + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + was/were + NOT + N/Adj/Adv (?) Was/were + S +N/Adj/Adv?
Present Simple with general verbs (+) S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv (-) S + doesn’t/don’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv (?) Does/Do + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Simple with general verbs (+) S + V2 + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + didn’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Did + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Continuous (+) S + i s /am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + i s /am/are + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Is /am/are + S + Ving + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Continuous (+) S + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + was/were + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Was/were + S +Ving + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with be (+) S + has/have + been + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + has/have + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Has/Have + S + been + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Perfect with be (+) S + had + been + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + had + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Had + S + been + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with general verbs (+) S + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + has/have + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Has/Have + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Perfect with general verbs (+) S + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + had + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv. (?) Had + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv?
4.2 The Function of Each Tense
4.2.1 Present Simple with Be Berikut ini merupakan fungs i -fungs i dari tense yang (pa l ing fami l iar) ini .
- untuk menyebutkan nama
- untuk menyebutkan asal - untuk menyebutkan kebangsaan - untuk menyebutkan pekerjaan - untuk menyebutkan status - untuk menyebutkan agama
- untuk menyebutkan mood - untuk menyebutkan kondisi sesuatu - untuk menyebutkan posisi atau tempat
- untuk menjelaskan sifat seseorang - untuk menyebutkan benda atau sesuatu
4.2.2 Present Simple with General Verbs
Fungs i dari tense ini ia lah: - Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, rutinitas, atau suatu kegiatan atau aktivitas yang bers i fat repeti ti f (diulang-ulang).
Biasanya akan muncul keterangan frekwens i (adverbs of frequency) seperti :
Always (selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), seldom (jarang), rarely (hampir tidak pernah), sometimes (kadang-kadang), never (tidak pernah), every day (setiap hari), every time (setiap saat), once a week (seminggu sekali), twice a week (dua ka l i seminggu), three times a day (tiga ka l i da lam sehari ), etc.
- Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum atau sesuatu yang genera l .
4.2.3 Present Continuous
Fungs inya ia lah: - Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivi tas atau kejadian yang BERLANGSUNG KETIKA SPEAKER BERBICARA.
Contoh: Look at that! The baby is trying to stand up.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang SEDANG DALAM PROSES PENGGARAPAN ATAU PENYELESAIAN.
Contoh: I am reading the latest Harry Potter book. If I have finished, I will lend you.
- Untuk menerangkan RENCANA DI MASA YANG AKAN DATANG atau yang akan segera di lakukan. Contoh: I am building a new house for my family.
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4.2.4 Present Perfect with Be Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan makna TELAH/SUDAH. Contoh: I have been full. (Aku sudah kenyang).
4.2.5 Present Perfect with General Verbs
Berikut ini merupakan fungs i -fungs inya. - Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivi tas TELAH SELESAI atau BELUM SELESAI di lakukan.
Misa lnya: You have proven that your research is right scientifically.
- Untuk menunjukkan suatu aktivitas yang dimulai di masa la lu, tetapi hingga kini mas ih berlangsung (biasanya menggunakan kata SINCE atau FOR). Sesuatu terbentuk di masa la lu, tetapi hingga kini efeknya mas ih terasa. Misa lnya: They have waited for you there for two hours.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang PERNAH atau TIDAK PERNAH melakukan sesuatu. Contoh: I have ever joined the movement.
I have never gone to China. - Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian baru sa ja terjadi (biasanya ada kata JUST)
Contoh: She has just arrived at home.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian telah terjadi/telah selesai di luar dugaan atau di luar prediksi (biasanya ada
kata ALREADY) Contoh: He has already posted the letter before you ask.
4.2.6 Past Simple with Be
Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan arti IALAH/ADALAH/MERUPAKAN di masa la lu. Contoh:
I was so thirsty an hour ago. (Aku sangat haus sejam yang lalu) He was sad minutes ago. (Dia sedih beberapa menit yang lalu)
4.2.7 Past Simple with General Verbs Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan, aktivi tas atau peris tiwa yang terjadi di masa la lu dan tidak diketahui apakah aktivi tas tersebut tuntas atau belum. Selain i tu, aktivitas i tu tidak ada lagi hubungannya dengan masa kini .
