Ship Review 2004

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T

®

TRANSPORTATION SCIENCEVol. 38, No. 1, February 2004, pp. 118

!""# 0041$1%&& e!""# 1&2%$&44' 04 3801 0001

!#( or)"

*o! 10.128'+r"-.1030.003%

2004 INFOR/S

S!p Rou!# a#* S-e*ul!# Sau" a#* Per"pe-!e"

/ar!elle Cr!"!a#"e#Se-!o# o( /a#aer!al E-o#o)!-" a#* Opera!o#" Re"ear-, Nor4e!a# 5#!er"!y o( S-!e#-e a#* Te-#oloy, Tro#*e!), Nor4ay,

)ar!elle.-r!"!a#"e#6!o.##u.#o

7e!l Faer ol9epar)e# o( /ar!#e Te-#oloy, Nor4e!a# 5#!er"!y o( S-!e#-e a#* Te-#oloy, Tro#*e!), Nor4ay, :e!l.(ae rol6p!pel!(e.#o

9a!* Ro#e#Collee o( ;u"!#e"" A*)!#!"ra!o#, 5#!er"!y o( /!""our!S. ee pla##!# proble)", e ae *!3!*e* !" re!e !#o "eeral par". =e "ar a e "rae!->ee pla##!# leel a#* *!"-u"" e *e"!# o( >ee" a#* "ea ra#"por "y"e)". =e -o#!#ue ! e a-!-al

a#* opera!o#al >ee pla##!# leel a#* -o#"!*er proble)" a -o)pr!"e ar!ou" "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!#a"pe-". ?ere, e "eparaely *!"-u"" e *!((ere# )o*e" o( opera!o#" !#*u"r!al, ra)p, a#* l!#er "!pp!#.F!#ally, e a:e a l!)p"e a #aal appl!-a!o#" a#* oer relae* proble)" a *o #o #aurally (all !#o e"e-aeor!e". Te paper al"o pre"e#" "o)e per"pe-!e" rear*!# (uure *eelop)e#" a#* u"e o( op!)!@a!o#$

ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" (or "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!#. Seeral o( e re#*" !#*!-ae bo a--elera!##ee*" (or a#* be#e" (ro) "u- "y"e)" a#*, ope(ully, !" paper !ll "!)ulae (urer re"ear- !# !" ar ea.

Key words )ar!!)e ra#"pora!o#B "!p "-e*ul!#B >ee "!@e a#* )! History Re-e!e* Duly 2002B re!"!o# re-e!e* 9e-e)ber 2002B a--epe* Da#uary 2003.

Te )aor ra#"pora!o# )o*e o( !#er#a!o#alra*e !" "eabor#e "!pp!#. Te 4orl* >ee a" eper!$e#-e* -o#!#uou" ro4 *ur!# e la" (e *e-a*e""ee F!ure 1, a#* -o#"!"" o( )ore a# 3G,000

"!p"oer 300 ro"" o#" ! a oal -apa-!y o( al)o"800 )!ll!o# *ea*4e! o#" a" o( )!*$2001. Te4orl* >ee -o#"!"" o( "!p" o( ar!ou" ype" 40er eo!l a#:er" a#* bul: -arr!er" -o#"!ue al)o" '3H o( e oal *ea*4e! -apa-!y IS< 2001.

Te 4orl*" "eabor#e ra*e a" eper!e#-e* a "!)$!lar !#-rea"e o a o( e 4orl* >ee -apa-!y. Te4orl* ra*e !# 2002 !" e"!)ae* o be &.%2& )!ll!o#o#" repre"e#!# a 33H !#-rea"e *ur!#1 e la"*e-a*e Fear#ley" 2002.

Te o-ea# "0!pp!#1 !#*u"ry a" a )o#opoly o#ra#"pora!o# o( lare olu)e" be4ee# -o#!#e#".T!" a-!!y !ll probably !#-rea"e !# e (uur e! e -o#!#uou" ro4 !# e 4orl* popula!o#,e r!"!# "a#*ar* o( l!!#, !#-rea"e* lobal!@a!o#re"ul!# !# !#er#a!o#al roup" o( -o)pa#!e" -ollab$ora!# a#* )er!#, reaer pro*u- "pe-!al!@a!o#,a#* e *eple!o# o( lo-al re"our-e". =! a# !#-rea"e!# e"e *eep "ea a-!!!e", e al"o #ee* (ee*er "y"$e)" (or "o$-alle* "or "ea "!pp!#. Co#"eJue#ly ,"u- re!o#al "!pp!# a-!!y !" epe-e* o !#-rea"ea" ell. I# a**!!o#, e !ll probably "ee ro4 !#e area o( "or "ea "!pp!# be-au"e o( eay pr e"$"ure o# roa* #e4or:" a#* a!r -orr!*or".

Seabor#e a-!!!e" are ea!ly *epe#*e# o# e

"er!-e" a e 4orl*" >ee -a# o((er. 5"ually, 4e

*!"!#u!" be4ee# ree e#eral )o*e" o( opera$

!o# !# "!pp!# industrial, tramp, a#* liner

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Cr!"!a#"e#, Faerol, a#* Ro#e# Ship Routing and Scheduling Tra#"pora!o# S-!e#-e 381, pp. 118, 2004 INFOR/S2

I n c r e a s e i n n u m b

e r o f s h i p s ( % )

I n c r e a s e i n d

w t . ( % )

3.53.5

3.0 3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

2.5

2.0

1.5

Number

Dwt.

1.0 1.0

0.50.5

0 0

94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 00 00 01 '01.01 07.01

F!ure 1 =orl* Flee 9eelop)e# 1GG42001 (or Ve""el" o( /ore Ta# 300 Kro"" To#"

Sour-e. IS< 2001.

"rae!- o e a-!-al a#* opera!o#al leel". Typ!$-al ea)ple" are op!)al "!@e a#* )! o( e >ee,rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# (or ea- "!p !# e >ee, a#*"ele-!# e be" -our"e (or a "!p be4ee# o por""ube- o prea!l!# 4eaer a#* o-ea# -urr e#".

A "!p !#ole" a )aor -ap!al !#e")e# u"ually)!ll!o#" o( 5.S. *ollar", a#* e *a!ly opera!#-o"" o( a "!p -a# be e#" o( 0ou"a#*" o( *ol$lar". T!" )ea#" a !)pro!# >ee u!l!@a!o# -a# be ra#"lae* !#o "!#!-a# !)proe)e#" !# #a#$-!al re"ul". A#oer po"!!e re"ul o( !#-rea"!# >eeu!l!@a!o# -a# be re*u-e* *a)ae o e e#!ro#)e# be-au"e o( re*u-!o#" !# ra#"por opera!o#".

I !" -lear (ro) e aboe a ere !" a -o#"!*er $able #ee* (or, a#* poe#!al be#e" (ro), *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" !# "!p "-e*ul!#. Te r" "urey!# "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# *ae" ba-: o 1G83Ro#e# 1G83. Te# year" laer, Ro#e# 1GG3 publ!"e*a "e-o#* re!e o# "!p "-e*ul!# a#* relae* area"(or e *e-a*e 1G821GG2. Te !#-rea"!# !#ere" !#)ar!!)e ra#"pora!o# !" re>e-e* !# "o)e r e-e#

publ!-a!o#". Transportation Science re-e#ly *eoe*a# !""ue o )ar!!)e ra#"por P"ara(!" 1GGG. I#a re-e#ly publ!"e* boo:, Pera:!" 2002 !e" a#oer!e4 o( )o*el" (or a (e "ele-e* pr oble)"!# >ee opera!o#" a#* *eploy)e#. Caa:!" 2000

pre"e#" "! ")all yp!-al -a"e "u*!e" !# )ar!#e peroleu) lo!"!-", 4ere e u"e o( )a#ae)e#"-!e#-e pro*u-e* be#e" (or e )ar!#e ra#"porer ,e "!pper, or bo. I# a**!!o#, "pe-!al a"pe-" o( )ar!!)e opera!o#" are pre"e#e* !# e opera!o#"re"ear- OR l!eraure. V!" a#* *e 7o"er 2003 !ea re!e o# ra#""!p)e# o( -o#a!#er" !# -o#a!#er er)!#al" 4ere )ore a# &0 paper" are r e(er e#-e*.I# e#eral, e l!eraure a" "o4# a po"!!3e a#*"!#!-a# !#-rea"e !# e #u)ber o( paper" o# "!p"-e*ul!# "!#-e e la" "urey !# 1GG3, a#* ere !"#o a #ee* o "urey e )ore re-e#ly publ!"e*

re"ear- o# e "ube-. Our obe-!e" are 4o(ol*.F!r", e a# o pre"e# a re!e o# "!p r ou!#a#* "-e*ul!# a#* relae* proble)" ! (o-u" o#e la" *e-a*e a#*, "e-o#*, o loo: a e (uure a#**!"-u"" "o)e re#*" !# e #e *e-a*e.

