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Assessment report onSierra Nevada Biosphere Reserve
State of natural resources, socio-economic conditions, stresses and projected scenarios for the state of natural resources.
2009
Consejería de Medio Ambiente
GLOBAL CHANGE IN MOUNTAIN SITES
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryContents
Contents
High mountain grasslands
High mountain shrubland
Pine plantations
Natural forests
Mid mountain shrubland
Aquatic systems
Biodiversity and overview of ecosystem types of Sierra Nevada
State of natural resources
Introduction and objectives 1
Main players involved in the project 3
Socio-economic conditions of people living in Sierra Nevada 4
5
6
789
1011
Summary of methodologies applied 12
Information management 13
Dissemination of results 14
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryIntroduction and objectives
Under the name of the “Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory”, ideas and methodologies proposed by the GLOCHAMORE project were implemented in this mountain region since 2008. This first phase of the project lasts two years and is being financed by the Andalusian environmental administration (Department of the Environment. Regional Government of Andalusia) and by the Spanish Ministry of Environment. Sierra Nevada’s active participation in the GLOCHAMORE project has greatly helped the inclusion of this project’s guidelines in the Sierra Nevada Observatory. The selection of environmental variables used for monitoring is based on this project’s proposed research strategy.
The basic objectives of the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory are to:
a) Define, quantify and characterise natural processes and resources for identifying and differentiating between natural situations and other situations resulting from global change in any of its multiple factors. Whenever possible, it will be determined to what extent a certain situation can be attributed to specific factors.
b) Characterise acceptable change limits so that it is possible to differentiate between a) recurring fluctuations and b) long-term changes, as well as detect and interpret anomalies in the shortest time possible. This will enable a proportionate reaction to changes detected, if necessary.
c) Supply information for correct planning of management activities aimed at reversing malfunctions detected in processes and people.
d) Assess effectiveness and efficiency of management activities carried out in view of any changes detected in order to propose appropriate adjustments for adaptive management.
e) Provide reliable information for monitoring the work of other institutions that are responsible for ensuring the conservation of the Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve, by virtue of international awards received.
1
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryIntroduction and objectives
To achieve the above objectives a range of tasks is being carried out, grouped into four basic areas:
1) Long Term Monitoring Program: monitoring of environmental processes to diagnose the state of natural systems in the face of global change. The guidelines of the GLOCHAMORE programme have been followed to implement this monitoring system. The aim is to carry out a prolonged monitoring of several environmental variables using scientifically acceptable methodologies.
2) Specific Tool to Store, Analyse and Consult the Generated Data: asignificant amount of varied information will be generated throughout the project. It is very important to implement mechanisms for storing this information in an organised way. This greatly aids its interrelation for generating useful knowledge in the management process.
3) Adaptive Management: field Laboratory to management using active and adaptative approaches to better anticipate and respond to changes. The goal of the whole project is to implement an adaptive environmental management model. This means management results are continuously assessed, with this assessment determining management objectives. A feedback mechanism is therefore established which improves the state of natural resources.
4) Communication Forum: for knowledge sharing among scientifics, managers, local stakeholders and general public. it is vital to implement dissemination mechanisms for both the results of the work and the methodologies and experience acquired during the project.
1
f) Determine research requirements, relative to any changes detected, that transcend the scope and objectives of a Natural Processes and Resources Monitoring Programme.
g) Provide useful information to managers and researchers on global change in Sierra Nevada.
h) Help to disseminate information of general interest that enhances knowledge of the values and importance of the Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve.
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryMain players involved
The project has three levels of involvement of three different stakeholders: International level (GLOCHAMORE), national (Global change monitoring in Spanish National Parks) and Regional level (the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory). This multi-scale work is done by the same working team, as can be seen in the below organization chart
Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Working Team
National level (MARM-OAPN; FB)
Global Change monitoring programme in National Parks: 8 multiparametric stations
GLOCHAMORE Project
Regional Level (CMA)Monitoring program. 30 thematic areas. Implementing the GLOCHAMORE research strategy. More than 20 people involved
Sierra Nevada protected area
Environmental management
company
Centro Andaluzde MedioAmbiente.
Research center
2
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatorySocio-economic conditions of people living in Sierra Nevada
Socio-economic Variables
Age pyramid
Population with Resident’s Rights:The population size decreased at the period of 60 to 90. After that time it gradually increases without reaching the record high (year 1940)
The map shows the population density with high values in red and low in green. Population density is highest in the proximity of larger towns (northwest). There are 61 municipalities in the protected area, where live 90.000 people. The most important economic activities are: agriculture, tourism, beekeeping, mining and skiing.