Contoh: They kept a puppy three years ago. We kicked them out because they were so rude.
4.2.8 Past Continuous
Fungs inya ia l ah sebagai berikut.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu di suatu tempat tertentu di masa la lu (keterangan waktu dan tempat terperinci )
Contoh: Nicky was connecting the cable to the plug-in at 07.15 a.m. this morning.
- Untuk menjelaskan bahwa ada dua kejadian yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang HAMPIR BERSAMAAN. Kejadian
yang lebih dahulu terjadi menggunakan past continuous, adapun aktivitas yang menyusul kemudian menggunakan past simple with general verbs.
Misa lnya: I was doing my thesis when Charlize texted me yesterday. While Charl i ze was focus ing hersel f to the research, Juan tried to make her relax.
- Untuk menerangkan bahwa terdapat dua kejadian yang terjadi BERSAMAAN di masa lalu. Kedua kejadian dipaparka n dengan menggunakan past continuous dan kata penghubung WHILE. Contoh:
Dave was looking for his wallet, while Dereck was making his bed.
4.2.9 Past Perfect with Be
Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan makna TELAH/SUDAH di masa la lu. Contoh:
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They had been bored before you performed four days ago. (Mereka telah bosan sebelum kamu tampi l empat hari yang la lu)
4.2.10 Past Perfect with General Verbs Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakan bahwa terdapat dua kejadian di masa lalu yang mana salah satu kejadian telah selesa i atau tuntas sebelum kejadian la in menyusul . Contoh: I listened to the music from 01.00 p.m. until 03.00 p.m.
Vicky picked me up at 03.15 p.m. Jadi ka l i mat untuk menyatukan dua ka l imat di atas menggunakan past perfect with general verbs menjadi : I had listened to the music before Vicky picked me up.
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Chapter Passive Sentences
5.1 What is Passive Sentence?
Sebelum memusatkan perhatian pada pola-pola kalimat pasif, Anda sebaiknya mengetahui dan kemudian mengingat bahwa kalimat pasif terbentuk karena ada kalimat aktif yang mengandung Noun yang berperan sebagai Objek dan tentu saja kalimat yang mengandung Verb selain Be (atau sering saya i s ti lahkan dengan General Verbs). Sebagaimana yang Anda ketahui dalam banyak contoh kalimat, Noun berfungsi sebagai Subjek dan juga Objek. Si lakan perhatikan contoh-contoh ka l imat di bawah ini .
Contoh:
1. You may change the layout of this magazine. (Ka l imat akti f)
You merupakan subject pronoun. Sebagai info untuk mengingatkan Anda, Subject pronouns (she, he, it, they, we, I,
you) dan object pronouns (her, him, it, them, us, me, you) merupakan turunan dari Noun.
The layout of this magazine merupakan noun phrase dan berperan sebagai Objek dalam kal imat di atas . Karena mengandung Noun yang berfungsi sebagai Objek, maka kalimat di atas dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pas i f menjadi :
The layout of this magazine may be changed by you. (Ka limat pasif)
2. Frente has insta l led the new program in her notebook. (Ka l imat akti f) Frente merupakan subject; berupa Noun karena nama tersebut menunjukkan eks is tens i seorang manus ia . Frente dapat disubsti tus i dengan subject pronoun She.
Sementara i tu, the new program merupakan frase kata benda (noun phrase) yang berperan sebagai objek. Dengan demikian, ka l imat di atas dapat diubah menjadi ka l imat pas i f berikut ini .
The new program has been insta l led by Frente in her notebook. (ka l imat pas i f)
5.2 The Structure of Passive Sentence
Kalimat Aktif Kalimat Pasif Present Simple with General Verbs
S (berupa Subject pronoun) + V1 + N/Adj/Adv Contoh: She spi l l s a cup of tea on the floor.
Present Simple with General Verbs
N + Be Present (is/am/are) + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) Contoh:
A cup of tea i s spi l led by her on the floor. Past Simple with general verbs
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + V2 + N/Adj/Adv Contoh: He put his shoes on the sofa yesterday.
Past Simple with general verbs
N + Be Past (was /were) + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) Contoh:
His shoes were put by him on the sofa yesterday. Present Continuous S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + i s /am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. Contoh: Wulan is picking her brother in a kindergarten.