S!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# proble)" are *!( (er $e# (ro) o"e o( oer ra#"pora!o# )o*e" be-au"e"!p" operae u#*er *!((ere# -o#*!!o#". Ro#e#1G83,2002 a" elaborae* o# e *!((ere#-e" be4ee# eopera!o#al e#!ro#)e#" o( "!p" a#* ru-:". =e u"!" o a** ere "eeral )ore *!((ere#-e" 1 "!p" pay por (ee", 2 e *ra( o( a "!p !" a (u#-!o#o( e 4e! o( e loa* a((e-" "!p$por -o)$

pa!b!l!y, 3 "!p" operae )o"ly !# !#er#a!o#alra*e -ro""!# )ul!ple ur!"*!-!o#", 4 "!p" -a# be *!3ere* a "ea, a#* & "!p oyae" "pa# *ay"or ee:" a#* e!r !)e !# por )ay -oer "eeral por opera!# !)e 4!#*o4". T!" l!" !" #o all !#-lu$"!e. A-ually, !# "o)e a"pe-", a!r-ra( are )ore "!)$!lar o "!p". I# bo -a"e", ea- u#! repre"e#" alare -ap!al !#e")e# a ra#"lae" !#o a lar e*a!ly -o", bo pay por (ee" a#* bo operae !#!#er#a!o#al roue". ?o4eer, a!r-ra( )a!#ly -arry

pa""e#er" 4erea" "!p" -arry (re!. Ee# a!r -ra(a -arry (re! -arry o#ly pa-:ae* oo*" 40er ea"

"!p" -arry )o"ly l!Ju!* a#* *ry bul: -aro, a#*o(e# #o#)!able pro*u-". ;e-au"e pa""e#1er" *o#o l!:e o >y oer#!, )o" a!r-ra( are #o oper $ae* arou#* e -lo-: 4erea" "!p" are -o#!#uallyopera!#. I# a**!!o#, a!r-ra( -o)e !# a ")all #u)$ ber o( "!@e" a#* )o*el" 4erea" a)o# "!p", 4e#* a lare ar!ey o( *e"!#" re"ul!# !# #o#o)o$e#eou" >ee". ;o "!p" a#* a!r-ra( ae !er u#-era!#y !# e!r opera!o#" be-au"e o( e!r !er *epe#*e#-e o# 4eaer -o#*!!o#" a#* e-#oloy,a#* be-au"e ey u"ually "ra**le )ul!ple ur!"*!-$!o#". ?o4eer, be-au"e "!p" operae arou#* e-lo-:, e!r "-e*ule" u"ually *o #o ae bu((er" o(

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Flee ar!ey

p0y"!-al a#* e-o#o)!-Poer u#! !" a#

ee pla##!# proble)" -o#-er#!# e*e"!# o( >ee" a#* "ea ra#"por "y"e)". Ne, 4e-o#-e#rae o# a-!-al a#* opera!o#al "!p pla##!#

proble)" 4!!# !#*u"r!al, ra)p, a#* l!#er "!pp!#!# MM1.2, 1.3, a#* 1.4, re"pe-!ely. Alou e ae)a*e a *!"!#-!o# be4ee# e *!((ere# pla##!#leel", o#e "oul* re)e)ber e !#erplay be4ee#e ar!ou" leel". 9e-!"!o#" -o#-er#!# >ee "!@e a#*-o)po"!!o# *eer)!#e e "!p" aa!lable (or r ou$

!#, "-e*ul!#, a#* *eploy)e#. ?o4eer, o *e"!#a# op!)al >ee, e *e)a#* (or "!pp!# "er!-e")u" be :#o4# a#* repre"e#a!e roue" ae o

be -o#"!*ere*. So)e o( e re!e4e* paper" ae bo "rae!- a#* opera!o#al ele)e#", a#* e pla-e

e) !# e )o" appropr!ae "e-!o#. O--a"!o#ally,

e re(er o "u- paper" !# "eeral "e-!o#". F!#ally,

#aal rou!#, "-e*ul!#, a#* oer "!p pla##!# proble)" relae* o rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# !ll be br!e>y *e"-r!be* !# MM1.& a#* 1.%, re"pe-!ely. A ee#* o( ea- "e-!o#, e pre"e# a able "u))ar!@$!# e l!eraure re!e *e"-r!be* !# a par!-ular "e-!o#.

1.1. Srae!- Pla##!#9e"!# o( Op!)al

Flee" a#* /ar!!)e Supply C0a!#"

To !)pora# "rae!- pla##!# proble)" !# "!p$ p!# are >ee "!@!# a#* e *e"!# o( )ar!!)e lo!"$!-" "y"e)". ?ere, a )ar!!)e "upply -a!# )ea#" a"upply -a!# 4ere "ea ra#"por -o#"!ue" a lea"o#e !al par. /ar!!)e "upply -a!#" are (urer *!"$-u""e* !# M2 a *e"-r!be" re#*" !# e "!pp!#

!#*u"ry. =e r" pre"e# "u*!e" rear*!# op!)al>ee *e"!# a#* e# o"e *eal!# ! e *e"!# o( )ar!!)e "upply -a!#".

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=e "ar ! e p!o#eer!# or: o( 9a#@!1 a#*

Ful:er"o# 1G&4. Tey *eal ! )!#!)!@!# e#u)ber o( a#:er" #ee*e* o per(or) a !e# "e o( "-e*ule". T!" -a# be -o#"!*ere* a >ee "!@!# pr ob$le) !# !- ere !" o#ly o#e ype o( e""el. I !"

"o4# a e proble) -a# be (or)ulae* a" a ra#"$

pora!o# pr oble).Co a#* Pera:!" 1GG% pre"e# a "u*y r ear *!#1

>ee "!@e a#* *e"!# o( op!)al l!#er roue" (or a-o#a!#er "!pp!# -o)pa#y. Te proble) !" "ole* by e#era!# a #u)ber o( -a#*!*ae roue" (or e*!((ere# "!p" a pr!or!. Te#, e proble) !" (or $)ulae* a#* "ole* a" a l!#ear prora))!# ee a#* e op!)al>ee *eploy)e# pla#. ;e#*all a#* Se# 2001 al"o

pre"e# a )o*el (or *eer)!#!# e op!)al #u)ber o( "!p" a#* >ee *eploy)e# pla# !# a -o#a!#er"!pub a#* "po:e appl!-a!o#.

A "u*y re1ar*!#1 e *e"!# o( a# op!)al >eea#* e -orre"po#*!# ee:ly roue" (or ea- "!p(or a l!#er "!pp!# "y"e) alo# e Nor4e!a#-oa" a" pre"e#e* by Faerol 1GGG. Te "olu$!o# !" ba"e* o# a "e par!!o#!# SP (or )ula$!o#, ! e a pr!or! e#era!o# o( "!p roue" by)ea#" o( a *y#a)!- prora))!# alor!). 5#(or $

u#aely, e "olu!o# )eo* o#ly a#*le" !#"a#-e"4ere e *!((ere# "!p" a -a# be "ele-e* aee "a)e "pee*. Tere(ore, Faerol a#* ee "!@!# a#* opera!o#al pla##!#. T!" or: !"a# ee#"!o# o( a# earl!er "u*y by ee !" *e"-r!be* !# Crary e al.2002, !- !llu"rae" e u"e o( Jua#!a!e )e$o*" !# -o#u#-!o# ! eper op!#!o#. Te"e !*ea"

are appl!e* o e pla##!# "-e#ar!o (or e Q201& -o#$

>!- o# e 7orea# Pe#!#"ula, o#e o( o :ey "-e$#ar!o" e 9epar)e# o( 9e(e#"e u"e" (or pla##!#.Table 2 pro!*e" a "u))ary o( e"e "u*!e".

1.2. Ta-!-al a#* Opera!o#al Proble)" !#I#*u"r!al S0!pp!#1

Te (o-u" o( a-!-al a#* opera!o#al pla##!# !"

o# rou!# a#* "-e*ul!#. Follo4!# e *e#!!o#"!e# !# Ro#e# 1GG3, routing -a# be *e#e* a" ea""!#)e# o( "eJue#-e" o( por" o be !"!e* by e"!p". Te er) scheduling !" u"e* e# e e)porala"pe- !" brou !#o rou!#. Tere(ore, "-e*ul!#

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Ta ble 2 Su))ary o(

Paper /a8or 9e-!"!o# Obe-!e Caro /eo*

;e#*all a#* Se# 2001

Co a#* Pera:!" 1GG%

Crary e al. 2002

Flee "!@e a#* *eploy)e#

9eploy)e#

Flee "!@e

/a!)u) pro

/a!)u) pro

/a!)u) probab!l!y o(

Co#a!#er"

Co#a!#er"

/IP

SP

/IP + eper op!#!o#

4!##!# -a)pa!#

9a#@! a#* Ful:er"o# 1G&4 Flee "!@e /!#!)u) #u)ber o( a#:er" Cru*e o!l

Flee "!@e a#* )!

