Ship Design Lecture Notes

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Ship Design Lecture NotesShip Design Lecture Notes

Do.Dr. Ercan KSE www.ercankose.0catch.com

TANIMLAR


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BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP

GEOMETRY

Figure illustrates the main parts of a typical ship.


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Hull: The structural body of a ship including shell plating, framing,decks and bulkheads.

Afterbody : That portion of a ships hull abaft midships. Forebody: That portion of a ships hull forward midships. Bow : The forward of the ship Stern : The after end of the ship Port :The left side of the ship when looking forward Starboard : The right side of the ship when looking forward

Design Waterline (DWL) or Load Waterline (LWL) : Thewaterline at which the ship will float when loaded to its designeddraught.

Moulded Surface : The inside surface of the skin, or plating, of aship.

Forward Perpendicular (FP) : The vertical line at the point of

intersection of the LWL and the forward end of the immersed part ofthe ships hull. After Perpendicular (AP) : The vertical line at the point of

intersection of the LWL and the centerline of the rudderstock. Midships () : The point midway between the forward and after

perpendiculars.


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Deck Camber : The rise of the deck of the ship in going from theside to the centre. In older ships the camber curve used to beparabolic but in modern ships straight line camber curves are used

or there may be no camber at all on decks. Bilge Radius : The radius of the circular arc forming the bilge. Flat of Keel (Half Siding) : The width of flat bottom plating on

each side of the centre girder. Deadrise (Rise of Floor) : The amount by which the line of the

outer b

ottom plating amidships rises above the baseline. Therefore,

it is the difference in height between the baseline and the pointwhere the straight line through the bottom flat surface intersectsthe vertical line through the side of the moulded surface at itswidest point.

Tumblehome : The amount the top of the side shell slopes backtoward the centerline between the point of widest breadth and thedeck at side

Parallel Middle Body : The portion of the ship over which themi

dship section remains unchanged. In this part of the ship waterlines and buttocks have no curvature; that is, all the fore and aftlines are


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Principal Dimensions Length of Waterline (LWL) : The waterline at which the ship will float when fully

loaded . Length Overall (L OA) : The total length of the ship from one end to the other,

including bow and stern overhangs. Length Between Perpendiculars (L BP) : The distance measured parallel to the

base at the level of the design waterline from the after perpendicular to the forwardperpendicular.

Length Overall Submerged (L OS) : The total submerged length of the ship fromone end to the other, including the bulbous bow.

Length of Parallel Middle Body (L P) : The length over which the midship sectionremains unchanged.

Length of Entrance (L E) : The length from the forward perpendicular to theforward end of parallel middle body, or maximum section.

Length of Run (L R) : The length from the section of maximum area or the afterend of parallel middle body to waterline termination or other designated point on the

stern. Moulded Beam or Breadth (B) : The distance from the inside of plating on one

side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.


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Principal Dimensions Maximum Beam or Breadth (B M) : Extreme beam (breadth), from

outside to outside of the shell plating. Breadth at Loaded Waterline (B WL) : Maximum moulded breadth at

the loaded waterline. Draught (T) : The vertical distance from the waterline at any point on the

hull to the bottom of the ship.

Trim : The difference between the draughts forward and aft. Depth Moulded (D) : The vertical distance at amidships from the baseline

to the underside of the plating of the main deck. Freeboard (f) : The vertical distance from the waterline to the deck at

side. The freeboard is equal to the difference between the depth at sideand the draught at any point along the ship.

Moulded Displacement : The displacement of a ship based on moulded

dimensions Total Displacement : Moulded displacement modified by adding the

thickness of shell plating and the volume of appendages. Wetted Surface : The area of the underwater hull and appendages,

measured in square meters.


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DisplacementThe weight of water that would displaced by the volume of the hull measuredon the outer surface of the shell plating below the waterline. Displacement

tonnage of a vessel can be obtained directly from Archimedes principle bymultiplying its underwater volume by the density of water.