Agriculture
Industry
Construction
Services
Employment per sector (%)
NQ45 %36 %
Activity Rate (%) has increased in the last 20 years
City centresProtected areaPopulation Density
(Inhabitant per Km2)0
30
20 Km
Granada
Population ageing (%)
18.414.5
NQ
Population density
3
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryBiodiversity and overview of ecosystems types of Sierra Nevada
The base map shows the phytocenotic diversity of ecosystems. This index is a combination of the structural diversity (number of vegetal strata per ecosystem) and de diversity of habitats (number of Natura 2000 habitats per ecosystem). Natural forests reach the maximum value in this index. Meanwhile, high mountain pastures and shrublands are not very diverse under this point of view.The isolines show the percentage of flora endemicity. Some areas close to the summits have the highest percentages, around 70-80% of the present species.
High
Low
Diversity % endemisms
12%
Ecosystem types
Biodiversity
Rate Nº Vegetal Species / Area10.5
Europe. 10400 species. 11 mill. Km2
Spain. 8400 species. 0.5 mill. Km2
Sierra Nevada. 2100 species. 2000 Km2
Size of circle is proportional to the Area of the country1 10 100 1000 10000
Germany(2)
Poland(3)
UK(15) Austria
(25) Israel(55)
Sierra Nevada(66)
Italy(700)
Spain(1500)
Number of endemic plants (log scale)
Vegetal endemicity of Sierra NevadaSierra Nevada is one of the most important hotspots of vegetal diversity in the Mediterranean basin
Vegetal diversity of Sierra NevadaThis mountain hosts 2100 vascular plants, representing 25% of the Spanish flora and 20% of the European flora.
The map shows the spatial distribution of the ecosystem types that we have defined in Sierra Nevada. The vegetal landscape is dominated by pine plantations, moors and heathlands. Natural forests are also abundant, and as we will describe later, are regenerating from decades of misuse (wood extraction, fires, overgrazing, etc.).
Are
a (H
as)
20 Km
4
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: High mountain grassland
25 Km
15.200 Has
High mountain grasses (Poaceae, Resedaceae, etc.)
Snow cover, wind and abiotic factors are the main drivers of its ecological dynamic
Main biophysical variables
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
53
5 5
5045
Demographic trend of Capra pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada (ibex number / Km2). The scarcity of predators and the management actions explain this trend.
Annual rain is expected to be reduced in the next decades, from 1312 l/m2y in 1960-1990, to 1282 in 2011-2040.
Average annual temperature is expected to be increased in the next decades, from 7.8 ºc in 1960-1990, to 9.4ºC in 2011-2020
Average snow cover duration (days). The trend is negative if we analyze the last decade. The reduction in the snow cover duration hasn’t been quantified yet
12821312NQ 1
2NQ
7.8 9.4
12 NQ
124NQ
34
NQ
NQ NQ
Estimated demographic trend of Vipera latasti in Sierra Nevada. This viper was frequently found in the high grasslands. The decreasing trend is explained by the habitat deterioration.
NQ NQ NQ
Climate change is expected to provoke a reduction in the occupation area of this ecosystem. We have not quantified this process yet.
One of the most important management task done in order to improve the conservation status of high mountain grasslands is the restoration of the landscape. Those actions try to minimize the impact of past human activities, such are the building of infrastructures, accumulations of waste and destruction of the vegetal cover.
Veleta summit before the restoration activities
Veleta summit after the activities (under way) that removed
infrastructures (antennas, roads, etc.)
Some of the restoration activities are:
Topographic restoration of roads
Removal of solid waste in the high grassland
Removal of buildings out of use
Restoration of vegetal cover
Stockbreeding Rocks for traditional buildingTourism and Recreational uses
5
Water regulation
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: High mountain shrublands
25 Km
36.000 Has
Thorny shrubs, juniper and high mountains shrubland
It is the highest woody ecosystem of Sierra Nevada. Its distribution seems to be determined by snow cover
Main biophysical variables
Annual rain is expected to be reduced in the next decades, from 1221 l/m2y in 1960-1990, to 1195 in 2011-2040.
