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3
Risk Facto
rsSomething
external to the body that can cause injury
Extrinsic Risk Factors
A physical aspect of the athletes body that can
cause injury
Intrinsic Risk Factors
4
Inappropriate coaching or instruction• Coaches:
– Give incorrect instructions - which lead to injury.
– Must have in-depth knowledge about sport & be up-to-date to
maintain highest & safest standards.
– Must be able to communicate effectively.
• Current rules/regulations must be interpreted correctly &
appropriately enforced.
Extrinsic Risk FactorsPg 260-262
5
Incorrect Advice on Technique• PE teacher/trainer/coach gives guidance on specific sport
skills techniques.
• If coach does not correct technique at right time, sport
participant will adopt bad habits (skill level & performance) =
injury.
• Example: weightlifting & back injuries from poor technique.
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
6
Environmental conditions• Environment: the area in which the sport is performed.
• Including: field/hall, playing surface, lighting & temperature.
• Environment in which sport is performed can have a big impact on sustaining
injuries.
• Example:
• Poor lighting = player misjudging attacking/defensive moves & injuring
themselves or another player.
• Wet surface = player more likely to slip = injury.
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
7
Other sports players• Some sports (contact sports) are more susceptible to incurring
injuries as rules allow for tackles, scrums (rugby) etc.
• contact sports: few bruises from tackling or being tackled.
• Non-contact sports: injuries from a foul tackle (soccer) or
accidental collisions.
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
8
Equipment, clothing and footwear issues• Always use equipment needed to play sport correctly.
• Example: if javelin/shot-put/discus not held/thrown correctly =
serious injury to themselves/other people.
• Some sports require protective clothing.
• Example: shin pads for football, gloves & helmet for cricket etc.
• Other sports need clothing which is very flexible and needs to allow full range
of movement.
• Example: gymnastics. If restrictive clothing is used which limits
movement, could cause injury.
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
9
Equipment, clothing and footwear issues• Essential to use correct footwear for correct surface.
• Specialized footwear for all sports, made to be supportive to
player & totally suitable for surface required for sport
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
10
Equipment, clothing and footwear issues• However, footwear may still be the cause of injury.
• Example: studs plant the foot in the ground, so if the
person is turning on a planted foot they can twist
their knee.
• Incorrect footwear = injury.
• Example: marathon runner needs a very cushioned
shoe to absorb impact of constant running.
Extrinsic Risk Factors Pg 260-262
11
Inadequate warm-up• Very common cause of sports injury.
• Warm-up prepares body & mind for exercise to come. Gradually
takes body from non-active state to being ready for exercise.
• Will vary from person to person, level of fitness, and the
environment (cold surroundings = longer warm-up).
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
12
Inadequate warm-up• 3 components of Warm-up:
– Get blood flowing more quickly around body to help
warm-up muscles to make them more flexible.
– Mobiliser: joints taken through full range of motion.
– Main muscles to be used should be stretched.
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
13
Muscle Imbalance• One muscle in an antagonistic pair is stronger than the other.
• Example: footballers who have strong quadriceps muscles, but
weak hamstring muscles = knee injuries (when striker goes to
score they over-kick which hyperextends knee = injury).
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
14
Poor Preparation• Players’ fitness levels specific to sport.
• Poor fitness = increase risk of injury, as they become tired
develop poor sport techniques.
• Must also acclimatize (train in) to environment in which
competition will take place (hot/cold).
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
15
Postural Defects• Some people are born with postural defects e.g. one leg
longer than the other, or their spine having the
wrong curvature.
• = more strain on one side of the body = more susceptible to
injuries after long periods of exercise.
• Postural defects can also occur due to incorrect training
techniques over a long period of time.
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
16
Poor Technique• Related to an individual’s performance without the use of
equipment (as opposed to incorrect techniques related to misuse
of equipment).
• Using incorrect technique over a long period of time may lead to
injuries.
• Example: swimming performing free-style incorrectly
could be prone to shoulder or elbow injuries.
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
17
Overuse• Every time you exercise, you place your body under strain, thus
the body needs time to repair itself afterwards.
• Overuse injury occurs when you don’t give your body enough
recovery time.
• When you don’t rest & allow the
body to repair itself, it gets weaker
& eventually gets injured.
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
18
Age• Young children most common injuries occur due to falling.
• Older children the most common injuries result from
collisions and violence.
• Older age groups and top-level sportsmen, there are
fewer acute injuries and more overuse (chronic) injuries due
to intrinsic factors.
Intrinsic Risk Factors
Pg 260-262
20
Preventative Measures• Improving & maintaining fitness.
• Adequate & appropriate warm-up.
• Wear protective clothing & appropriate shoes (stipulated by
governing bodies).
• Always remove jewelry.
• Supervision by suitable qualified coach:
– Correct techniques.
– Design appropriate training programs for performers needs.
– Ensure equipment & environment appropriate for training. Pg 260-262
21
Questions1. Differentiate between extrinsic & intrinsic risk factors. 4
2. Give examples of protective clothing used in sports. 43. Name and briefly explain the 5 extrinsic risk factors. 20
4. Name and briefly explain 5 intrinsic risk factors.
205. What should a warm-up consist of? 6
6. List and briefly explain three methods of preventing injuries. 67. Why is the role of a coach so important? 28. Why is it so important that your body gets enough rest after an exercise
session? 3