Bluetooth

Prof. Young Gil Kim University of Seoul

Information regarding Bluetooth is subject to change without noticeBluetooth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Sweden

Short-range radio communications with BLUETOOTHTM

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Bluetooth

EMBEDDED CONNECTIVITY

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Bluetooth

z Hidden computingz Hidden communications

BACKGROUND SYNCHRONIZATION

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Bluetooth

Source: IDC, Strategy Analytics, Ericsson, Silver Institute.

Million units

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

mobile phones

mobile accessories

mobile computers andhandheld devices

desktop computers

desktop accessories

printers

cordless phones

telephone answeringdevices

TV/VCR/DVD

CD-player

Mobile devices Desktop devices Consumer electronics

Internet connectiondevice

cameras & misc.remote control

THE POTENTIAL

Forecasted worldwide sales 2005

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Bluetooth

Harald Bluetooth IIKing of Denmark 940-981

This is one of two Runic stoneserected in his capitol city of Jelling

z The stone’s inscription (“runes”)say:

z Harald christianized the Danes

z Harald made peace

z Harald thinks notebooks and cellularphones should be seamlessly connected

THE NAME

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Bluetooth

z Core design issuesz Application areasz Protocol stack

z radio & basebandz link managerz L2CAP & HCIz software stack

z Profilesz Implementation issues

OUTLINE

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES

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Bluetooth

z Ad-hoc connectivityz Radio spectrumz Low-cost implementation

CORE DESIGN ISSUES

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: mobile systems

fixednetwork

mobilenetwork

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CORE DESIGN ISSUES: wireless extensions

fixednetwork

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CORE DESIGN ISSUES: ad-hoc systems

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: ad-hoc connectivity

Definition:

In an ad-hoc network, there is no (wired) infrastructure tosupport the connectivity of the portable units.

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: ad-hoc connectivity

no basestations or terminals

no up or downlinks

no central controller

no control channel to lock to

PEER-TO-PEER CONNECTIONS

no distinct cells

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CONVENTIONAL AD-HOC NETWORK

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SCATTER AD-HOC NETWORK

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z Scatternet ‘chaos’z uncoordinated channels

z TX powers varyz irregular traffic

z near-far problems

z non-stationary

ROBUSTNESSGRACEFUL DEGRADATION

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: ad-hoc connectivity

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z Channel definition & allocation (MA)z Medium access (MAC)z Call setupz Power management (standby)z Traffic management (QoS)

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: ad-hoc connectivity

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: radio spectrum

z Global availabilityz Unlicensedz Non-dedicated (e.g. DECT, HIPERLAN)z Co-existing and sharing with other applicationsz Regulatory bodies: FCC/ETSI/ARIB

Industrial - Scientific - Medical (ISM) band

2400-2483.5 MHz

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Bluetooth

RF identification

µwave ovens

RF lighting

WLAN

?

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: spectrum sharing

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Bluetooth

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: spectrum sharing

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Bluetooth

z Knownsz 2.45 GHz IS M band applicable wordwide (almost)z regulatory rules (FCC Part 15, Part 18, E T S I, AR IB)z exis ting non-Bluetooth systemsz a new system introduction any time, any where

z Unknownsz rule changesz new sys tems and their deployment

ISM STATUS IS UNPREDICTABLEPREPARE FOR THE WORST

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: spectrum

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z Prepared for s ingle-chip integrationz Main-s tream technology

air protocol design transceiver design

$5

CORE DESIGN ISSUES: low cost

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APPLICATION AREAS

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z Personal net (PNET)z Person-to-person net (PPNET)z Mobile person-to-Internet accessz Person-to-local access pointz Future applications

APPLICATIONS AREAS

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Ultra portable devices:z Pen inputz Voice input/outputz Exchange/share data

between devices

APPLICATION AREAS: personal net (PNET)

= Potential B luetooth and WL AN device

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Bluetooth

Chat

Gaming

Info S haring

vClips

vPics

vMP3

vApps

= Potential B luetooth and WL AN device

APPLICATION AREAS: person-to-person net (PPNET)

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Bluetooth

Browse

Mail

Data Access/storage

S end Postcards

Maps

Voice/text input

S treaming voice and video

APPLICATION AREAS: mobile person-to-Internet access

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Bluetooth

Local InformationPush/Retrieval

M-Commerce

WAP

Mail/Data Access andS torage

Multi mediamessaging

Local data

APPLICATION AREAS: person-to-local access point

= Potential B luetooth and WL AN device

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Bluetooth

z Home automationz Home entertainmentz Electronic commercez Industrial controlz Automotivez Surveillancez Access controlz and countless others…

APPLICATIONS AREAS: future applications

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Bluetooth

z Adapted OSI modelz Implementation & low-power

considerationsz Two major segments:

z Application frame workz Hardware description

PROTOCOL STACK

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RFBaseband

Link Manager

L2CAP

TCP/IP HID RFCOMM

Applications

Data

Con

trolAudio

PROTOCOL STACK: hardware & softwaredescription

an application framework

a hardware description

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Bluetooth

PROTOCOL STACK: RF layer

z Basic radio functionsz signal amplificationz frequency synthesisz frequency up & downconversionz modulation & demodulationz conversion bits into symbolsz filtering & shaping