Present Continuous N + Be Present (is/am/are) + being + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) Contoh:
Wulan’s brother i s being picked up by Wulan/her in a kindergarten. Past Continuous S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv Contoh: Hanny was peel ing the oranges at 7 a .m. this morning.
Past Continuous N + Be Past (was/were) + being + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) Contoh:
The oranges were being peeled by Hanny at 7 a .m. this morning. Present Perfect with General Verb S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh: Gerard has noticed her s igns of love for a month.
Present Perfect with General Verb N + has/have + been + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun) Contoh: Her s igns of love have been noticed by Gerard/him for a month.
Past Perfect with General Verb S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh: Prima had summarized the journals before his mom knocked the door.
Past Perfect with General Verb N + had + been + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Contoh: The journals had been summarized by Prima/him before his mom knocked the door.
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Chapter 6 Modals
6.1 What is it? Modals merupakan istilah lain dari auxiliary verb (yang mana selama ini Anda familiar dengan bentuk-bentuknya seperti do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t, has, hasn’t, have, haven’t, had, hadn’t, dl l.). Fungsi dari modals juga sebelas dua belas (baca: kurang lebih sama) dengan auxiliary verb, yakni membantu main verb da lam hal penekanan waktu
terjadinya suatu aktivi tas , penekanan makna dan sebagainya. Si lakan perhatikan ka l imat di bawah ini . My cous ins may vis i t me on Saturday night. (Sepupu-sepupuku boleh mengunjungiku pada malam minggu) My cous ins = Subject May = Modal Vis i t = Verb (main verb) Me = Noun (object pronoun) On Saturday night = Adverb of time
Dengan demikian, keberadaan modal dapat dikatakan sekadar penunjang atau berada dalam tataran sekunder dibandingkan dengan main verb. Namun, eksistens inya toh cukup fungs ional untuk menimbulkan efek tertentu,
khususnya dalam hal makna.
6.2 The Structure of Active Sentences
Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)
Can (dapat) S + can + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Could (dapat) S + could + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu)
S + i s /am/are + able to + V1
Be past (was/were) able to (mampu)
S + was/were + able to + V1 Must (harus) S + must + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Had to (harus) S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Has to/have to (harus) S + has to/have to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Had to (harus) S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Should (sebaiknya) S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Should (sebaiknya) S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
May (boleh/mungkin) S + may + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Might (boleh/mungkin) S + might + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Will (akan) S + wi l l + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Would (akan) S + would + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
6.3 The Structure of Passive Sentences Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)
Can (dapat) N + can + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Could (dapat) N + could + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu) N + i s/am/are + able to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Be past (was/were) able to (mampu) N + was/were + able to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Must (harus) N + must + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Had to (harus) N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun) Has to/have to (harus)
N + has to/have to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Had to (harus)
N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Should (sebaiknya) N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Should (sebaiknya) N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
May (boleh/mungkin)
N + may + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Might (boleh/mungkin)
N + might + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Will (akan) N + wi l l + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Would (akan) N + would + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
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Chapter 7 Expression
7.1 Expressions of Guessing, Right Guessing, Wrong Guessing, and I haven’t A Clue
Expressions of Guessing:
- ...I ’d say...
- Could i t be...
- Perhaps it’s ...
- I think it i s ...
- It looks like ...
- It’s di fficult to say but I’d guess ...
Expressions of Right Guessing:
- That’s right. - Right. - Yes , you’re right.
- Exactly Expressions of Wrong Guessing: - No, I’m afraid not.
- Not quite. - You’re close. - I don’t think so.
Expressions of I haven’t a clue - I ’m afraid I don’t know ...
- I ’m sorry I don’t know. - I haven’t any clue. - I ’m not sure.
- I ’ve forgotten the English word for ... - I can’t remember the English of ...
7.2 Expressing Warning
Do this: - Please queue other s ide. - Keep right. Don’t do this: - No smoking.
- No l i ttering. - No parking. - No exi t.
- Don’t lean out the window. - Please do not disturb. - Please do not feed the animals.
- Keep off the grass. - Si lence. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended.
Watch Out:
- Watch your head. - Fragi le (Be careful, this will break easily).
- Watch your s tep. - Beware of pickpockets. - Beware of fierce dog.