Average annual temperature is expected to be increased in the next decades, from 10.4 ºc in 1960-1990, to 11.7ºC in 2011-2020
Average snow cover duration (days). The trend is negative if we analyze the last decade. The reduction in the snow cover duration hasn’t been quantified yet
Average number of plant species found in this ecosystem. We have not quantified it yet, but we believe that there won’t be important changes in the next decades
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
Fruit collection to produce alcoholic drinks
Soil conservation Recreational uses
1195
1221
NQ 1
2NQ
8.7 10.1
1 2NQ90
NQ
3 4
6247006
Occupation area (has) of this ecosystem. Decrease of wildfires and over grazing explain the increased surface from 1956 to present day. Climate change scenarios predicts a loss of 30% of its potential habitat in the next decades.
NQ
NQ
200
7 8
2 Km
Present distribution
Potential distribution with present climate and with future climate
Potential distribution with future climate (expansion area)
Potential distribution only with present climate (contraction area)
1960036000
Expansion area: Potential distribution with future climate
Potential distribution area with both present and future climateContraction area: Not suitable area with future climateBroom: Genista sp., Cytisus sp., Erinacea, etc.
Juniper: Juniperus sp.
Selection of places to plant that are suitable both for the present and for the future climatic scenariosUsing thorny shrubs as
nurse plants when planting junipers, taking advantage of the facilitation processes
Protecting the seedlings and saplings removing temporally the herbivory
Creation of dispersion nuclei that resume some of the ecosystem functions
Planting a combination of species with different ecological strategies
Try to avoid the degradation of the areas not suitable with the future climate scenarios improving their availability of water from traditional irrigation ditches.
This ecosystem can be considered as threatened due to the climate change and land use changes in the last decades. In order to avoid the loss of its distribution area and to improve the conservation status of the ecosystem, we are implementing active and adaptive management actions. These actions are taking into account concepts that are new in the environmental management of Sierra Nevada, such are the uncertainty and the dynamic vision of the future. We area also trying to transfer the best scientific available knowledge to the design and implementation of these actions. Some of them are outlined in this representation.
6
Stockbreeding
Water regulation
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: Pine plantations
25 Km
40.000 Has
Planted between 1930-1980 to minimize soil loss in deforested areas
They are being replaced by natural vegetation, thanks to adaptive management actions (parcial clear-cuts)
Main biophysical variables
Annual total rain is expected to be reduced in the next decades, from 1005 l/m2y in 1960-1990, to 992 in 2011-2040.
Average annual temperature is expected to be increased in the next decades, from 10.4 ºc in 1960-1990, to 11.7ºC in 2011-2020
Average snow cover duration (days). The trend is negative if we analyze the last decade. The reduction in the snow cover duration hasn’t been quantified yet, although it seems to be less important than in other ecosystems.
Average number of plant species. The diversity was lower in the past because of the high erosion rate and misuse of the natural resources. Will be higher due to the adaptive management.
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
Average density of the tree cover (number of trees per Ha). It is expected to decrease due to the management actions (parcial clear-cuts).
Firewood and wood production
Mushrooms production
Soil conservation
Protection against floods
Hunting
Recreational uses
As previously described, this ecosystem is being replaced by natural vegetation, that is much more resilient and better adapted to the natural features of the landscape. Clear-cuts are the most important management actions that are driving these “artificial forests” to a more natural state. The following map shows the approximate year in which each plantation was done. We also shows the places where the clear-cuts have taken place. The graph shows the number of hectares treated by clear-cuts per year.
9921005
NQ 1
2NQ
11 12
12
NQ
34
913NQ
9
0NQ
19 NQ9
40000NQ
6
10007
Occupation area (has) of this ecosystem. Most of the plantations were done during the 60-70 decades of past century. Thanks to the management actions, the surface will decrease in next decades, becoming mixed pine-oak forests.
56
1300
383 380 339
2600
589
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Plantation year19351936-19481949-19571958-19591960-1963
1964-19651966-19691970-19731974-19761977-1980
Clear-cut area (has)1.6-2020-4141-87
87-205
205-397
NQ53
7
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: Natural forests
25 Km
15.000 Has
Mainly holm oak (Quercusilex) and pyrenean oak (Q. pyrenaica) forests.
Land use changes in the past is the most important driver in present days.
Main biophysical variables
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
Annual rain is expected to be reduced in the next decades, from 935 l/m2y in 1960-1990, to 925 in 2011-2040.
Average annual temperature is expected to be increased in the next decades, from 11.6 ºc in 1960-1990, to 13ºC in 2011-2020
935NQ 1
2NQ
11.6
13
12
925 612000
7
NQ15000
Occupation area (has) of this ecosystem. The observed increase is explained by the abandonment of the rural areas in the last decades.
