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1 SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael Afonso, João Pragana, Ivo Bragança, Carlos Silva, Beatriz Silva, Luis Alves and Paulo Martins Paulo Martins, PhD, Habil., Dr.hc, Professor of Manufacturing

SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

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Page 1: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

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SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOININGJoão Magrinho, Rafael Afonso, João Pragana,

Ivo Bragança, Carlos Silva, Beatriz Silva, Luis Alves and Paulo Martins

Paulo Martins, PhD, Habil., Dr.hc, Professor of Manufacturing

Page 2: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

IntroductionWhat is sheet‐bulk forming?A new manufacturing technology in which conventional sheet and bulk forming processes are combined to plastically deform sheets and plates with intended three dimensional material flow.

Gear drumPulley

Page 3: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk formingWhich are the main advantages?• Compact construction with integration of multiple functions in single components• Lightweight design• Increase of energy and material efficiency• Combination of sheet and bulk forming operations in progressive tool systems

Thickening Local thickening Injection

Typical challenges

Other examples

Page 4: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk formingFlexible SBF laboratory tool systemRepresentative unit cell concept

Page 5: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk formingTypical parts

Thickening

Local thickening

Injection

Page 6: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk & compositesWhy sandwich composites?• High structural rigidity; • Low weight;• Thermal, noise and vibration insulation

The weight reduction in comparison with steel blanks with the same bending stiffness is up to 40 % (ThyssenKrupp, 2014)

Page 7: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk & compositesMajor limitationsCosts associated with the materials and processes, namely to the necessity of joining parts made from sandwich composites with other adjoining components. 

(ThyssenKrupp, 2014)

There is a need to develop new, less expensive, joining processes to make the use of metal‐polymer sandwich composites more affordable and widespread in industry.

Page 8: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningTechnologies for joining metal‐polymer sandwich composites• Adhesive bonding; • Spot welding• Mechanical fastening or riveting;• Joining by forming

Joining by forming is limited to table‐top and roller hemming (ThyssenKrupp, 2014) and its industrialization is complex and costly, preventing its use in small batch applications.

︵b ︶

ElectrodeAdhesive Screw

︵a ︶

︵d ︶

︵c ︶

Rivet

Polymer Core

Metal Skin

Page 9: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningNew sheet‐bulk joining technology to assemble metal‐polymer sandwich composites

Page 10: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningFabrication of lightweight structural panels

t 0

w0t0

l0

Potential application: floor of vehicles 

Page 11: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningApplication of mortise‐and‐tenon joints in crash boxes

How sheet‐bulk joining can sucessfully replace resistance spot welding in critical security parts of automotive

High strength low alloy steel (HSLA 340) with 1 mm thickness and 7 µm thickness galvanized coating

Page 12: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningApplication of mortise‐and‐tenon joints in crash boxes

Crash boxes with ‘mortise‐and‐tenon’ joints can absorb the same energy and avoid problems related to the utilization of formed panels made from dissimilar materials with different thicknesses due to residual stresses induced by resistance spot‐welding.

Page 13: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningFixing metal‐polymer sandwich composite panels to tubes

Adhesive

Accessories

Fastener Interference pressure

(a) (b) (c)

Looking beyond conventional technologies to assemble sandwich composite panels to tubes 

Page 14: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningFixing metal‐polymer sandwich composite panels to tubes

Upper die

Lower die

v

Mandrel

Tube

1st Stage

ldDetail

roto

t

Composite sandwich

v

2nd Stage

l hUpper die

Lower die

Mechanicallocking

tsf

rf

rp

Page 15: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Sheet‐bulk joiningProducing lap joints in sheets or plates

Current techonolgies to assemble components & body‐in‐white structures: • Resistance spot welding• Self‐pierce riveting• Clinching• Adhesive bonding

Main specifications for a new technology:

• Room temperature;

• No surface preparation;

• Dissimilar materials;

• No addition materials

• Strong joints;

• Hermetic joints;

• No springback problems;

• No protrusions – aesthetics;

Page 16: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

A new alternative sheet bulk joining technologyProduces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending with mechanical interlocking by sheet‐bulk compression of tabs in the direction perpendicular to thickness. 

(or, lancing)

Sheet‐bulk joining

Page 17: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology

Sheet‐bulk joining

Page 18: SHEET‐BULK FORMING AND JOINING João Magrinho, Rafael ......A new alternative sheet bulk joining technology Produces lap joints in metal sheets by combining partial cutting and bending

Special thanks

• Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia of Portugal and IDMEC under LAETA‐UID/EMS/50022/2019 and PDTC/EMS‐TEC/0626/2014. 

• To MCG‐Mind for Metal, Dr. Azeddine Chergui from ThyssenKrup AG Dortmund and Swantec Aps from Denmark