9e"!# o( ra#"por "y"e)

/!#!)u) -o""

/!#!)u) -o""

E3aluae "olu!o#"

Co#a!#er"

Ke#eral -aro

Fre" aer

IP + 9P

IP + 9P

S!)ula!o#

I)a! a#* R!3era 2001 Co#a!#er >ee "!@e /!#!)u) -o"" Co#a!#er" S!)ula!o#

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"o)e -a"e", e -a##o uara#ee a e >ee )a#$ae" o "er!-e all -aroe" *ur!#1 e pla##!# per!o*.I# "u- a -a"e, "o)e o( e -aroe" -a# be "er!-e* by"po -arer". =e !#ro*u-e a ar!able si a !" eJual

o o#e !( -aro i !" "er!-e* by a "po -arer a#* @er ooer4!"e, a#* a# a""o-!ae* "po -o" cSP OT i .

=e# e a:e e "po "!p)e#" !#o a--ou#, 1a#* 2 be-o)e

)!# cvr xvr + cSP OT i si 1

S-e*ul!# ra#"pora!o# o( o!l !" a -la""!-al pr ob$le) !# -o))er-!al -aro "!pp!#, a#* !" "u*!e* by;ro# e al. 1G8'. =e "ar ! !" or: be-au"e"eeral paper" ee#* ! !# o#e or )ore ay". A )aor o!l -o)pa#y !" "!pp!# -ru*e o!l (ro) e /!**leEa" o Europe a#* Nor0 A)er!-a. All -aroe" ar e

(ull "!ploa*", a#* are "pe-!e* by por" a#* *ae"(or loa*!# a#* *!"-ar!#. Te -aroe" -a# be a:e#e!er by a "!p !# e -o#rolle* >ee or by "po-arer". Te proble) !" (or)ulae* a" a SP )o*el.

v∈V r ∈ Rv i∈ N Te proble) !" "l!ly )o*!e* -o)pare* o pr ob$

aivr

xvr+ s

i= 1 ∀i ∈ N 2

v∈V r ∈ Rv

si ∈ 0 1 ∀i ∈ N &

No, e obe-!e (u#-!o# 1 )!#!)!@e" e "u) o(

e -o"" o( opera!# e >ee a#* e -o"" o( e

"po "!p)e#", !le -o#"ra!#" 2 e#"ure a all-aroe" are "er!-e* e!er by a "!p !# e >ee or by

a "po -arer. Co#"ra!#" 3 a""ure a ea- "!p!# e >ee !" a""!#e* ea-ly o#e "-e*ule -olu)#.

Co#"ra!#" 4 a#* & !)po"e e b!#ary r eJu!r e$)e#" o# e ar!able". A--or*!# o 2, e si ar!$

able" *o #o #ee* o be *e#e* a" b!#ary "!#-e boe aivr -o#"a#" a#* e xvr ar!able" are b!#ar y.

S!p "-e*ul!# proble)" are o(e# !ly -o#$"ra!#e*, a#* !# "u- a -a"e, ! !" po""!ble o e#eraeall (ea"!ble -a#*!*ae "-e*ule" -olu)#" a pr!or!!# e SP )o*el. 9ue o e rela!ely lo# *ura$

!o# o( ea- "!p oyae a#* o e ! u#-era!#y

!#ole*, ! !" 0ar*ly po""!ble (or a "!p "-e*ule pla##er o pla# (or )ore a# a (e 3oya1e" a0ea*

(or ea- "!p. Su- SP proble)" ! a ")all #u)ber

o( a":" !# ea- -olu)# are rela!ely ea"y o "ole

"ee Ro#e# 2000. ?o4eer, (or "o)e ype" o( "!p"-e*ul!# proble)", e #u)ber o( (ea"!ble "-e*$

ule" (or e >ee )ay be oo lare o allo eau"$

!e e#u)era!o#. For "u- proble)", ! !" po""!bleo e#erae o#ly pro)!"!# "-e*ule" u"!# eur!"$

!- rule". Aler#aely, o#e -a# u"e a *y#a)!- -olu)#

e#era!o# approa-. A eery !era!o# o( e pr o-e""-olu)#" a ae #o bee# -o#"!*ere* earl!er -a#

be e#erae*, a#* o"e ! #ea!e re*u-e* -o""

-a# be -o#"!*ere* !# e SP )o*el.

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proble) !" (or)ulae*. A "pe-!al!@e* roll!# or!@o#eur!"!- !" *eelope* o "ole !.

A#oer appl!-a!o# 4!!# e o!l !#*u"ry !" pr e$"e#e* by S-o 1GG& a#* !#ole" e "!pp!# o( re#e* o!l pro*u-" (ro) a re#ery o "eeral *epo".A" !# ;au"- e al. 1GG8, ere are "eeral ype" o(

a#:er" ! e* -o)par)e#" a e#able *!( (er $e# pro*u-" o be -arr!e* o# e "a)e oyae. ?o4$eer, e "olu!o# approa- !" *!((ere#. e!ble -aro ol*a -a# be par!!o#e* !#o "eeral ")aller ol*" !#a !e# #u)ber o( ay". Te "-e*ul!# o( e "!p"-o#"!ue" e )ul!"!p p!-:up a#* *el!ery pr ob$le) ! !)e 4!#*o4", !le e par!!o# o( e"!p" >e!ble -aro ol*" a#* e allo-a!o# o( -ar $oe" o e ")aller ol*" )a:e e )ul!allo-a!o#

proble). A# SP )o*el !" pre"e#e* (or e pr oble).Te "-e*ule" are e#erae* a pr!or!, a#* ey !#-lu*e

Fle!b!l!y, a" ell a" robu"#e"", are o !)pora# proper!e" !# "!p "-e*ul!#. Te >e!b!l!y a"pe-!" -o#"!*ere* !# Faerol 2001 by !#ro*u-!# "o(!)e 4!#*o4" o a "!p "-e*ul!# )o*el. Te )o!$a!o# (or !#ro*u-!# "o( !)e 4!#*o4" !#"ea* o( ar* o#e" !" a by allo4!# -o#rolle* !)e 4!#$

*o !ola!o#" (or "o)e -aroe", ! )ay be po""!bleo oba!# beer "-e*ule" a#* "!#!-a# r e*u-!o#"!# ra#"pora!o# -o"". To -o#rol e !)e 4!#*o4!ola!o#", !#-o#e#!e#-e -o"" (or "er!-!# -aroe"ou"!*e e!r !)e 4!#*o4" are !)po"e*. Al"o, er e,a SP )o*el !" u"e*. Te "o( !)e 4!#*o4" are *eal! !# e "-e*ule -olu)# e#eraor. Te pr o$

po"e* "olu!o# approa- al"o allo" e *eer )!#a$!o# o( e op!)al "pee* o# e ar!ou" "a!l!# le"!# a "!p" "-e*ule.

Te !""ue" *!"-u""e* "o (ar !# !" "e-!o# -a# be-aeor!@e* a" )e*!u)$er) pla##!# proble)". Coa#* Pera:!" 2001 !e a# !)proe*, )ore e(-!e#

(or)ula!o# o( a )o*el pre"e#e* by Ro#e# 1G8%.?ere, a "or$er) "-e*ul!# proble) (or "!pp!# bul: or "e)!bul: -o))o*!!e" !" -o#"!*ere*. Ea-"!p !# e >ee be!#" by loa*!# !# a "!#le loa*!#area. Te#, a #u)ber o( *!"-ar!# por" are !"!e* by ea- "!p. I# -o#ra" o )o" )e*!u)$er) "!p"-e*ul!# proble)", a "!p)e# o a "pe-!- *!"$-ar!# por )ay be "pl! be4ee# "eeral "!p". Te!)proe* (or)ula!o# !" a e#eral!@e* er"!o# o( e4ell$:#o4# Capa-!ae* Fa-!l!y

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Ta ble 3 Su))ary o( Co))er-!al Ve""el" Rou!# a#* S-e*ul!# !# I#*u"r!al S!pp!#


;au"- e al. 1GG8 S-0e*ul!# a#* "pee* /!#!)u) -o"" Re#e* o!l pro*u-" SP

;re)er a#* Pera:!" 1GG2 S-e*ul!# /!#!)u) -o"" Cru*e o!l SP

;ro4# e al. 1G8' S-0e*ul!# a#* "pee* /!#!)u) -o"" Cru*e o!l SP

Co a#* Pera:!" 2001 S-e*ul!# /!#!)u) -o"" ;ul: a#* "e)!bul: IP

C0r!"!a#"e# a#* Faer0ol 2002 Robu" "-e*ul!# /!#!)u) -o"" 9ry bul: pro*u-" SPFaer0ol 2001 S-0e*ul!# a#* "pee* /!#!)u) -o"" 9ry bul: pro*u-" SP

Faer0ol a#* C0r!"!a#"e# 2000a, b S-0e*ul!# a#* -aro /!#!)u) -o"" Fer!l!@er" SP

allo-a!o#

Pera:!" a#* ;re)er 1GG2 S-e*ul!# /!#!)u) -o"" Cru*e o!l SP

Ro#e# 1G8%

S-o 1GG&

S-e*ul!#

S-e*ul!#

/!#!)u) -o""

Aler#ae2 )!#!)u) -o"",

;ul: a#* "e)!bul:

Re#e*

IP + eur!"!-"

ee a#* o e#"ure e a))o#!a bala#-e a !"