Average density of the tree cover (number of trees per Ha). It is expected to increase due to the regeneration processes after the abandonment of the rural areas
NQ
524 NQ
9
Average density of the shrubs below the tree canopy (number of plants per Ha). It is expected to increase due to the regeneration processes after the abandonment of the rural areas
NQ
280 NQ
9
Marginal crops in 1956Regeneration of Q.
pyrenaica forest in 2009
400 m
Land use changes in the last decades are still affecting even the ecological dynamics and structure of natural forests in Sierra Nevada. In the 50s of the last century, overgrazing and charcoal extraction resulted in degradation of soil and vegetation cover. After theabandonment of these rural activities, oaks began a process of resprouting, which led to the present situation where the trees look like bushes and there is not understory vegetation. Forestry actions of pruning will improve the structure of the forest by removing the side shoots and promoting the formation of well-structured trees.
1950: Intense human activity in the forest. Charcoal extraction. Overgrazing
Present: abandonment of rural activities
Future: restoration of the “original” structure of the forest
Trees with little foliage due to the overgrazing. No understoryvegetation. Erosion gullies.
Trees with lots of side shoots. Bush-like trees. No acorn production. Resprouting is the only way of reproduction. Age structure of the forest is homogeneous. The system is not resilient to climate change
Trees have a good structure after the removal of side shoots. They produce acorns. Understory vegetation begins to re-colonize the land. The system is more resilient.
Honey production
Mushrooms production
Firewood production Hunting
Recreational usesSoil conservation
8
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: Mid mountain shurbland
25 Km
30.000 Has
Shrubland with aromatic (Rosmarinus, Thymus) and some pyrophytes species (Ulex, Cistus, etc.)Its ecological dynamic is determined by recurrent wildfires and grazing.
Main biophysical variables
Annual rain is expected to be reduced in the next decades, from 790 l/m2y in 1960-1990, to 788 in 2011-2040.
The increase of mean temperature in the next decades could be one of the most important stress factors to this ecosystem.
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
Honey production
Aromatic and medicinal plants
Hunting
Recreational uses
NQ 2 N
Q
13 14.3
12
7887901
6
Occupation area (has) of this ecosystem. Pine forests were planted over highly degraded shurblands. This explain the decrease in the occupation area. In the future this surface could increase due to the naturalization process of pine plantations.
300007
NQ
42000
Beekeeping is a good example of adaptive management. The environmental managers offer to the beekeepers some places to establish their apiaries. This assignment of land is free for the beekeeper, since it is taken into account that beekeeping contributes to plant pollination. The map shows the suitability of the land in order to host apiaries. This map is based in a model that has taken into account some determinant factors such are rain, temperature, accessibility, water availability, and presence of honey flora.
Green areas show places with a higher suitability. Black circles show the distribution of apiaries in Sierra Nevada. The size is proportional to the number of hives per apiaries.The most interesting result of this model is that there are several places in Sierra Nevada that could be occupied by apiaries under an adaptive management scenario.
NQ
NQ NQ
Density of the shrubland. The abandonment of the land has provoked a increase in the density. We have not quantified this process yet.
NQ
NQ NQ
Evolution of rabbit populations. This important prey has suffered a continuous decline in the last decades. This situation is expected to continue in the next years.
Pine plantations in 2009
Degradated shrublandin 1956
500 m
Soil conservation
9
Stockbreeding
Disease transmission
91%
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryState of natural resources: Aquatic systems
25 Km
1.700 Has
Mountain rivers, glacial lakes, irrigation ditches, riparian forests, etc.
An important part of the water that transport comes from the melting of snow in spring and summer.
Main biophysical variables
Main ecosystem services
Adaptive management
Average ecological quality of riparian environment (index QBR. From 0 to 100) in Sierra Nevada. The abandonment of the rural areas and the management actions have helped to enhance the conservation status of riparian forests.
NQ
80 NQ
10
Biological quality of riparian environment (index IBMWP. From 0 to 200). This index considers the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in the river. It is supposed to increase due to the adaptive management of the system.
NQ
142 NQ
11
Fluvial habitat index. Shows the heterogeneity and the structural diversity of the habitat (from 0 to 100). It is supposed to increase due to the improvements in the water flow of the rivers.
NQ
76 NQ
12
Reduction in the total length of trout (Salmo trutta) populations (in %). Extraction of water from rivers, contaminant discharges, dams and climate change could explain this retraction in the occupied length.
