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  INTRIDUCTION

A shopping mall, shopping center/centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct,or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of  shops representing

merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to walk from unit

to unit. Other establishments including movie theaters and restaurants are also

often included.

As traders moved into more spacious shops in the early 19th century high

streets developed, but wealthier people (who could afford to travel to city centres

for pleasure) started wanting shelter from rain,  so shopping arcades were

developed. With new innovations like escalatorsthese evolved into shoppingcentres and with the rise of the automobile these evolved into shopping malls.[

citation

needed ] 

From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following

theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment.

Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor stores" or " big box

stores" was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chain

stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores.[1] 

A shopping mall, shopping center/centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct,or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of  shops representingmerchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to walk from unit

to unit. Other establishments including movie theaters and restaurants are alsooften included.

As traders moved into more spacious shops in the early 19th century high

streets developed, but wealthier people (who could afford to travel to city centresfor pleasure) started wanting shelter from rain,  so shopping arcades were

developed. With new innovations like escalatorsthese evolved into shopping

centres and with the rise of the automobile these evolved into shopping malls.

[citation

needed ] 

From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following

theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment.Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor stores" or " big box

stores" was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chainstores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores. 

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  Histoty 

One of the earliest examples of public shopping malls come from  Ancient Rome in

forums where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shoppingcenters is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was

probably built around 100-110 AD by  Apollodorus of Damascus, and is thought to be the

world's oldest shopping center and a forerunner for the shopping mall.[4][5] The Grand

Bazaar  of  Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered

shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous

other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century  Al-Hamidiyah

Souq in Damascus, Syria, might also be considered precursors to the present-day

shopping mall.[6]

 Isfahan's Grand Bazaar , which is largely covered, dates from the 10th

century. The 10 kilometer long covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar  also has a long history.

Gostiny Dvor  in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the

first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100

shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft).

The Marché des Enfants-Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today.

The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.

The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798.[7] The Burlington Arcade in London

was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retailarcade concept to the United States in 1828.

[8] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele

II in Milan, Italyf ollowed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in

spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th

century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade, Dayton

 Arcade and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. Early shopping centers designed

for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club

Plaza,Kansas City, Missouri (1924).

 An early indoor mall prototype in the United States was the Lake View Store at MorganPark, Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening on July 20,

1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building contractor was

George H. Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and

shops were originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the

interior of the mall; some shops were accessible from inside and out.

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In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United

States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown.[9]

 Mall

construction in America was encouraged by the accelerated depreciation laws of 1954,

which incentivized greenfield development on the urban fringe. A second stimulus came

from legislation passed in 1960, which allowed investors to band together in REITs

(Real Estate Investment Trusts) to avoid corporate income taxes. The laws helped to

shape the familiar exurban landscape of malls, motels and fast food chains.[10] 

Great Western Arcade, Birmingham, built 1865

Early examples[edit] 

The Cleveland Arcade was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US and an

architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had

1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of  Victorian

architecture. 

The early shopping center in the United States took shape at the  Grandview Avenue

Shopping Center  (the "Bank Block") in Grandview Heights, Ohio in 1928, the first

regional shopping center in America that integrated parking into the design. This

general plan by Don Monroe Casto Sr. became the prototype of shopping centers for

several decades.[11] Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early

1930s include Country Club Plaza inKansas City, Missouri, the Highland Park

Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and the Park and Shop

in Washington, D.C.. 

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The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World

War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known as Bellevue Square) opened in 1946

in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of  Seattle. Town & Country Village also opened in

1946 inSacramento, California.[12] Then came the Broadway-Crenshaw Center (known

today asBaldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza), which was dedicated, in Los Angeles, in 1947.

Two more suburban shopping centers were completed in 1949. Town and Country

Drive-In Shopping Center (Town and Country Shopping Center ), in Whitehall, Ohio was

a strip-type complex erected in the environs of  Columbus, Ohio. Park Forest, Illinois'

Park Forest Plaza (Park Forest Downtown) was built along the lines of a cluster-type

complex. It was situated in the southern suburbs of  Chicago, Illinois. 

The suburban shopping mall, as Americans came to know it, came into being with the

opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (presently known as Northgate Mall) in April

1950. This was followed by Lakewood Center  (1951), in Lakewood,California; Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts;

[13] Stonestown

Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco, California; and Northland

Center  (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type malls were also built in Canada

and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre (nowShops at Don Mills) opened in 1955,

in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in

1957, inBrisbane, Australia. 

The fully enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest

examples includes the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton WI 

[14]

 which opened inMarch 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including a large parking

area, anchor stores and restaurants.[15] The idea of a regional-sized, fully enclosed

shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the  Austrian-born architect and American

immigrant Victor Gruen.[16]

 This new generation of regional-sized shopping centers

began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin

Cities suburb of  Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be

enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most

influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[17]

 

The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramu

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Objectives 

To play an anchor’s role in the evolution of the Indian shopping centre industry and to

consolidate the entity of individual shopping centre, helping it merge into the larger society as an

institution of importance, through:

  Developing the distinct function of the shopping centre towards marketing of goods and

services;

  Building up – and inspiring – a body of focused research into the architecture, aesthetic and

design aspects of shopping centre’s; 

  Encouraging the development and spread of sophisticate management paradigm and

maintenance methods;

  Being a knowledge resource centre that collects, analyses and disseminates information on

techniques of profitable operation;

  Delving into macro economic, legislative and marketing factors with bearing on the shopping

centre industry; and

  Guiding members to come on their own as credible, responsible and forward-thinking

stewards in the arena of shopping centre development and management.