TX RXbits in bits out

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Bluetooth

PROTOCOL STACK: baseband layer

z Real-time operationsz time slottingz frequency hoppingz synchronizationz packet handlingz error correctionz basic connection establishment

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Bluetooth

RFBaseband

Link Manager

L2CAP

TCP/IP HID RFCOMM

Applications

Data

Con

trolAudio

PROTOCOL STACK: RF & baseband

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Bluetooth

z FH spread spectrumz broadband on average / narrowband instantaneously

z filter rejection: avoiding most of the interferencez multiple access scheme: FH-CDMA

FILTER AND SURVIVE

SIGNAL SPREADING

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Bluetooth

z FH parameters

z 79 carriers, spaced at 1 MHz2.402 + k MHz, k = 0, …, 78

z lower guard space: 1.5 MHz

z upper guard space: 3 MHzz 1600 hops/s nominal hop rate

BLUETOOTH RADIO PARAMETERS

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Bluetooth

z Modulation parameters

z 1 Ms/s FSK modulation: 0.28 < h < 0.35z Gaussian shaping GFSK: BT = 0.5

z 1 Mb/s nominal bit rate

z 20dB spectral bandwidth: 1 MHz

BLUETOOTH RADIO PARAMETERS

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z Time slottedz Time division duplex (TDD)z Tslot = Tdwell

THE BLUETOOTH CHANNEL

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Bluetooth

625 µs

t

t

A

B

f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)

FH/TDD CHANNEL

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Bluetooth

slave

slave

master

master

slave

slave

slave

slave

PICONET CHANNELS

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Bluetooth

z Only roles during piconet existencez Any unit can become master, but

only one per piconetz Master defines piconet channelz Master controls traffic on channelz Master provides QoS

MASTER-SLAVE CONCEPT

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Bluetooth

time

Freq.

EXPLOITING 79 MHz OF SPECTRUM

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MULTI-SLOT PACKETS

f(k)

625 µs

f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4)

f(k+3) f(k+4)f(k)

f(k)

f(k+5)

f(k+5)

f(k+5)

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Bluetooth

PAYLOAD FORMAT

168 8

L_CH

2 1

FLOW LENGTH

5

L_CH

2 1

FLOW LENGTH

9

reserved

4

{ CRC

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Bluetooth

PHYSICAL LINKS

z Multi-media supportz synchronous servicesz asynchronous servicesz isochronous services

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Bluetooth

PHYSICAL LINKS

z Synchronous servicesz circuit switchingz point-to-pointz no delay variations, error tolerant

z Asynchronous servicesz packet switchingz point-to-multipointz delay tolerant, no errors

z Isochronous servicesz point-to-pointz delay & error tolerant

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Bluetooth

PHYSICAL LINKS

z Mixing services on air interfacez time slotted channelz packet scheduling by masterz control over quality of service

z Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Linkz symmetric, synchronous servicesz slot reservation with fixed interval

z Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Linkz (a)symmetric, asynchronous servicesz polling access scheme

z isochronous service via master scheduling

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Bluetooth

MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

SLAVE 3

ACLSCO SCO SCO SCOACLACL ACL

MIXING SERVICESTsco

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Bluetooth

z DM1*, DH1**

z DM3, DH3

z DM5, DH5

ACL PACKETS

625 µs

* DM1 is a common packet** DH packet: uncoded DM packet: 2/3-rate coded; shortened (15,10) Hamming code

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Bluetooth

PROFILES

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protocols

unit A unit B

profiles

applications

PROFILES & PROTOCOLS

applications

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Generic Access Profile

Service DiscoveryApplication Profile

TCS-BIN-based Profiles

Cordless PhoneProfile

Intercom Profile

Serial Port Profile

Dial-up NetworkingProfile

Fax Profile

Generic Object ExchangeProfile

Headset Profile

LAN Access Profile

File TransferProfile

Object Push Profile

SynchronizationProfile

BLUETOOTH PROFILES

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IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

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Bluetooth

BLUETOOTH IMPLEMENTATION

z low-cost

z low-power

z HW/SW separation

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Bluetooth

radio baseband

host

control

BLUETOOTH IMPLEMENTATION

z radio: analog circuitry

z baseband: dedicated logic

z control: general purpose processor

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Bluetooth

IMPLEMENTATION: low cost

z main stream technology

z single-chip solution

z simplicity

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IMPLEMENTATION: low power

z low voltage

z smart partitioning

z smart processing

z single chip

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CROSS-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION

z Promotersz 3COMz Ericssonz IBMz Intelz Lucentz Microsoftz Motorolaz Nokiaz Toshiba

z 2000+ adopters

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Bluetooth

SOLVED