Light ship

The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all fixed weights, i.e. hull,machinery, outfit and permanent equipment.LS=WS+WM+WODeadweightThe difference between the displacement and the lightweight is thedeadweight tonnage which is the sum of the weight of cargo, fuel,

lubricating oil, fresh water, stores, passengers and baggage, crew and theireffects.DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFO+ WPAS+WLUG+WCREW+WSTORE


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TEU/FEUContainer Ships are designed for stowage of containers in vertical stacks orcells either within the hold of the vessel, on deck, or a combination of thetwo. Containers are described in "FEU's" or "TEU's"."FEU" is a forty foot long container (Forty foot Equivalent Unit)"TEU" is a twenty foot long container. (Twenty foot Equivalent Unit )There are six basic types of containers. Refrigerated containers

dry bulk containers; rack containers for lumber, etc;automotive containers; livestock containers;collapsible containers for stowing when not in use.


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Cubic CapacityTank ships are described in terms of oil carrying capacity. Barrel (bbl)

is the standard liquid cargo unit of measurement and one barrelconsists of 42 gallons (5.515 cubic feet, 0.156 cubic meter). One ton offuel oil is equivalent to 6.63 barrels.Dry bulk cargo ships may also be described in terms of Cubic Bales orCubic Grain. Cubic Bales is the space available for cargo measured incubic feet within a ship cargo hold to the inside of the cargo battens,

on the frames and to the underside of the deck beams.Grain cubic isthe maximum space available for the cargo within aship's hold in cubic meter, incorporating all volume inside the shellplating of the hull and to the underside of the upper deck plating. GrainCubic occupies a larger cargo volume than the ship's Bale Cubic rating.


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Tonnage Measurement

Gross tonnage is the capacity of thespaces in the ship's hull and of theenclosed spaces above the deck available

for cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, andcrew.

Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less thespaces used for the accommodation of theship's master, officers, crew, and thenavigation and propulsion machinery.


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International Convention on Tonnage

Measurement of Ships, 1969 (TONNAGE 69) Length This means 96 percent of the total length on the waterline, at 85 percent of the least

molded depth measured from the top of the keel, or the length from the fore side ofthe stem to the axis of the rudder stock on that waterline, if that be greater

Upper Deck

The upper deck is the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea, whichhas permanent means of weathertight closing of all openings in the weather partthereof, and below which all openings in the sides of the ship are fitted withpermanent means of weathertight closing.

Moulded Depth The moulded depth is the vertical distance measured from the top of the keel to the

underside of the upper deck at side. In wood and composite ships the distance ismeasured from the lower edge of the keel rabbet.

Breadth The breadth is the maximum breadth of the ship, measured amidships to the

moulded line of the frame in a ship with a metal shell and to the outer surface of thehull in a ship with a shell of any other material.


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Passenger A passenger is every person other than: (a) the master and the members of the crew or other persons

employed or engaged in any capacity on board a ship on thebusiness of that ship; and

(b) a child under one year of age. Cargo Spaces

Cargo spaces to be included in the computation of net tonnage areenclosed spaces appropriated for the transport of cargo which is tobe discharged from the ship, provided that such spaces have beenincluded in the computation of gross tonnage. Such cargo spacesshall be certified by permanent marking with the letters CC (cargocompartment) to be so positioned that they are readily visible andnot to be less than 100 milimeters (4 inches) in height.

Weathertight Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not

penetrate into the ship


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GrossTonnage The gross tonnage (GT) of a ship shall be determined by the following

formula: GT = K1V where: V = total volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship in cubic metres K1 = 0.2 + 0.02 log10 V Regulation4 Net Tonnage The net tonnage (NT) of a ship shall be determined by the following formula:

in which formula (a) the factor shall not be taken as greater than unity


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Categorizing ShipsCategorizing Ships

Cargo Ships

Ships are generally designed for a specificreason. Cargo ships are designed to carryspecific cargo and can be distinguished bythe type of cargo they carry, especially

since the means of handling the cargo isoften highly visible.