o# pla#". T!" !" a# ea)ple o( a "!pper opera$!# !" >ee !# bo e !#*u"r!al a#* ra)p )o*e""!)ula#eou"ly. T!" proble) -a# be ra#"(or)e* !#o

a *e-o)po"e* (or)ula!o# ! o ype" o( "ub$

proble)" 1 a "-e*ul!# proble) (or ea- "!p a#*

2 a# !#e#ory )a#ae)e# proble) (or ea- por.Te oerall proble) !" "ole* by a 9a#@!$=ol(e

9= *e-o)po"!!o# approa- "ee Cr!"!a#"e# a#*

Nyree# 1GG8a. Te o ype" o( "ubproble)" ar e

"ole* by 9P alor!)", a#* e "olu!o# appr oa-

!" *e"-r!be* !# Cr!"!a#"e# a#* Nyree# 1GG8b. Te)a"er proble) !" a )o*!e* er"!o# o( e SP pr ob$

le) 14. Te "olu!o#" (ro) bo ype" o( "ub$ proble)" #ee* o be "y#-ro#!@e*. Te "ubpr oble)"

!#ro*u-e !)e a#* loa* -oupl!# -o#"ra!#" (or ea- por -all a#* ar!able" repre"e#!# "!p "-e*ule"

a#* por -all "eJue#-e" o e )a"er pr oble).A#oer "olu!o# approa- o e "a)e "!p pla#$

#!# proble) Cr!"!a#"e# 1GGG !" *eelope* by

Flaber e al. 2000. Tey ae u"e* a# !era!e

!)proe)e# eur!"!- -o)b!#e* ! a#

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9/19

epl!-!ly !#o a--ou#. Cr!"!a#"e# a#* Nyr ee#2001 ee#* e!r )o*el *e"-r!be* !# Cr!"!a#"e#

a#* Nyree# 1GG8a. Tey !#ro*u-e a pa!r o( "o(!#e#ory l!)!" 4!!# e ar* !#e#ory l!)!" ore*u-e e po""!b!l!y o( !ola!# e !#e#ory l!)!"

a e pla#". Tu", e "o( !#e#ory l!)!" -a# be

!olae* a a pe#aly, bu ! !" #o po""!ble o e-ee*e "orae -apa-!y or *rop belo e loer !#e#$ory l!)!. Tey "o a e "o( !#e#ory -o#$"ra!#" -a# be ra#"(or)e* !#o "o( !)e 4!#*o4".

A# !#e#ory rou!# proble) "!)!lar o Cr!"$!a#"e# 1GGG, bu ! multiple products !" pr e"e#e* by Ro#e# 2002. A /IP )o*el (or e proble) !"(or)ulae*. To approa-e" (or "ol!# e "!p$)e#" pla##!# proble) ere u"e*. F!r", e /IP)o*el a" "ole* u"!# -o))er-!al op!)!@a!o#"o(4are (or ")aller "!@e* proble)". Se-o#*, a -o"$ ba"e* eur!"!- alor!) a" u"e* o e#"ure 0aa--epable "olu!o#" ere oba!#e* Ju!-:ly. Te a**!$

!o#al -o)ple!y !#ro*u-e* by -o#"!*er!# )ul!ple pro*u-" reJu!re* "epara!o# o( e "!p)e#" pla#$#!# "ae (ro) e "!p "-e*ul!# "ae. I# a**!!o#,ere, e !)e *!)e#"!o# !" *!"-ree *a!ly r e"olu!o#,a#* "!p oyae" ae a "!#le loa*!# a#* a "!#le*!"-ar!# por.

A a-!-al ra#""!p)e# proble), 4ere -oal !"ra#"pore* a "ea (ro) "eeral "upply "our-e" o a por ! !#e#ory -o#"ra!#" a" "u*!e* by S!1GG'. Te -oal !" e# ra#"pore* (ro) e por o

"eeral -oal$re* po4er pla#". Te obe-!e !" o)!#!)!@e e pro-ure)e# -o"", ra#"pora!o# -o"",a#* ol*!# -o"". Co#"ra!#" o# e "y"e) !#-lu*e

-o)pa#y pro-ure)e# pol!-y, po4er pla# *e)a#*, por u#loa*!#1 -apa-!y, ble#*!#1 reJu!re)e#, a#*

"a(ey "o-:". Te "u*y propo"e" a /IP )o*el (or areal proble) (a-e* by e Ta!4a# Poer Co)pa#y.7ao e al. 1GG3 pre"e# a "!)!lar proble) (or e"a)e -o)pa#y. Tey appl!e* !#e#ory eory o*eer)!#e a# op!)al "!pp!# pol!-y. Te u#*erly!#!#e#ory )o*el !" #o#l!#ear 4ere e pr o-ur e)e#-o"", ol*!# -o"", a#* "orae -o"" are )!#!$)!@e* "ube- o !#e#ory -apa-!y -o#"ra!#".

pre"e# a /IP )o*el (or #*!# op!)al "!pp!# a#* ble#*!# *e-!"!o#" a##ually. Te "olu!o# pr o-e*ur ee)ploy" eur!"!- rule" !# -o#u#-!o# ! a bra#-$a#*$bou#* alor!). A#oer ra#""!p)e# appl!$

-a!o# ! "rae!- a#* a-!-al !""ue" !" -o#"!*er e* by /ere@ e al. 1GG& "ee e *!"-u""!o# !# M1.1.

I# a "upply -a!# (or o!l, "eeral ype" o( )o*$el" *eal!# ! lo!"!-" are #ee*e*. Caa:!" 1GG'*e"-r!be" ree "u- )o*el"1 -ru*e "upply )o*$el" (or e#era!# op!)al "or$er), )ar!#e$ba"e*-ru*e "upply "-e*ule" u"!# /IP, 2 a#:er l!er $!# )o*el" o( a#:er l!er!#, !- !" #e-e""ary !# por" 4ere *ra( or e#!ro#)e#al re"r!-!o#" )ay pree# "o)e (ully loa*e* e""el" (ro) appr oa-!#e re#ery *!"-ar!# *o-:" bo "!)ula!o# a#*/IP$ba"e* ool" are u"e*, a#* 3 peroleu) pr o*$u-" *!"r!bu!o# "!)ula!o# )o*el a a" *eel$

ope* (or a#aly@!# pro*u-" *!"r!bu!o# by "ea.?o4eer, "eeral le" o( e "upply -a!# are #o!#-lu*e* !# e )o*el". I# Caa:!" 2000, a**!!o#al)o*el" (or (re! rae (ore-a"!#, >ee "!@e a#* )!,a#* -re pla##!# are *!"-u""e*. Table 4 "u))ar!@e"e or: *!"-u""e* !# !" "e-!o#.

1.3. Ta-!-al a#* Opera!o#al Proble)" !#Tra)p S0!pp!#1

Co)pare* ! !#*u"r!al "!pp!#, l!le or: a" bee# *o#e !# ra)p "!p "-e*ul!#. O#e )a!# r ea"o#(or e )!#!)al ae#!o# o ra)p "-e*ul!# !# el!eraure )ay be e lare #u)ber o( ")all operaor"!# e ra)p )ar:e. A" )e#!o#e*, ra)p opera!o#"re"e)ble a a! opera!o#. Te "!p" are "e# 40er e-aroe" are aa!lable. I# a**!!o#, a ra)p "0!pp!#1-o)pa#y o(e# e#ae" !# contracts o ar eightment!Te"e are -o#ra-" o -arry "pe-!e* Jua#!!e" o( -aro be4ee# "pe-!e* por" 4!!# a "pe-!- !)e(ra)e (or a# aree* pay)e# per o#.

A yp!-al ra)p "!p "-e*ul!# proble) !"*e"-r!be* !# Appelre# 1G%G, 1G'1. T!" or: 4a"e r" o#e o u"e a 9= *e-o)po"!!o# appr oa-(or "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!#B a# approa-0 0aa" bee# u"e* laer !# #u)erou" oer "u*!e". /o"

Ta ble 4 Su))ary o(

C0a8a:!" 1GG', 2000

Ro#e# 2002 I#3e#ory "-e*ul!# /!#!)u) -o""

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10/19

o( e -aroe" are -o#ra-e* a#* )u" be "0!ppe* by e >ee. ?o4eer, "o)e op!o#al -aroe" )ay be-o)e aa!lable !# e )ar:e, a#* e"e -a# be -ar $r!e* by e >ee e# proable. Te "!p" !# e >eeare re"r!-e* o -arry o#ly o#e -aro a a !)e. I#Appelre#" 1G%G, 1G'1 "olu!o# approa-, e "ub$

proble)" be-o)e e or*!#ary "ore" pa pr oble)"a#* e )a"er proble) !" e l!#ear relaa!o# o( a SP proble). Te ee !" e* *ur!#1 e pla#$

#!# or!@o#. I !" #o po""!ble o lea"e ou "o)e o( e "!p" *ur!#1 a or!@o#. Co#"ra!#" ' e#"ur e

a all -aroe" a e "!pp!# -o)pa#y a" -o)$)!e* !"el( o -arry are "er!-e*, e!er by a "!p !#

e -o)pa#y" >ee or by a "po -arer. Te -orr e$

"po#*!# -o#"ra!#" (or e op!o#al "po -aroe" ar e!e# !# 8. =e )ay #o!-e a e eJual!y "!# !#

' !" repla-e* by a# !#eJual!y !# 8 be-au"e e"e

-aroe" *o #o ae o be -arr!e*. Co#"ra!#" G11

are *e"-r!be* !# M1.2.1.

