Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species Miguel García García-Revillo University of Cordoba MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME

Shipping, Marine Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection Environmental Protection

and Alien Invasive Speciesand Alien Invasive Species

Miguel García García-RevilloMiguel García García-Revillo

University of CordobaUniversity of Cordoba

MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCEMARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE

Multiple layers in regulation and compliance(Panel 1: Global and regional approaches)

Porto, May 23rd, 2014

1.- The problem of Alien invasive 1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS)species (AIS) (or IAS)

2.- AIS and Sea2.- AIS and Sea

3.- International legal framework3.- International legal framework

4.- AIS, Marine Environmental 4.- AIS, Marine Environmental Protection and ShippingProtection and Shipping

Shipping, Marine Environmental ProtectionShipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species and Alien Invasive Species


a.- What are Alien Invasive Speciesa.- What are Alien Invasive Species

b.- Movement of AIS , sometimes beneficial, b.- Movement of AIS , sometimes beneficial, sometimes catastrophicsometimes catastrophic

c.- Patterns of Introduction c.- Patterns of Introduction

d.- Current situationd.- Current situation














1.- The problem of Alien invasive species 1.- The problem of Alien invasive species (AIS) (or IAS)(AIS) (or IAS)


c.- Patterns of Introductionc.- Patterns of Introduction • Ballast waterBallast water• Hull Fouling.Hull Fouling.• Aquaculture/maricultureAquaculture/mariculture• Scientific ResearchScientific Research• Pets, aquarium species, live bait, live food and plant seedsPets, aquarium species, live bait, live food and plant seeds• Ex situ animal breeding programmesEx situ animal breeding programmes• Inter-basin water transfer and navigational canals (Inter-basin water transfer and navigational canals (LessepsianLessepsian

invasions)invasions)• Climate ChangeClimate Change• Emergency relief, aid and response efforts; international Emergency relief, aid and response efforts; international

development assistance.development assistance.














Their capability to seriously harm the marine Their capability to seriously harm the marine environmentenvironment

A number of ais (marine or not) are transported by A number of ais (marine or not) are transported by seasea

GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partnerships and IOI, 2009: Guidelines for National Ballast Water Status Assessments. GloBallast Monographs No. 17



Zebra mussel in American Great Lakes (1986)



James T. Carlton:James T. Carlton: Ecological RouletteEcological Roulette







3.1.- Conventional Law3.1.- Conventional Law

3.2.- Customary Law3.2.- Customary Law

(3.3.- International Responsibility)(3.3.- International Responsibility)







3.1.- Conventional Law regulating 3.1.- Conventional Law regulating AISAIS

A.- Treaties dealing specifically with Alien A.- Treaties dealing specifically with Alien Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but containing provisions specifically devoted containing provisions specifically devoted to AISto AIS

C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically containing any provision specifically dealing with them but affecting AIS dealing with them but affecting AIS indirectlyindirectly

A.- Treaties dealing specifically with A.- Treaties dealing specifically with Alien Invasive SpeciesAlien Invasive Species

.- Ballast Water Convention, 2004, .- Ballast Water Convention, 2004, not in forcenot in force

.- No more special treaties.- No more special treaties

B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but B.- Treaties not focused on AIS but containing provisions specifically containing provisions specifically

devoted to AISdevoted to AIS Global treaties: Global treaties: Convention on Convention on

Biological Diversity Biological Diversity (art.8.h)(art.8.h)

Law of the Sea Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) Convention (UNCLOS) (art.196)(art.196)

Other treaties: CMS, Other treaties: CMS, Int. Watercourses (not Int. Watercourses (not in force) Antartic....in force) Antartic....

Regional Treaties and Regional Treaties and regulations:regulations:

.- Caribean, .- Caribean, Mediterranean, etc...Mediterranean, etc...

.- European Union / .- European Union / Council of EuropeCouncil of Europe

C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not C.- Treaties not focused on AIS and not containing any provision specifically dealing containing any provision specifically dealing

with them but affecting AIS indirectly.with them but affecting AIS indirectly.

Global treatiesGlobal treaties Regional treatiesRegional treaties



Global treatiesGlobal treaties • Agreement Concerning Co-Agreement Concerning Co-

Operation in the Operation in the Quarantine of Plants and Quarantine of Plants and their Protection Against their Protection Against Pests and DiseasesPests and Diseases

• SPS AgreementSPS Agreement• International Plant International Plant

Protection Convention, Protection Convention, IPPC (FAO)IPPC (FAO)

• International Health International Health RegulationsRegulations

• Cartagena protocole on Cartagena protocole on BiosafetyBiosafety

• CITES, Ramsar, Paris CITES, Ramsar, Paris (World Heritage)(World Heritage)

Regional treatiesRegional treaties



Global treatiesGlobal treaties • Agreement Concerning Co-Agreement Concerning Co-

Operation in the Operation in the Quarantine of Plants and Quarantine of Plants and their Protection Against their Protection Against Pests and DiseasesPests and Diseases

• SPS AgreementSPS Agreement• International Plant International Plant

Protection Convention, Protection Convention, IPPC (FAO)IPPC (FAO)

• International Health International Health RegulationsRegulations

• Cartagena protocole on Cartagena protocole on BiosafetyBiosafety

• CITES, Ramsar, Paris CITES, Ramsar, Paris (World Heritage)(World Heritage)

Regional treatiesRegional treaties • AgreementAgreement Agreement for Agreement for

the Establishment of the the Establishment of the Near East Plant Protection Near East Plant Protection OrganizationOrganization

• Plant Protection Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Regionand Pacific Region

• Convention for the Convention for the establishment of the establishment of the European and European and Mediterranean Plant Mediterranean Plant Protection OrganizationProtection Organization

• Phyto-Sanitary Convention Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africafor Africa

• NAFTA AgreementNAFTA Agreement







Sovereignty over natural resourcesSovereignty over natural resources

The right to regulate the ballast The right to regulate the ballast water management (ports, internal water management (ports, internal waters, territorial sea). waters, territorial sea).







Most of introductions are:Most of introductions are:

Non intentional (ballast, hull fouling, Non intentional (ballast, hull fouling, etc), or...etc), or...

Intentional but not generating Intentional but not generating international responsibility because international responsibility because they are self-introductions they are self-introductions (mariculture-fish farming, etc)(mariculture-fish farming, etc)

















.- The uncomfortable enigma.- The uncomfortable enigma

.- AIS, Marine Env. Prot. And Shipping (in .- AIS, Marine Env. Prot. And Shipping (in this order)this order)

.- The upcoming EU Regulation on IAS.- The upcoming EU Regulation on IAS






















Shipping, Marine Environmental Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive SpeciesProtection and Alien Invasive Species

Miguel García García-RevilloMiguel García García-Revillo

University of CordobaUniversity of Cordoba

MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCEMARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE

Multiple layers in regulation and compliance(Panel 1: Global and regional approaches)

Porto, May 23rd, 2014

Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention

Documents

Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species Miguel García García-Revillo University of Cordoba MARSAFENET OPEN CONFERENCE MARITIME