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Cargo ships are generally one of the following types: Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or any

item moved in bulk quantities. Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to a

pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a way as tofacilitate the loading into the ship.

Containerized cargo, is cargo enclosed into astandardized shipping container.

Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals arecarried in bulk in large tank ships.

Roll on/ Roll Off specialized ships.


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General Cargo Ships

A general cargo ship is a ship with open cargo

holds loaded vertically through hatches inthe upper deck. The holds may be dividedby intermediate decks called tween decks.


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Container Ships


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Barge Carrying Ships

An extension of the container ship concept is the

barge-carrying ship. In this concept, thecontainer is itself a floating vessel, usually about60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which isloaded aboard the ship in one of two ways:either it is lifted over the stern by a high-

capacity shipboard gantry crane, or the ship ispartially submerged so that the barges can befloated aboard via a gate in the stern.


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LASH SHIPS LASH stand for LighterAboard Ship. It is a specialized container ship carrying

very large floating containers, or "lighters." The shipcarries its own massive crane, which loads and

discharges the containers over the stern.

SEABEE -Sea-barge, a barge carrier design similarto "LASH" but which uses rollers to move the bargesaboard the ship; the self-propelled loaded barges arethemselves loaded on board as cargo and areconsiderably larger than those loaded on LASH ships


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Bulk Carriers (bulker)

Bulk Carriers carry bulk cargo such as ore,

coal, pulp, rock, cement, scrap metal, grain,flour, rice, fertilizers, sugar or any cargo thattravels in bulk.


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Oil Tankers

Crude oil is carried in oil tankers or in bulkand oil carriers (OBO ships).


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LPG and LNG Carrier

Along with the great increase in numbersand size of tankers have come specializeduses of tankers for products other than oil.


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Roll-on/Roll-off ships

Roll-on/Roll-off (or Ro/Ro) ships are ships that

have specially designed ramps to allow cargo tobe driven on board. A car carrier is a goodexample, but roll on / roll off also relates totrucks, ferry type ships and other ships

providing landing ramps for the cargo.


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Passenger Ships

Passenger ships are vessels that carry

passengers either on an overnight cruise orday only cruise.


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Non-Transport Ship Types

Fishing Vessels


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Tugs

The service ships are mostly tugs or towing vesselswhose principal function is to provide propulsivepower to other vessels.


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Research ShipsMany universities, oil companies, water resource boards and

governments own and operate research ships. Small research ship

may provide platforms for any type of oceanographic endeavor andthe large research ships


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Icebreaker

Icebreakers are

usually wide in orderto make a wide swaththrough ice, and theyhave high propulsivepower in order to

overcome theresistance of the icelayer.


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Advanced Marine Vehicles


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Fast Ship Pentamaran container ship


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Hydrodynamic Supported Vessels

Hydrofoilconfigurations can be

divided into twogeneral classifications,surface piercing andsubmerged foil, which

describe how thelifting surfaces arearranged and operate

Surface-Piercing (Left) & Fully-Submerged

(Right) Foil Configurations


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Air Supported Vessels

An Air CushionVehicle (ACV) orhovercraft is a craftthat is entirelysupported by airpressure, in closeproximity to the

surface. It is suitablefor use over water orland.


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WIG is an abbreviation ofWing-In-Ground effect. AWIG craft can be seen as

a crossover between ahovercraft and anaircraft. It flies just abovethe surface, usually the

water surface thereforeothers use the term WISEor WISES (Wing InSurface Effect Ship).


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RepresentRepresentinging the Hull Formthe Hull Form


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The HalfThe Half--Breadth PlanBreadth Plan


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The Sheer PlanThe Sheer Plan


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The Body PlanThe Body Plan


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The Body PlanThe Body Plan


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Ship Design Lecture Notes