A prooype *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e) (or "!p"-e*ul!# !# a bul: ra*e !" *e"-r!be* by 7!) a#*

Ta ble & Su))ary o(


Appelre# 1G%G, 1G'1 S-e*ul!# /a!)u) pro Re(r!erae* -aro 9= *e-o)po"!!o#

;au"- e al. 1GG8 S-0e*ul!# a#* "pee* /!#!)u) -o""

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2 Flee "!@e a#* )!, a !" a "rae!- pla##!# proble) "ee M1.1.

3 Flee *eploy)e#, !.e., a""!#)e# o( e""el" oroue". Flee *eploy)e# !" a a-!-al pla##!# pr ob$le) ! "eeral "!)!lar!!e" o a!r-ra( "-e*ul!#.

4 Caro boo:!#, !.e., -oo"!# !- -aroe" o

a--ep or ree- (or a !e# oyae. T!" !" a# opera$!o#al pla##!# pr oble).9ur!# e la" (our *e-a*e", e#eral -aro a" bee#-o#a!#er!@e* a#* e ae e!*e#-e* a "!#!-a#!#-rea"e !# -o#a!#er "!pp!#, !- al)o" al4ay"(all" !# e real) o( l!#er "!pp!#. I# 1GG&, -o#a!#er "!p" -o#"!ue* &.GH o( e 4orl* >ee" oal *ea*$4e! -apa-!y, !le !# 2001, a a* !#-rea"e* oG.0H IS< 2001. Co#"!*er!# e ro4 o( e 4orl*>ee !"el( *ur!#1 e "a)e per!o*, e -apa-!y o( e -o#a!#er"!p >ee a" al)o" *ouble*. 9e"p!e!" (a" ro4, "u*!e" o# rou!#1, "-0e*ul!#1, a#**eploy)e# !# l!#er "!pp!# are "-ar-e. I# Po4ell

a#* Pera:!" 1GG', a# IP )o*el (or >ee *eploy)e#!" (or)ulae*. Te obe-!e !" o )!#!)!@e e oper $a!# a#* layup -o"" (or a >ee o( l!#er "!p" e#ae*o# ar!ou" roue". Te )o*el *eer)!#e" e op!)al*eploy)e# o( e >ee, !e# roue, "er!-e, -arer ,a#* -o)pa!b!l!y -o#"ra!#". Te )o*el !" e"e* o#a real l!#er "!pp!# proble) a#* "ub"a#!al "a!#"are repore* -o)pare* o e a-ual *eploy)e#. Teor: pre"e#e* by Poell a#* Pera:!" 1GG' !" a#ee#"!o# a#* !)proe)e# o( e or: !# Pera:!"a#* Dara)!llo 1GG1 a#* Dara)!llo a#* Pera:!" 1GG1.

I# e laer o paper", a# /a8or

Paper 9e-!"!o# Ob8e-!3e Caro /e0o*

Dara)!llo a#* 9eploy)e# /!#. -o"" Ke#eral

ee o( "!p". A# IP (or)ula!o# !"*eelope*, bu re"ul" !# a )o*el o( pro!b!!e "[email protected]!" (a- a#* e Jual!a!e #aure o( e a**!!o#al"e-o#*ary obe-!e" a#* -o#"ra!#" "ue" a# !#er $a-!e op!)!@a!o# approa-. Te propo"e* "y"e)allo" e u"er o e#erae a oo* !#!!al >ee "-e*$ule by u"!# #e4or: alor!)", a#* o !)proe e"olu!o# by !#era-!ely a**re""!# e !""ue" a ar e*!(-ul o Jua#!( y.

A relae* proble) (or e 5.S. Coa" Kuar* !"*eal ! by 9arby$9o4)a# e al. 1GG&. Te pr e$"e#e* "y"e) !" *e"!#e* (or reularly "-e*ul!# a

>ee o( -uer" e""el" u"e* (or u#*era:!#1 a #u)$ ber o( reJu!re)e#". Ea- o( e reJu!re)e#" a" a!e# *ura!o#, a#* a *e"!re* #u)ber o( -uer" o be!#ole* a a#y !)e. I# e )o*el, e r eJu!r e)e#"are reae* a" are", a#* #o )ee!# e are" !"allo4e* ou pe#al!@e*. Te proble) !" "ole* byapply!# a SP )o*el. Te obe-!e !" o "ele- e "eo( "-e*ule" a !e" a "olu!o# a !" a" -lo"e o)ee!# e reJu!re)e#" a" po""!ble. Te "y"e) 4a"or!!#ally !#e#*e* (or u"e !# *eer)!#!# opera!o#al"-e*ule". ?o4eer, a**!!o#al u"e o# "rae!- !""ue""u- a" (uure opera!# pol!-!e" a#* >ee )!e" ar o"e*ur!#1 e pr oe-.

A "y"e) (or "ol!# "!)!lar "-e*ul!# pr oble)"(or 5.S. Coa" Kuar* -uer" a" pre"e#e* by ;r o4#e al. 1GG%. Tey *eelope* -o"" a#* pe#al!e" (or e )o*el o )!)!- e )o!e" a#* rule" o( u)b o( a oo* "-e*uler. Te obe-!e a" o )!#!)!@e e-o"", a#* e )o*el re"ule* !# a# ela"!- /IP )o*el"ole* by a /IP op!)!@a!o# "o(4ar e.

Te #ay )u" be prepare* (or )ob!l!@a!o# "!u$a!o#", a#* P"ara(!" 1G88 -o#"!*er" !" !# a "!p"-e*ul!# proble) (a-e* by e 5.S. /!l!ary Seal!(Co))a#*. Te obe-!e !" o allo-ae -aro "!p" o-aroe" "o a" o e#"ure a all -aroe" arr!e a e!r *e"!#a!o#" a" pla##e*. Co#"ra!#" a ae o be

"a!"e* !#-lu*e p!-:up a#* *el!ery !)e 4!#*o4"(or e -aroe", "!p -apa-!y, a#* -ar 1o+"0!p+por-o)pa!b!l!y. Te proble) !" *y#a)!-, be-au"e !# a)ob!l!@a!o# "!ua!o#, a#y!# -a# -a#e !# r eal!)e. T!" paper (o-u"e" o# e *y#a)!- a"pe-" o( e proble), a#* e alor!) a !" *eelope*!" ba"e* o# e Qroll!# or!@o# approa-. A laer

paper To)p"o# a#* P"ara(!" 1GG3 appl!e" a #e4-la"" o( #e!boroo* "ear- alor!)" o a ar!eyo( proble)", !#-lu*!# e proble) o( e 5.S. /!l!$ary Seal!( Co))a#*. Te"e or:" are "u))ar!@e*!# Table '.

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Ta ble ' Su))ary o( Naal Rou!# a#* S-e*ul!#

Paper /a8or 9e-!"!o# Ob8e-!3e Caro /eo*

;ro4# e al. 1GG%

9arby$9o4)a# e al. 1GG&

Nuly a#* Ral!(( 1GG1

P"ara(!" 1G88

To)p"o# a#* P"ara(!" 1GG3

9eploy)e# a#* "-e*ul!#



S-e*ul!#

S-e*ul!#

/!#!)u) -o""

/ee oal"

/ee oal"

/ee oal"

/ee oal"

A#y

A#y

Ela"!- /IP

SP

I#era-!3e a#* IP

?eur!"!-"

?eur!"!-"

1.%. O0er Relae* S0!pp!#1 Proble)"

T!" "e-!o# -o#"!*er" proble)" 4!!# e o-ea#

"0!pp!#1 !#*u"ry a *o #o *!re-ly a((e- r ou!#a#* "-e*ul!# !""ue", bu #eerele"" are r elae*.