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- Wtch out. The tra in is coming. - Look out behind you. Advice: - Take good care of yourself. - Be careful. - Take care, please.
7.3 Expressions of Asking and Offering Advice Asking for Advice: - Do you think I ought to ca ll the police? - What do you think I should buy him for his birthday? - Do you have any ideas about how I can sell my car? - Should I try to ta lk with him about this matter again? - If you were me, what would you tell her? - If you were in my s ituation, would you forgive him?
- Do youhave any advice for me? - Can you give me some advice? - Do yoyu have any recommendations about a good hotel in Paris?
- Can you recommend a suitable wine for dinner? Offering advice?
- I think you’d better start looking for a new job. - If I were you, I’d stop writing her. - It would probably be a good idea to send this mail by express mail.
- Why don’t you try ca l ling her tonight? - How about taking the bus instead of driving? - Try ignoring her for a while.
- I ’d say that you’d beter qut the team now. - I advise you to ta lk with your lawyer. - My advice is to be careful doing business with them. - I suggest that we go out for dinner tonight. - Let me suggest that we buy a new copier.
- I recommend that you cancel your appointment. - My recommendation is that we begin the sales program in May. 7.4 Expressions of Asking Permission, Giving Permission, and Denying Permission Asking permission: - Can I close the window, please? - Please let me have the car tonight.
- May I close the door, please? - Do you mind i f I smoke? - Would you mind if I went with her?
- May I have your permission to marry your daughter? Giving permission: - Sure, go ahead.
- It’s okay with me. - No, I don’t mind.
- Why not? - You have my permission. - I won’t s top you.
- Certa inly. Denying permission:
- No, you may not. - You can’t. - Yes , I do mind.
- I don’t think so. - I wi l l not permit you to. - I absolutely forbid you.
7.5 Expressions of Relief - Uh, that’s a relief. - Thank goodness for that. - Thank heavens! - Oh, good!
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- Oh, marvelous! - Oh, what a relief! - That’s alright, then. - Phew! - Thank God for that. - I ’m very rel ieved to hear that. - I ’m extremely glad to hear that.
- What a relief! - Good for you. - I ’m glad it’s done. - I ’m glad everything is running well. - Ifeel so relieved. - This ointment relieves my pain. - It’s very relaxing.
7.6 Expressions of Pain - Ouch! It hurts me so much. - Ouch! Stop pinching me.
- Oh! What shall I do if he’s already married? - Ooh! My head aches! And my back hurts!
- Ah! What i s it? - Ouch! That hurts. - Aw! The pain hurts me verymuch.
- It’s very pa inful. I can’t stand i t. - I can’t s tand it. The pain is getting worse and worse.
7.7 Expressing Pleasure/Pleased - I ’m very pleased with this room. - Oh, how marvelous! - Oh, i t’s wonderful! - It’s good news.
- I ’m very del ighted. - It gives me great pleasure. - I can’t say how pleased I am. - Great! - Smashing! - Terri fic! - Fantastic!
- Super! - I ’m glad you like i t. - This is great, isn’t it?
- I can’t say how delighted I am. 7.8 Expressing scared
- I ’m scared. - You scare me.
- It’s frightening. - It’s horrible. - The s ight terrified me so much.
- I can’t forget that terrible experience. - The fear i s creeping into my heart.
7.9 Expressing opinions Asking other people’s opinions:
- What do you think of ... - Is that right (true) that ... - Do you think i t’s going ...
- Whydo they behave like that?
- Do you have any idea? - How do you l ike ...? - Please give me your frank opinion. - What’s your opinion? -
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Expressing opinions:
- In my opinion ... - I personally believe ... - I personally think ...
- I personally feel ... - Not everyone will agree with me, but ... - To my mind ... - From my point of view ... - As I see it ... - I think ... - I bel ieve ... - I feel ...
- I am certa in/sure/positive/convinced. - I agree. - I disagree. - It seems that ... - Well, personally ... - If I had my way, I would ... - What I’m more concerned with is ...
- In my case ... - Absolutely.
7.10 Expressing agreement and disagreement Saying that you agree: - Yes , I agree with you.
- I ’m sure you’re right. - That’s right (quite true).
- I think so too. - I absolutely agree. - That’s exactly what I think.