100%13
NQ
Degraded riparian forest in 1956
Regenerated riparian forest in 2009
NQ1700
6
NQ
7
The increase of the occupied area is probably due to the abandonment of the rural areas closed to the rivers.
Sierra Nevada rivers have a strong representation of the brown trout (Salmo trutta). These populations represent the southern limit of this species in Europe. This has led to the existence of particular genetic patterns in Sierra Nevada. Several decades ago, fishers introduced adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) specimens. This species is native in Northwest America and it behaves as an invasive species in Mediterranean rivers.At present, the alien species is a major threat to native trout conservation. The management actions try to improve the conservation status of brown trout and the gradual eradication of populations of rainbow trout.
Alien species: Rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchusmykiss)
Autoctonous species: Brown trout (Salmo
trutta)
Predation of juveniles
Competition for food and habitat
Reproductive interference
Management methodology to improve the conservation status of brown trout
Delimiting the extent of rainbow trout populations.
Reducing the presence of refugees for the rainbow trout in the river.
Raking spawning grounds to avoid the reproduction success of rainbow trout
Extraction of rainbow trout by electrofishing.
Reinforcement of brown trout populations.
Sport fishing Water supply Energy production Recreational uses
10
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatorySummary of methodologies applied
Quality of the riparian vegetation measured by the QBR index. Time series from 2001 to 2010.
10
Biological quality of the riparian environment measured by the IBMWP (Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party) index. Time series from 2005 to 2010.
11
Fluvial habitat index measured by the IHF (índice del hábitat fluvial). Time series from 2006 to 2010.
12
Monitoring of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations by means of electric fishing methodology. Sequential sampling without replacement. Time series from 2000 to 2010.
13
Values of biodiversity, tree and understory density obtained from a forestal inventory made in Sierra Nevada National Park in 2005.
9
Ecological niche modeling of high mountain shrublands, using MaxEnt algorithm. 8
Vegetation map of Sierra Nevada (1:10.000). Interpretation of aerial photos from 1956.
7
Vegetation map of Sierra Nevada (1:10.000). Interpretation of aerial photos from 2005.
6
Monitoring of ibex (Capra pyrenaica) by means of line transects. Time series from 1960 to 2009.
5
Time series analysis of MODIS data, using Mann-Kendall test.4
Snow data obtained by remote sensing techniques. Analysis of snow cover products (MODA10A2) from MODIS sensor (NASA). Time series from 2000 to 2010.
3
Predicted values of climatic variables obtained by regional climate scenarios (downscaling techniques). Time series from 2011 to 2040.
2
Climatic variable obtained from the analysis of the data coming from weather stations. Time series from 1960 to 1990.
1
The figures shown in the previous pages were obtained by applying different methodologies. In the next paragraphs we summarize the most relevant ones. We are also describing the datasets used to obtain the figures.
11
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryInformation management
The global change observatory is generating a huge amount of data and information that should be translated to useful knowledge that helps to improve the way we manage the natural resources of Sierra Nevada. In order to achieve this main objective, we are designing and implementing an Information System. The objectives of this information system are:
Store in an organized and normalized way all the information generated by the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory.
Design tools to improve the way users access the stored information. This is one of the most important weakness of the information systems.
Develop methodologies to analyze the raw information in order to obtain useful knowledge.
Design and implement an indicator system able to supplying information about the state of the natural resources (in past, present and future scenarios), main stress factors and main response management actions.
This diagram shows synthetically some key concepts of the information system we are developing. The raw data taken from the field (climate, fauna, flora, vegetation, etc..) are structured in relational databases. In addition, reports, slide shows and other data sources are handled by a bibliography manager, a wiki and a content manager. The information in this platforms is used by a system of indicators that shows the current status, trend, and the expected situation of the different types of Sierra Nevada ecosystems.
Structured information
•Adding and editing data•Simple queries•Geographic information•Time series analysis•Data mining
Thematic AThematic AThematic A
Structured information
Bibliography manager
Bibliography manager Project managerProject manager
WikiWiki
Presentations DatabasesData sheets TextsVideosPresentationsPresentations DatabasesDatabasesData sheetsData sheets TextsTextsVideosVideos
Thematic BThematic BThematic B
• Personalized multithematicreports
• Complex analysis (OLAP)• Datamining
Data warehouse
• Personalized multithematicreports
• Complex analysis (OLAP)• Datamining
Data warehouseData warehouse
Indicator system
Simple indexes showing the present status, the historical trend and the predicted status of a given ecosystem.