T!" -a#, a)o# oer !#", !#-lu*e -o#a!#er "o4ae !# a -o#a!#er "!p, -o#a!#er a#*l!# !# a por, a#* e#!ro#)e#al rou!#. Our l!eraure "ur $ey o( e"e relae* proble)" !" #o a" orou a" !#

e pre!ou" "e-!o#". ?o4eer, ! !" !#-lu*e* ere o!llu"rae e r!-#e"" o( e proble)" a#* OR -al$

le#e" 4!!# )ar!!)e lo!"!-".For lo#er "ea oyae", e#!ro#)e#al a"pe-" "u-

a" o-ea# -urre#" a#* eay 4eaer )ay !#>ue#-e-ru!"!# "pee* a#* bu#:er (uel -o#"u)p!o# a#*,e#-e, e -o!-e o( roue be4ee# o por". Te

poe#!al a##ual -o" "a!#" o( e 4orl* >ee 0a-a# be a-!ee* by eplo!!# o-ea# -urre#" 4!le

rou!# e""el" a" e"!)ae* o be appr o!)aely

5.S. '0 )!ll!o#

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Ta ble 8 Su))ary o(

A@aro# a#* 7!a#(ar 2003 E#3!ro#)e#al rou!# /!#!)u) !)e 9P

;ro4# e al. 1GG' Sub)ar!#e ber!# /!#!)u) #u)ber o( ber "!(" IP

;ro4# e al. 1GG4 ;er0 "-e*ul!# /!#!)u) #u)ber o( ber "!(" IP

Faer0ol e al. 2000 Rou!# /!#!)u) *!"a#-e 9P

Ka3!r#e#! e al. 2001 Srea)er *eploy)e# /!#!)u) !)e S!)ula!o#Ia:o3ou e al. 1GGG Rou!# /!#!)u) -o"" a#* r!": ?a@)a Ne4or: )o*el

7ao a#* ee" !#o a pool

a#* operae e) oeer. Te !#-o)e a#* -o"" ar e*!"r!bue* a)o# e *!((ere# "!pp!# -o)pa#!e"a--or*!# o -era!# rule" a ae bee# a1ree* upo#.

Te "pl! o( !#-o)e a#* -o"" !" a# !#r!u!# op!-

(or r e"ear -.

Tra*!!o#ally, o-ea# >ee "-e*ul!# a" o(e# bee#*o#e )a#ually by pe#-!l a#* paper, ba"e* o# e

pla##er" :#o4le*e a#* eper!e#-e. Te aboe

re#*" o( )erer" a#* pool!# -ollabora!o#" r e"ul!# larer -o#rolle* >ee". T!" )ea#" a ! be-o)e"

)u- 0ar*er o *eer)!#e a# op!)al >ee "-e*ule

o#ly by )a#ual pla##!# )eo*". Tere(ore, e#ee* (or op!)!@a!o#$ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)"

a" !#-rea"e* a#* !ll probably -o#!#ue o !#-rea"e

!# e (uur e.

2.2. Ne Ke#era!o# o( Pla##er"

Flee "-e*ule pla##er" are ra*!!o#ally eper!e#-e*,

o(e# ! a "eao!# ba-:rou#*. Our !)pre""!o# !"

a e"e pla##er" ae u"ually *o#e a ery oo*

ob, bu a" e >ee" be-o)e larer, "-e*ul!#

be-o)e" )u- 0ar*er o a#*le by )a#ual )ea#".9e"p!e !", e "-e*ule pla##er" are o(e# ery":ep!-al o( -o)puer" !# e#eral a#* o( op!)!@a!o#$ ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" (or >ee "-e*ul$

!# !# par!-ular "ee, (or !#"a#-e, eper!e#-e (r o)a# !)ple)e#a!o# pro-e"" !# Caa:!" 1GGG. Te

pla##er" u"ually ae a oo* repua!o# a#* po"!$!o# !#er#ally !# e "!pp!# -o)pa#!e". Ter e$(ore, "o)e "-e*ule pla##er" )! be -o#-er #e*a !#ro*u-!# "u- "y"e)" !ll !e )a#ae$)e# a#* -o4or:er" oo )u- !#"! !#o e!r ob",!- aa!# )ay re*u-e e pla##er" "a#*!#. I)! al"o re"ul !# e "!pp!# -o)pa#!e" be-o)$!# le"" *epe#*e# o# e "-0e*ule pla##er" a#*,

ere(ore, le"" ul#erable o e)ployee ur#oer. Te pla##er" !#>ue#-e 4!!# e -o)pa#!e" )ay be a#!)pora# rea"o# (or e la-: o( op!)!@a!o#$ba"e**e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" (or >ee "-e*ul!# !# "!p$ p!# -o)pa#!e".

?o4eer, !# re-e# year", e ae "ee# a "!p$ p!# -o)pa#!e" ae "are* e)ploy!# pla##er"! le"" pra-!-al bu )ore a-a*e)!- ba-:r ou#*.T!" #e e#era!o# o( pla##er" !" )ore eper!$e#-e* ! -o)puer" a#* "o(4are a#*, ere(ore, !"o(e# )u- )ore ope# o #e !*ea" "u- a" u"!#op!)!@a!o#$ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" (or >ee"-e*ul!#. Ee# 0ou10 ere !" "!ll a ap o br!*e

be4ee# re"ear-er" a#* >ee "-e*ule pla##er", 4eepe- )ore 4!ll!##e"" a#* !#ere" (ro) e o-ea#"0!pp!#1 !#*u"ry !# !#ro*u-!# e"e "y"e)" !# e(uur e.

2.3. 9e3elop)e#" !# So(4are a#* ?ar*4areTe (a" e-#olo!-al *eelop)e# !# -o)puer" a#*-o))u#!-a!o#" al"o 4e!" ea!ly (or e !#r o*u-$

!o# o( op!)!@a!o#$ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)"

!# "!pp!# -o)pa#!e". A" !#*!-ae* earl!er, "!#-e e1G'0", ere ae bee# ae)p" o *eelop a#* u"e

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"u- "y"e)" (or o-ea# >ee "-e*ul!#. So)e o( e"e

ae)p" (a!le* *ue o re"r!-e* -o)puer po4er ,)a:!# ! ar* o )o*el all e !)pora# pr oble)

-ara-er!"!-" a#* o (a-!l!ae a oo* u"er !#er(a-e.?o4eer, o*ay" -o)puer" e#able a# !#u!!e u"er

!#er(a-e o be !)ple)e#e*, "o)e!# !- !" -r u$

-!al (or a--epa#-e by e pla##er" "ee, (or !#"a#-e,e *!"-u""!o# !# Faerol 2003. 9ur!# e la" (e4year", e al"o ae -o))u#!-a!o#" e-#oloy (or

re-e!!# real$!)e !#(or)a!o# (ro) e""el" a r ea$"o#able -o". T!" -a# pro!*e e pla##er" a#* e*e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" ! !)pora# !#(or )a!o##ee*e* (or !)pro!# >ee "-e*ul!#. I# a**!!o#,ere ae bee# "!#!-a# alor!)!- *eelop)e#".

T!", oeer ! e a*a#-e" !# -o)pu!# po4er ,a" )a*e ! (ea"!ble o "ole ar* proble)" !# a r ea$"o#able a)ou# o( !)e. A--or*!# o ;!by 2002,a#

ee "-e*ul!#. Tr oue"e poral", e "!pp!# -o)pa#!e" )ay e a--e""

o a )u- larer #u)ber o( poe#!al "po -aroe"a# 0rou10 e!r pre"e# bro:er". All e"e poe#!al"po -aroe" "0oul* be e"e* !# e "!pp!# -o)pa$#!e" >ee "-e*ule" o b!* (or e o#e" a "u! be"

a#* re*u-e balla" "a!l!#" e )o". T!" )ay r e"ul!# "!#!-a# !)proe)e#" !# >ee "-e*ul!#. ?o4$

eer, o e ea"y a--e"" o e"e poe#!al "po -aroe"a#* o be able o e" e) !# e >ee "-e*ule !# a#

e(-!e# ay, ere "0oul* be a# !#(or)a!o# l!#:ae

be4ee# e =eb poral" a#* e >ee "-e*ul!#

"y"e).

2.4. S0!( (ro) I#*u"r!al o Tra)p S0!pp!#1

ue#-e* by "-e*ul!# *e-!"!o#". ;y op!)!@!# >ee "-e*ul$!#, a ra)p "!pp!# -o)pa#y -a# !)proe >eeu!l!@a!o# !# a )a##er a "eeral a**!!o#al "po-aroe" -a# be -arr!e*. T!" )ay "!#!-a#ly !#-rea"e

oal !#-o)e, !le e ar!able -o"" o(e# )o*er $aely !#-rea"e. Tere(ore, !le a# !#*u"r!al "!p$ p!# -o)pa#y o(e# !ll ae l!)!e* po""!b!l!!e"

(or !)pro!# opera!o#" !.e., e #u)ber o( -ar $oe" o be -arr!e* !" e*, a -o)pa#y e#ae* !#

ra)p "0!pp!#1 !ll o(e# ae )u- )ore >e!b!l$!y a#* "olu!o# "pa-e. T!" )ea#" a op!)!@a!o#!# >ee "-e*ul!# !ll probably ae reaer #a#$-!al !)pa- (or ra)p "0!pp!#1 a# (or !#*u"r!al"!pp!#, !#*!-a!# ee# )ore !#-e#!e" (or r e"ear -4!!# !" area !# e (uur e.

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Tra)p$ /a!)!@a!o# o( pro(!"

$ I#era-!o# ! )ar:e

$ No !#era!o# alo# e -a!#

Tra)p$ /a!)!@a!o# o( pro(!"