- Yes , I suppose so. - I don’t have any objections.
Saying that you don’t agree: - We wi l never agree. - Not at a l l/Not really.
- I disagree. - I think that’s nonsense. Saying that you don’t agree politely:
- I see your point, but ... - Yes , may be, but ... - I don’t entirely agree with ... - You may be right, but ... - Do you think so? - I see what you mean, but ... - To some extent, yes but ...
- I don’t think so. - I don’t agree with you. - I ’m not sure I agree with you. - I don’t l ike the idea. Making conclusion: - In conclusion, we s tate that ... - Therefore, we state that ... - To conclude, we s tate that ...
- On the whole, we s tate that ... - From the s tatement we can conclude ... - From the facts above we can conclude ...
- On this basis, we agree that ...
7.11 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction Asking abut satisfaction/dissatisfaction: - How do you l ike your room?
- Is everything OK?
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- Is everything satisfactory? - Are you satisfied? - Did you find our service satisfactory? - Did you want to complain about something? - Was something not to your satisfaction? - Are you dissatisfied with something? Expressing Satisfaction:
- I rea lly l ike my new haircut - I ’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me. - It was satisfactory. - Everything is fine, thank you. - Everything was just perfect. - I ’m happy enough with i t. - It was okay. Not too bad. - Good enough.
Expressing Dissatisfaction - I am a l i ttle dissatis fied with the service here. - I am a bi t disappointed with the program.
- The food was lousy. - I am ti red of working here. I don’t l ike the color.
- I have a compla int. - I am very dissatis fied with the condition. - I want to make a compla int.
Responding to Dissatisfaction - I see - I ’m sorry to hear that.
- I ’l l look into i t. - I ’l l see what I can do abou t i t. - I ’l l try and take care of i t. 7.12 Expressing sorrow
- She was overwhelmed by her sorrow. - My heart i s so burdened. - I can’t tell my pain and sorrow in words. - It brought me a lot of misery. - I ’m so sad to hear it. - I regret having to do this. - I ’m feeling bad at this time.
7.13 Expressing attention: - Oh, rea lly?
- It’s amazing. - Is he? (did he? Was she? Etc.) - Oh poor creature!
- What a poor girl she is! - Why not?
- What about her s tep-mother? - How lucky he is. - Well, go on.
- What happened then?
7.14 Expressing embarrassment and anger Expressing embarrassment: - It rea lly makes me ashamed.
- I was so ashamed. - I was very embarrassed. - How embarrassing.
- Tel l me it never happened.
- Tel l me it didn’t happen. - I was so embarrassed.
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Asking if someone is angry - What’s the matter? - What happened? - What do you look so insulted about? - Why are you acting so insulted? - Did I insult you? - Are you angry about something?
- Are you angry with me? - What are you so angry about? Expressing anger: - Well, I ’ve never been so insulted in my life. - Who are you to say such a thing to me? - Aren’t you the pot calling the kettle black? - What do you mean I did a terrible job? - Are you trying to tell me I’m not good enough for you?
- Oh, hel l! - You turkey! - You’re getting me angry.
- I ’m s tarting to get angry ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 - Are you trying to make me angry?
- You burn me up. Calming someone down: - Relax.
- Take i t slow. - Take i t easy. - Calm down.
- Control yourself. - Don’t be such a worrywart. - Don’t trouble yourself. - Don’t let i t bother you. - Maybe you’re a little too sensitive about.
- Don’t be so touchy. - Don’t be angry with me. - Temper, temper. - Let’s try to hold our temper. - Don’t get hot under the collar. - Getting angry won’t help.
7.15 Expressions for telling a story: - To begin with ... - Firs t of all, ...
- One day, ... - The next day, ... - So, ...
- But ... - And you know what?
- After that ... - At the end ... - Finally ...
7.16 Finishing your story
- To make a long story short ... - So, in the end ... - So, in short ...
- At the end ... - Finally ...
7.17 Expressing Attitudes
Expressing justification: - That’s why ... - Bes ides ... - Because ... - What I mean is ...
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- You see ... - To be honest ... - The reason why ... - What I’m saying i s ... - So ...
7.18 Expressing thinking expressions
- Now, let me think ... - It’s di fficult to say exactly, but ...