What if?In a more advanced phase, we should be able to model the behavior of the system taking into account the present knowledge of its dynamic.
Unstructured data data
information
knowledge
12
Bibliographic reference manager
Website that allows creation and editing of content easily by multiple users. Our wiki complements the coordination actions within the project and allows shared files and documents, acting as a information repository. Allows disclosure of updated results to natural resource managers and to the general public.
Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory
Collaborative Framework.We have created a collaborative framework with training activities, activities dissemination and use of new technologies that are allowing:• improve acquisition and generation of useful knowledge for the management• improve collaboration among work teams • Enhance the dissemination of updated results of the Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatorySome of de tool used are:
Location of visits
Slides and Videos from Conferences, Training Activities and Workshops of Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory in some web 2.0 platforms, channels or communities:• SlideShare• Slideboom platform • Scivve Science Videos
Views of Slides and Videos of the Meeting “The value of mountain protected areas in a global change scenario” Granada, Spain 13 – 15 May 2009
Dissemination of results
Wiki
Percentage of New (green) and Returning Visitors (red)
Field Technicians
Scientists
Managers
Relevant Data• 24.000 visits• 37 users • 96 pages • 3.44 editions per page• 9.27 pages view per visit• 417 shared files• Location of visits:
- 28 countries- 157 cities
Temporal variation of visits (counts)
Using an online bibliographic manager helps us to manage all the bibliographic records used in the project and organize the documentary sources.
Relevant Data• 54 records • 41 users • 2 Training Activities on use of tool.
Users
http://refbase.iecolab.es
http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab.es
Publication of contents in web 2.0 platformes
13
Sierra Nevada Global Change ObservatoryDissemination of results
Some Research Publications
In order to disseminate the results of the project we combine traditional media (presentations, paper publications, conferences,etc.) with tools belonging to the Web 2.0. They are a complement to accelerate the transfer of updated scientific knowledge to managers and society, and improve collaboration between different teams working on the project
Publications, Workshops, Training Activities
• “The value of mountain protected areas in a global change scenario” Granada, Spain 13 – 15 May 2009
• “I Iberoamerican Workshop CYTED: Ecological Interactions and Global Change. Mechanisms and Patterns” Granada, Spain, 2 Oct 2009
http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab.es/index.php/Jornadas_cambio_global_mayo_2009
http://observatoriosierranevada.iecolab.es/index.php/Taller_Iberoamericano_CYTED
Conferences organized by our work team
2007• Aspizua Cantón, R.; Cano, F.J.; Bonet García, F.J.; Zamora, R. & SánchezGutiérrez, J. (2007). Sierra Nevada: Observatorio internacional de seguimiento del cambio global. Revista Medio Ambiente, 57: 21–25
• Bonet García, F.J.; Aspizua Cantón, R.; Cano, F.J.; Zamora, R. & SánchezGutiérrez, J. (2007). El observatorio de seguimiento del cambio global de Sierra Nevada (España). In I Congreso Nacional sobre Cambio Global Ambiental. Abril 2007. Madrid.
2009• Bonet García, F.J. & Cayuela Delgado, L. (2009). Seguimiento de la cubierta de nieve en Sierra Nevada: tendencias en la última década y posibles implicaciones ecológicas de las mismas. In IX Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre. Úbeda (Spain), 18-22 Octubre.
• Gómez-Aparicio, L.; Zavala, M.A.; Bonet, F.J. & Zamora, R. (2009). Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients. Ecological Applications, 19 (8): 2124–2141.
• Navarro González, I. & Bonet García, F.J. (2009). Caracterización de la evolución histórica de la cubierta vegetal y los usos del suelo de Sierra Nevada en un contexto de cambio global. In IX Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre. Úbeda (Spain), 18-22 Octubre2009.
• Pérez-Luque, A.J.; Bonet García, F.J. & Zamora Rodríguez, R. (2009). Herramientas colaborativas para la creación de conocimiento útil para la gestión en el proyecto de Seguimiento del Cambio Global en Sierra Nevada. In IX Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre. Úbeda (Spain), 18-22 Octubre 2009.
• Sánchez-Gutiérrez, F.J.; Henares-Civantos, I.; Cano-Manuel León, F.J.; Zamora Rodríguez, R.; Bonet García, F.J. & Aspizua Canton, R. (2009). El observatorio de cambio global de Sierra Nevada. Revista Medio Ambiente,63: 16–19.
Regional Press
Local Media
National Press
Articles published in newspapers
Training Activities
Communication
Methodological
Information'sManagement Tools
Monographs
14