$ I#era-!o# ! )ar:e

$ I#era!o# alo# e -a!#

2.&. Fo-u" o# Supply C0a!#"

I# )o" "!p "-e*ul!# "u*!e" repore* !# e l!$eraure, e "upply -a!# per"pe-!e !" )!""!#. Te

>ee "-e*ul!# !" o(e# per(or)e* u#*er ! -o#$

"ra!#", 4ere e "0!pper "pe-!e" e -aroe", o(e#

re"ul!# !# u##e-e""ar!ly ! !)e 4!#*o4" a#* l!$

le or #o >e!b!l!y !# -aro Jua#!!e". ;a"e* o# e"ereJu!re)e#", e "!pp!# -o)pa#y r!e" o #* a#

op!)al >ee "-e*ule, !le )a!)!@!# e pr o

or )!#!)!@!# -o"". Real!@!# e poe#!al o( r ela$

!# "u- -o#"ra!#", Faerol 2003 -o#"!*ere* >e$

!b!l!y !# "!p)e# "!@e" a#* !)e 4!#*o4".Te a**!!o#al -o"" o( !)po"!# l!le >e!b!l!y

!# !)e 4!#*o4" a#* -aro Jua#!!e" )ay !# ee#* be *!"r!bue* o all par!-!pa#" !# e "upply

-a!#. =e alrea*y "ee re#*" po!#!# !# e *!r e-$

!o# o( a -o)pe!!o# be4ee# "upply -a!#" ee#

)ore a# be4ee# "!pp!# -o)pa#!e". S!pp!#

-o)pa#!e" )u" -o#"!*er e)"ele" a" a oal lo!"$

!-" pro!*er or a lea" a" a par o( a oal lo!"!-" pro!*er !#"ea* o( o#ly a pro!*er o( "ea ra#"por

"er!-e". T!" !" al"o *e"-r!be* by Caa:!" 1GGG,

4ere a "!pp!# -o)pa#y a* real!@e* a ! a* o

"!( !" role (ro) a )ere ra#"porer o( peroleu) o

a pro!*er o( !#erae* lo!"!-" "uppor by ")ooly

4ea!# !"el( !#o e "upply -a!# o( !" -u"o)er".

A" a par o( !" real!@a!o#, e -o)pa#y al"o "are*

e *eelop)e# o( a *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e) (or >ee "-e*ul!#, !- re"ule* !# a rea "u--e"".T!" )ea#" a ere )u" be "o)e "or o( -ollab$

ora!o# a#* !#era!o# alo# e "upply -a!#, (or

!#"a#-e, be4ee# e "!pper" a#* e "!pp!# -o)$ pa#y. Ve#*or )a#ae* !#e#ory V/I a:e" a*a#$

ae o( e be#e" o( !#ro*u-!# >e!b!l!y !# !)e

4!#*o4" a#* -aro Jua#!!e", a#* !" popular !#

"o)e "e-or", e"pe-!ally !# o"e u"!# la#* ra#"$

por. V/I ra#"(er" !#e#ory )a#ae)e# a#* or*er$

!# re"po#"!b!l!!e" -o)pleely o e 3e#*or or elo!"!-" pro!*er. Te lo!"!-" pro!*er *e-!*e" boe Jua#!y a#* !)!# o( -u"o)er *el!er!e". Te-u"o)er !" 1uara#ee* #o o ru# ou o( pr o*u-

a#*, !# reur#, e lo!"!-" pro!*er a!#" a *ra$)a!- !#-rea"e !# >e!b!l!y a lea*" o )ore e( $

-!e# u"e o( re"our-e". Fro) e l!eraure re!e o#

)ar!#e !#e#ory rou!# a#* "upply -a!#" !# M1.2.3,

e "ee a# !#-rea"e !# e #u)ber o( re(ere#-e" -o)$ pare* ! e pre!ou" *e-a*e. =e bel!ee a !#e (uure, ee# )ore "!pp!# -o)pa#!e" !ll playe role o( e#*or" !# "u- lo!"!-" "y"e)".

No all -u"o)er" or "!pper" -urre#ly u"!# a (or $)al or*er!# "y"e) !ll be !ll!# or able o -a#e

o a V/I "y"e). Su- a "y"e) reJu!re" re)oe )o#$!or!# o( !#e#or!e" o (ore-a" u"e a#* *eer )!#e*el!ery !)e" a#* Jua#!!e". Ee# 0ou10 e e-$#oloy (or "u- )o#!or!# e!"" a a# a( (or *able pr!-e o*ay, e #aure o( bu"!#e"" !" "u- a a -u"$o)er )ay be u#4!ll!# o ra#"(er !" !#(or )a!o#-o)pleely o a e#*or. T!" -a# be )o!ae* by aar!ey o( rea"o#" beyo#* a "!)ple la-: o( ru". ?o4$eer, ee# !# o"e "!ua!o#" 4ere a# or*er!# "y"$e) -a##o be el!)!#ae*, e >ee "-e*ul!# -o""a#*, e#-e, e "upply -a!# -o"" -a# be "!#!-a#ly!)proe*. T!" -a# be a-!ee* !( e "0!pper a#*e "!pp!# -o)pa#y are able o "are a lea" "o)e

!#(or)a!o# !# a )a##er a u##e-e""ar!ly ! !)e4!#*o4" a#* la-: o( >e!b!l!y are ao!*e* a" *!"$-u""e* earl!er. T!" a" #o be-o)e po""!ble a lea"e-#olo!-ally !a e I#er#e.

9ur!# e la" (e year", "o)e re"ear- a" bee#*o#e o !#e"!ae o o-ea# "!pp!# -a# be!#erae* !#o a )ul!)o*al *oor$o$*oor "upply-a!#. A" a# ea)ple, e -a# re(er o Sal*a#0a a#*Kray 2002, 4ere e poe#!al (or ;r!!" -oa"al"!pp!# !# a )ul!)o*al -a!# !" a#aly@e*. A "u*y!" u#*era:e# o !#e"!ae e "a#*po!# o( lea*!#)a#aer" !# "u- -o)pa#!e" o4ar* )ul!)o*al !#e$ra!o#. Te re"ul" o( e "u*y !#*!-ae a e )a#$

aer" are po"!!e o4ar* )ul!)o*al *eelop)e#".F!ure 2 !e" a "!)pl!e* "u))ary o( !)pora#"!p "-e*ul!# (eaure" ye"er*ay, o*ay, a#*

o)or $ ro, 0ou10 ! "0oul* be e)pa"!@e* a!" *oe" #o !#-lu*e l!#er "!pp!#. Fro) a (o-u"

o# !#*u"$ r!al "!pp!#, e ae )oe* o4ar*ra)p "!pp!# ! )u- )ore e)pa"!" o#

!#era-!o# ! e )ar:e (or e "!pp!#-o)pa#y. Ee# "o, "ea ra#"$ por !" "!ll rarely

!#erae* alo# e "upply -a!#, ee# 0ou10 e-a# #o!-e a# !#-rea"!# #u)ber o( re(ere#-e"

!#*!-a!# a prore""!o# !# a *!r e-!o#"ee M1.2.3.

I# e (uure, e bel!ee a e (o-u" o# -o#$"!*er!# "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# !# a "upply

Le"er*ay To*ay To)orro

I #*u"r!al$ /!#!)!@a!o# o( -o""

$ Clo"e* "y"e)

$ No !#era!o# alo# e -a!#

F!ure 2 Typ!-al S!p S-e*ul!# Feaure" Le"er*ay, To*ay, a#* To)orro4

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-a!# per"pe-!e !ll be-o)e !#-rea"!#ly !)pora#.T!" !ll al"o br!# #e !#ere"!# -alle#e" o

e re"ear- -o))u#!y 4!!# rou!# a#* "-e*ul$!# "u- a" !#e#ory rou!#, -ollabora!o#, a#* -o"a#*+or pro "ar!# alo# e "upply -a!#.

2.%. Srae!- Pla##!#1 I""ue" a#*/ar:e I#era-!o#=e !#: a e""el >ee "!@!# "0oul* be !e#)ore ae#!o# !# e (uure. T!" "rae!- pr oble)!" ere)ely !)pora# a" *e-!"!o#" -o#-er#!# >ee"!@e a#* -o)po"!!o# "e e "ae (or rou!#1 a#*"-e*ul!#. Ee# 0ou10 ere ae bee# a (e "u*$!e" o# !" ype o( proble) "ee M1.1, e poe#!al (or

!)pro!# >ee "!@e *e-!"!o#" by u"!# op!)!@a!o#$ ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor "y"e)" !" probably "!#!$-a#. A" alrea*y *!"-u""e*, e ae "ee# a re#* (r o)!#*u"r!al o ra)p "!pp!#, ! )u- )ore !#er $a-!o# ! e )ar:e. T!" ! *eree o( )ar:e

!#era-!o# probably )a:e" e >ee "!@e !""ue ee#)ore !)pora# a#* -o)ple, a" o#e #o a" o )a:e"o)e a""u)p!o#" o# (uure )ar:e *eelop)e# o*eer)!#e e op!)al >ee.