- That’s an interesting question. - I ’l l have to think about that. - The best way I can answer this is ..
- Let me see ...
7.19 Expressing Speculation
- Maybe ... - I guess ... - I suppose ... - Perhaps ... - It’s quite possible that ... Expressing agreement:
- I agree. - I know what you mean. - I think so, too.
- That’s for sure. - Right.
- Certa inly. - OK. with me. - Fine tih me.
- I agree to do so. Expressing Disagreement: - I ’m against this idea.
- I don’t agree. - I don’t think so.
- I ’m not so sure. - I find I can’t agree with you. - I can’t agree to that.
- I refuse. - No way. - No deal. 7.20 Expressing Annoyance Expressing Annoyance: - I need a break. - I ’m losing my mind. - I ’m a bundle of nerves. - I can’t take it anymore.
- Gosh ... What is this? - I ’m so scared. - I was terri fied. - You frightened me. - I ’m frightened.
- Oh, no! - Oh dear! - What a nuisance.
- How irri tating. - I ’m very annoyed.
- It rea lly makes me angry.
- It annoys me. - It i rri tates me.
- I rea lly hate ...
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- What an idiot. - I ’m fed up with ... Reducing someone’s annoyance: - Relax. - Take i t slow. - Take i t easy. - Calm down.
- Control yourself. - Don’t be such a worrywart. - Don’t be scared. - Don’t trouble yourself. - Don’t be frightened. 7.21 Expressing something in chronological order To illustrate time sequence at the beginniing of your story you can use:
- In the beginning - At fi rs t - At the s tart
- Firs t of all In the middle of your story you can use:
- Next - After that - Then
- Second, third and so on - Fol lowing - Subsequently
- Afterwards - Meanwhile At the end of your story you can use: - Eventually - At last
- In conclusion - Finally - To sum up - As has been noted To illustrate time relationships (how one event relates to another in terms of time): - At the same time - During
- When - While - As
- As soon as - Before - Unti l
- After - Afterwards
7.22 Expressing Complaint - I want to complain about these shoes
- Well, this is the most unsatisfactory. I booked the room myself a week ago. - I ’m afraid ... It’s just not good enough.
- What can you do about these rooms? - Something must be done. - I ’m sorry to say this but this room is very di rty.
- I ’m afraid I’ve got a complain about ... - Would you mind not talking too loudly? - I wish yu didn’t bother us.
- I ’m not at a ll satisfied with your service.
- I must object to your hotel.
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7.23 Expressing general wishes Giving someone general wishes - Good luck. - Best of luck. - I wish you luck. - Good fortune be with you. - I hope that everything goes OK for you.
- I ’m sure that everthing will work out just fine. - May you be happy and successful in your new l ife. - Well, we hope that everything will be alright. - I hope you have a good/pleasant/enjoyable ... - Please give your parents my best wishes. Responding to General Wishes - Thank you. - Thank you very much.
- Very many thanks. - Thank. You too. - Thank you and the same to you.
- Thank you and a happy New Year to you too.
7.24 Expressing Purpose, Reasons, or Plans Asking about purpose/Reasons/Plans: - Why are holding i t?
- What are you trying to do? - What do you hide the money for? - What’s your purpose in explaining him that pipeline?
- Do you do that on purpose? - What do you intend to do to us? - Is i t your intention to blackmail me? - What are you thinking of doing with those pictures? - What are you planning to do tomorrow?
Stating Purpose/Reason/Plans: - I help her because she can help me sometime in the future. - I give i t to the police in order to keep it safe. - My purpose in explaining him that ‘pipeline’ is to make him understand it clearly. - Of course I don’t do it on purpose. - I don’t mean to hit him so bad. - My intention is to destroy the papers before thay are found.
- My plan is to invite him to dinner, get him drunk and ... Hiding Purpose/Reasons/Plans - I ’ve got no particular purpose in mind.
- No reason in particular. - I ’l l never tell. - That’s for me to know and you to find out.
- You’l l see. - It’s a secret.
7.25 Expression of Warning Informatives Notices:
- Out of order - No vacancies
- Sold out. - Beware of pickpockets. - Don’t leave the bag unattended.
- Please queue - Keep off grass - Please do not disturb.
