Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008 1. Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment) 2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)

Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008

1. Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)

Karen Walker, ProAct Network

Martin Suvatne, Shelter Adviser, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)


EXAMPLE Burundi – NRC shelter solutions

1.Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)


NRC Shelter Program Burundi

• Reintegration of Burundian returnees from Tanzania, • Protection of Congolese refugees in camps since 1997

• > 13,000 Shelters focus on ownership and responsibility• > 200 permanent and 600 semi-permanent classrooms

• Study on improvements or possible alternatives for the use of materials with limited adverse environmental impact


Typical solutions for returnees

NRC Shelter Policy:Integrate environmentally friendly materials and appropriate technology


NRC provides basic materials


Temporary Schools

Timber frame + plastic sheeting walls + corrugated iron roofCost : USD 1,300Lifespan : up to 5 yrs


Semi-permanent Schools

Cement block windowsCost : USD 3,500Lifespan: 15 to 20 years

• Adobe structure on hardcore foundation

• Reinforced concrete columns• Timber frame + corrugated iron

roof


Permanent Schools

Reinforced concrete structure completed with fired bricksMetallic frame and corrugated iron roofCost USD 12,000


Environmental Impact

Key considerations :

• Adobe bricks : where from? topsoil reuse? safety of pits?

• Fired bricks : where from? type of kiln? efficiency and wood use?

• Hardcore, gravel : source? sensitive area?

• Timber : source? type of wood? certified?

• Iron sheeting : source? transport?

• Local purchase vs. import and transport

Environmental checklist


Conclusion

Knowledge of suppliers and material sources

Appropriate designs developed with local communities andtechnicians

Awareness of key environmental impacts (simple checklist)

Simple, local measures can ensure that NRC reduces itscontribution to the global problem (a bit at least)


Wood Distribution, Use and Management

Wood distribution


Wood Distribution, Use and Management

Charcoal production


Cooking Practices and Stoves

Improved mud stove

Locally made charcoal stove

Traditional

3 stone fire


Briquettes: “Tabarigiti”

• Common complaints: slow lighting

excessive smoke inefficient

•Made in Bujumbura from

50% coffee husk

20% rice husk

15% cotton husk

10% cow dung

5% wood chips


Firewood Use – Main Issues

• Evidence of excessive wood distribution - charcoal production

• Supplier certificates may be fake• Low awareness and knowledge of fuel-efficient cooking

techniques

• Food types such as beans increase cooking time and wood consumption

• Adding insulation to shelters would reduce wood consumption for heating

• Lack of baseline data on surrounding forestry resources and management


Risk Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis

2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)


Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

RISK ANALYSIS


• Institutional characteristics: technical and financial capacities, responsibilities, roles,

• Legal frameworks, norms, laws, human rights,• Politics, corruption, power and property structures,• Poverty, • Risk and protection perception, local wisdom,• Education, social organizations (NGOs), access to

information,• Gender aspects, minorities, old and young people,

• Usable soil, soil stability• Usable water,• Vegetation, biodiversity, forests, resource degradation,• Stability of the ecosystems.


RISK ANALYSIS


•Technical construction method/quality of settlements and buildings, •Basic infrastructure (transport, energy, communications, water), •Population growth and density, age structure.

• Socioeconomic status, income and economic structure,• Land use, technology and agricultural cultivation structure,• Access to resources and services (water, energy, health,

transport)• Reserves and financing opportunities;• Incentive or enforcement systems for prevention and

mitigation,


RISK ANALYSIS


RISK ANALYSIS



RISK ANALYSIS

Map of Floods Potential in DIYSource: Pusat Studi Bencana UGM.

2007


Land use proposed for urban areas.

Source POT Bogota, 2000

RISK ANALYSIS LAND USE PLANNING


LAND USE PLANNING COMMUNITY PLANNING


Major weather-induced natural disasters, 1950 –2002 (source: Münchener Rück - Munich Re)

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS



Encompasses calculation of the probability that a natural event will occur at a given location with a certain intensity; what can happen and how often?

The degree of destruction – from the humanitarian, economic and ecological perspectives – as a function of the intensity of the event; how severe will it be?



The combination of hazard and vulnerability functions yields the risk; the probability that damage will occur on a certain scale; how big will the damage be?

The costs of risk reduction result from the construction and maintenance costs for an infrastructural measures and human resources development;how much would it cost to prevent destruction?




the original loss-frequency curve, generatedwithout risk-reducing measures, is compared with the loss-frequency curve with risk reduction. what seems cheaper, prevention or pay the damage?

The total net benefit of a project is determined by extrapolating the benefits calculated in step 5 onto the lifespan of the project. The total costs for preventive measures, and maintenance costs, are then subtracted from this value.what is cheaper in the long run?




Methods to determine the net benefit of projects:

• A probabilistic approach, whichcalculates the risk on the basis ofa detailed analysis of hazard andvulnerability.

• A damage-based approach, whichtakes damage caused by pastevents as a basis for calculating thepresent and future risk.




1.Climate Change Reduction (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)

Discussion Points:

• What do we know about the impact of the changed climate on shelter?

• What do we have to do different with our shelter?

• What does it cost to build different shelter and neigbourhoods?

• What does climate change mitigation mean to us?

• What does climate change adaptation mean to us?

Documents

Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008 1. Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment) 2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)