"ontract evaluation !" ye a#oer !)pora# "rae$!- proble) ar!"!# (or a ra)p "!pp!# -o)pa#ya a" #o bee# -o#"!*ere* !# e re"ear- l!er $aure. T!" !" o a lare ee# relae* o e >ee"!@e !""ue. Suppo"e a "!pp!# -o)pa#y re-e!e" a#o((er (ro) a "0!pper (or a !e# -o#ra- o( a( (r e!$)e#. Te#, e "!pp!# -o)pa#y a" o ealuae4eer ! a" "u(-!e# >ee o##ae o (ull e -o#$ra- -o))!)e#" oeer ! !" e!"!# -o#ra-

-o))!)e#", a#* !( "o, 4eer e -o#ra- !" pr o($!able. To -e-: 4eer a -o#ra- !" proable or #o,o#e al"o a" o )a:e "o)e a""u)p!o#" abou o4e (uure "po )ar:e !ll be (or e !e# -o#ra-

per!o*. Typ!-ally, !( a "!pp!# -o)pa#y a#!-!pae"lo "po rae", ! !ll pre(er o ae a" lare o( -o#$ra- -oerae a" po""!ble or o Q"or o( o##aea#* !-e er"a. ;e-au"e bo >ee "!@!# a#* -o#$ra- ealua!o# *e-!"!o#" are o a ! *eree *epe#$*e# o# e epe-a!o#" o( o a (uure )ar:e 4!ll*eelop, -o#-ep" o( op!)!@a!o# u#*er u#-era!#y)u" probably be -o#"!*ere*.

3. Su))aryS!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# !" a# !#ere"!# ar ea

! ! poe#!al (or !)proe)e# by op!)!@!#>ee u!l!@a!o#. Te re"ear- *e"-r!be* !# e l!er $aure 4!!# )ar!!)e rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# a"lae* (ar be!#* a a" bee# a-!ee* !# la#* a#*a!r ra#"por. 9e"p!e !", e ae "ee# a re#* !#*!$-a!# !#-rea"e* !#ere" a#* (o-u" o# e op!- "!#-ee la" re!e o# "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# Ro#e#1GG3. Te re!e pre"e#e* ere a" al)o" %0 r e(er $e#-e" o# e "ube- publ!"0e* *ur!#1 e la" *e-a*e,

4erea" Ro#e#" re!e !#-lu*e* o#ly abou 30 r e(er$e#-e" (or e (or)er *e-a*e. I# a**!!o#, V!" a#**e 7o"er 2003 pre"e# appro!)aely &0 r e(ere#-e")o" o( !- are (ro) e la" *e-a*e o# -o#a!#er er)!#al opera!o#". Alou )o" o( e or: *!"$-u""e* ere "e))e* (ro) real$l!(e proble)", o#ly a

(ra-!o# o( ! a" )aure* !#o real *e-!"!o#$"uppor"y"e)" a are u"e* !# pra-!-e. ?o4eer, e ar ea4are o( "eeral "!p "-e*ul!# "y"e)" a ar e!# reular u"e bu are *ee)e* -o#*e#!al by e!r o4#er".

Te r" par o( !" paper -o#"!"" o( a orou l!$eraure re!e, "u))ar!@!# a#* *!"-u""!# r e"ear -o# "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul!# ! a# e)pa"!" o#

publ!-a!o#" *ur!# e la" *e-a*e. =e ae *!3!*e*e re!e4e* paper" !#o e (ollo4!# (our -ae$or!e" ou "o)e paper" )ay "ra**le "eeral o( e)

T Srae!- "!p pla##!# !""ue" "u- a" *e"!# o(

op!)al >ee" a#* )ar!!)e "upply -a!#"BT Ta-!-al+opera!o#al "!p "-e*ul!# 4!!#

!#*u"r!al "!pp!# a#* ra)p "!pp!#, e.., op!)ala""!#)e# o( -aroe" o "!p" a#*, e#-e, "!p"-e*ule"B

T ee*eploy)e#B a#*

T Oer "!pp!# !""ue" relae* o rou!#1 a#*"-e*ul!#.

=e #o!-e a ere a" bee# l!le re"ear- o# l!#er "!pp!# a#* "rae!- "!pp!# e.., >ee "!@e pr ob$le)" *ur!#1 e la" *e-a*e. T!" )ay be "urpr!"!#,e"pe-!ally e# e -o#"!*er e !#-rea"e !# -o#a!#er

ra(- a#* e lare #u)ber o( )erer" !# e -o#$a!#er "!pp!# !#*u"ry. Co#a!#er "!pp!# -o)pa$#!e" operae )o"ly !# e l!#er "e)e#, a#* )er er""0oul* )a:e e proble)" o( #e4or: re*e"!# a#*>ee *eploy)e# )ore pre""!#. T!" !" #o r e>e-e*!# e l!eraure. ?o4eer, e "ee a# !#-rea"!# #u)$ ber o( re(ere#-e" o# opera!o#" o( -o#a!#er er )!#al"V!" a#* *e 7o"er 2003. Su- er)!#al" reJu!re lar era-" o( la#* -lo"e o e aer, a#* a lare -ap!al!#e")e# !# !#(ra"ru-ure a#* eJu!p)e#. Te a#al$y"!" o( opera!o#" o( -o#a!#er er)!#al" !" u"e* o u"!(y "u- !#e")e#". Te lare #u)ber o( #e4a#* epa#*e* -o#a!#er er)!#al" )ay be e "our -e

o( !" >urry o( r e"ear -.=e -a# al"o "ee (ro) e l!eraure re!e, a

0er e a" bee# a# !#-rea"e* (o-u" o# "upply -a!#"*ur!#1 e la" *e-a*e, bo ! re"pe- o *e"!#o( )ar $ !!)e "upply -a!#" "ee M1.1 a#* o e!r

opera!o# "ee M1.2.3.I# e "e-o#* par o( !" paper, e ae *!"-u""e*

"o)e re#*" !# e "0!pp!#1 !#*u"ry !#*!-a!#1 a#

ee# "ro#er #ee* (or re"ear-, a" ell a" po!#!#o "o)e #e re"ear- *!re-!o#" 4!!# !" area. Tere#*" *!"-u""e* -a# be "u))ar!@e* a"

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T /erer" a#* pool!# -ollabora!o# re"ul!# !#larer opera!o#al >ee".

T Ne e#era!o# o( pla##er" ! )ore -o)puer eper!e#-e.

T 9eelop)e#" !# "o(4are a#* 0ar*4are 0a(a-!l!ae" r!- )o*el" a#* !#u!!e rap!-al u"er

!#er(a-e".T S!( (ro) !#*u"r!al o ra)p "!pp!#, r e"ul$

!# !# )ore )ar:e !#era-!o# a#* #e opporu#!$!e" a#* -alle#e" (or op!)!@a!o#$ba"e* *e-!"!o#$"uppor ool".T Fo-u" o# "upply -a!# per(or)a#-e !# e pla#$

#!# o( >ee "-e*ule".

T /ore (o-u" o# "rae!- pla##!# !""ue" "u- a">ee "!@!#.

Te au0or" ope a !" paper !ll "!)ulae a#*"uppor (uure re"ear- o# "!p rou!# a#* "-e*ul$!# a#* o# relae* op!-".

A-:#o4le*1)e#"T!" or: a" -arr!e* ou ! #a#-!al "uppor (ro) eTOP proe- o# Tra#"por Op!)!@a!o# a#* e Re"ear-

Cou#-!l o( Nor4ay. Te au0or" are rae(ul o Pr o(e""or

;Ur# Nyree# (or a -are(ul rea*!# o( a# earl!er *ra( o(

!" paper. Te au0or" 4oul* l!:e o 0a#: e a#o#y)ou"

re(eree" (or e!r !#"!(ul -o))e#".

Re(ere#-e"

Appelre#,

Faerol, 7., S. I. ?e!)*al, A.

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Ka!r#e#!, S., C. ?ooy:aa", 9. /orr!-e. 2001. S!)ula!o# o( ba-:$*e-: opera!o#" o# a )ar!#e "e!")!- e""el. 'nteraces 31%1%28.

Ia:oou, E., C. 9oul!er!", ?.

re(r!erae* -o#a!#er". %aritime Policy and %anagement 2843%13'4.

'nstitute o Shipping #conomics and (ogistics 'S(. 2001. Shipping Statistics and %ar+et Review. I#"!ue o( S!pp!# E-o#o)!-"a#*

/ere@, A., /. S. ?u#, ;. ?. A#. 1GG&. A# !#*u"r!al o-ea#$-ar o"!pp!# proble). *ecision Sci! 2%3 3G&423.

Nuly, =. K., ?. 9. Ral!((. 1GG1. I#era-!e op!)!@a!o# )eo*$oloy (or >ee "-e*ul!#. Naval Res! (ogist! 38 %%G%''.

Paolu--!, /., R. Sa-!le, A. ;o--alae. 2002. Allo-a!# -ru*e o!l "up$ ply o por a#* re#ery a#:" A "!)ula!o#$ba"e* *e-!"!o#"uppor "y"e). *ecision Support Systems 33 3G&4.

Pera:!", A. N. 2002. Flee opera!o#" op!)!@a!o# a#* >ee *eploy$)e#. Co"a" T. Kra))e#o", e*. The Hand5oo+ o %ar&itime #conomics and 0usiness.

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Ship Review 2004