Do this:
- Please queue other s ide. - Keep right. Don’t do this: - No smoking. - No l i ttering.
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- No parking. - No exi t. - Don’t lean out of the window. - Please do not disturb. - Please do not feed the animals. - Keep off the grass. - Si lent. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended. Watch out: - Mind your head. - Fragi le (be careful, this will break easily) - Mind the step. - Beware of pickpockets. - Beware of fierce dog. - Watch out. The tra in is coming.
- Look out behind you. Advice: - Take good care of yourself.
- Be careful. - Take care, please.
7.26 Expressing Suggestion, Advice, and Recommendation Asking for Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- Do you think I ought to ca l l the pol ice? - What do you think I should buy him for his bi rthday? - Do you have any dieas about how I can sel l my car?
- Should I try to ta lk with him about his matter aga in? - If you were me, what would you tel l her? - If you were in my s i tuation, would you forgive him? - What do you advise that I pack for the trip? - Do you have any advice for me?
- Can you give me some advice about something? - How do you suggest that I fix this broken window? - Are you suggesting that I give up jogging? - What do you recommend I take for a bad headache? - Do you have any recommendations about a good hotel in Paris? - Can you recommend a sui table wine for dinners? Offering Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- I think you’d better s tart looking for a new job. - If I were you, I ’d s top wri ting her. - It would probably a good idea to send this mai l by Express mai l .
- Why don’t you try ca l l ing her tonight? - How about taking the bus instead of driving? - Try ignoring her for a whi le.
- I ’d say that you’d better quit the team now. - I advise you to ta lk with your lawyer.
- My advice i s to be careful in doing bus iness with them. - I suggest that we go out for dinners tonight. - Let me suggest that we buy a new-copier.
- I recommend that you cancel your appointment. - My recommendation is that we begin the sa les program in May.
7.27 Expressing Attitudes Saying you are pleased/excited/like:
- Great! - Terri fic! - Fantastic!
- Super!
- Phew! - How wonderful - Hey, that’s terrific. - It’s the best thing ... - Interesting
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- Exci ting - Yippee. Saying you are displeased/angry/disappointed/bored/dislike: - Very annoyed - How irri tating - Really isn’t good. - Extremely unhappy.
- It makes me mad. - It i sn’t nice. - How infuriating. - I ’m afraid ... - How boring - Totally uninteresting 7.28 Interjection
- Aw! Expresses protest, disbelief, disgust or pity. Example: Aw, you poor l ittle dog. - Bah! An exclamation of contempt or annoyance.
Example: Bah! That’s nonsense! - Bingo! Indicates approval of second speaker’s sudden understanding or correct response.
Example: Bingo! That’s just what I wanted! - DUH! Expresses annoyance at the dullness or stupidity of a previous comment. Example: Elephants are bigger than mice. DUH!
- Er ...? Hmm ... used to express or represent a pause, hesitation, uncertainty, etc. Example: His name is er ... Jack, I think. - Oh, my!/Ah!/Oh!/Ooh! Shows pain, surprise, pity, complaint, dislike, joy, etc. Depending on how it is uttered.
Example: Ah! (Oh!) That’s so beautiful! - Oh! i s a lso used to attract the attention of the person spoken to. Example: Oh, John, will you post this letter for me, please? - Haha! An exclamation or representation of laughter, as in expressing amusement or disrespect; also Hawhaw! Example: Haha! That’s so funny!
- Huh? Expresses surprise, bewilderment, disbelief, contempt, or interrogation. Example: So he thinks he’s cool, huh? Huh? Prince William is marrying Britney Spears? - Oh-Oh! used to show surprise or anticipation of something unpleasant. Example: OH-oh! Here comes Miss Fussy. - YO! Used to get someone’s attention, express excitement, greet someone, etc. Example: Yo! Harry! I ’m here - WOW! Shows surprise, wonder, pleasure, etc.
Example: Wow! Look at that! That’s so beautiful. - Yuck! UCK! Eww!/Yikes! An expression of disgust or dislike. Example: Yuck! (Ugh!) Not broccoli again! Eww! Yikes! How gross
- YUM-YUM!/YUMMY!/MMM! Expresses enjoyment or satisfaction, especially in the taste of food. Example: Yummy! Chocolate pudding for dessert!
