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Vestibular Migraine The most common cause of dizziness Jeffrey D. Sharon, MD Assistant Professor Director, Balance and Falls Center Disclosures Will discuss off label use of medications (prophylactic medications for migraine) Consultant for Oticon‐ paid travel expenses

SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

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Page 1: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Vestibular Migraine

The most common cause of dizziness Jeffrey D. Sharon, MD

Assistant Professor

Director, Balance and Falls Center

Disclosures

• Will discuss off label use of medications (prophylactic medications for migraine)

• Consultant for Oticon‐ paid travel expenses

Page 2: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Background

• Migraine is VERY common

• The WHO estimated that 320M people worldwide had migraine in 2004, making it the third most prevalent disease in the world

• Many argue that this is an underestimate; that in fact 1 in 10 people worldwide have migraine

WHO global burden of disease

Background

• Dizziness is also VERY common

• In the ER, Dizziness accounts for 4% of visits (as chief complaint), costing 4 billion dollars annually (PMID: 23859582) 

• In primary care clinics, dizziness is a primary concern in 5% of visits (PMID: 2919607)

• In the general population, 11% of US adults say that they had a problem with dizziness or balance in the last year

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Are they related?

• In a study of 200 consecutive patients from a dizziness clinic, and 200 consecutive patients from a migraine clinic, Neuhauser (PMID: 11222783) found that:

• In the dizziness clinic‐ 38% of patient met IHS criteria for migraine (much higher than age/sex matched controls)

• In the migraine group, 16.5% of patients had episodic vertigo

Vestibular Migraine (VM)

• Accepted as a distinct disease that causes dizziness

• Estimated prevalence of 1% in the adult population (PMID: 19225823), making the second most common cause of dizziness(after BPPV). 

• Diagnostic criteria were originally proposed by Neuhauser (in 2001), and have been basically incorporated by the Barany Society and the IHS in consensus criteria.  

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Consensus Criteria for Diagnosis‐ per Barany Society

Brief History

“…. if the head be whirled round with dizziness, and the ears ring as from the sound of rivers rolling along with a great noise, or like the wind when it roars among the sails, or like the clang of pipes or reeds, or like the rattling of a carriage, we call the affection Scotoma (or Vertigo); a bad complaint indeed, if a symptom of the head, but bad likewise if the sequela of cephalæa….

First written description appears to be fromAretaeus of Cappadocia (1st century CE), who wrote regarding vertigo:

Page 5: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Vestibular Migraine: Theories on PathophysiologyIon channelopathies

– Spreading excitation/inhibition, likely the cause of visual auras, can affect central vestibular centers.

Central sensory sensitization– Lowered thresholds for noxious stimuli of all sorts

– Probably responsible for the chronic symtoms of VM

Trigeminovascular inflammatory peptides– CGRP et al. can cause local inflammation, including plasma extravasation, in the inner ear.

VM‐ common findings

• The symptoms may be described as vertigo (spinning, rocking, swaying, etc.) or simply disequilibrium.  

• Motion sensitivity is very common, often from childhood.  

• The symptoms may be quite variable in duration, lasting minutes to days in episodic cases, or may present as constant disequilibrium lasting for months. 

• Intolerance to movement of the head or the visual world is a frequent finding.  

Page 6: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Continued

• Typical migraine headaches ‐ with nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and visual or other auras – occur during the vertigo spells in only about half of cases.  

• Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved.  

• Milder head or neck pain or pressure may replace the pounding headaches and accompany the dizzy symptoms.  

• A family history of migraines is very common

Clinical Features of VM

• Ear symptoms are common (~40% of patients), which can make it difficult to distinguish from Meniere’s disease• Tinnitus• Pulsatile tinnitus• Aural fullness• Hearing loss

Page 7: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Migraine and other vestibular diseases

• More than half of patients with Meniere’s disease meet criteria for migraine (PMID: 12473755)

• Migraine is associate with a 2X increased risk of BPPV (PMID 26141381)

• 50% of patients with ideopathic bilateral vestibular loss have a history of migraine (PMID: 26973594)

• Is it really true that migraine doesn’t damage the peripheralaudiovestibular system??

In short:

• Vestibular migraine seems to be real, and common

• Diagnosis is made based on criteria

• There is are no consistent pathophysiologic markers for this disease (excepting the “emetic response” during caloric testing)

• Imaging is normal

• Treatment of VM is based on co‐opting established migraine treatments

Page 8: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

But, there are quite a few open/basic questions• What is the prevalence of VM in the US population? (1% incidence is from a German study)

• How do we measure outcomes for this disease?

• Is treatment effective?

• If so, which treatments?

• What are patient attitudes towards vestibular migraine?

• What is the optimal care pathway for these patients?

• Is VM underdiagnosed?  

• Who should be caring for these patients?

0

10

20

30

40

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70

UCSF Cohort (N=217)

Page 9: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

UCSF Cohort (N=217)

• Mean DHI 45 (SD 26)

• For those with VM (N=100)

• dVM and pVM DHI is 49

• Depression in 48%

• Anxiety in 45%

VM Epidemiology

• 2008 NHIS data, ~22K subjects• Using case definition of vestibular migraine, based on having a problem with dizziness or balance over the last 12 months, AND migraine headaches occurring together with the dizziness or imbalance. 

• Results:  VM affects 2.7% of the US population, or 6.1 million people.   • 60% missed work or school because of VM• 37% described it as a moderate, big, very big, or severe problem• 54% had visited a physician because of this problem (average 2.1 providers)• 52% of the cohort had a fall in the last five years, much higher than general population (17%)

• PMID 30020261 (Formeister, O&N)

Page 10: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Other interesting data

• Of subject meeting our case definition for vestibular migraine, 91% were not told that the cause of their dizziness was vestibular migraine.  

• Controlling for age and sex, the odds ratio of having a dizziness problem is 3.2X higher if you have a history of migraine (p = < 0.00001).  This holds true if you control for hearing, vision, depression, and anxiety (or anything else that we could think of).  

• The most commonly given diagnosis of dizziness is “other heath problem (54%).  The next most common is “side effects of medicines (8%), followed by “inner ear infection (7%).  Migraine was thought to be the cause of dizziness in 2.4% of cases.  

• 75% of subjects with VM are female.  

Patient Attitudes towards VM

• Clinically we see a lot of hesitation/mistrust towards this diagnosis.  

• I hear “No, this definitely isn’t migraine, because I know what my migraines feel like and this is different” at least 1x/week.  

• There are several very common myths about migraines• They have to cause headaches (but there are several known variants that don’t cause headache‐ acephalic/ocular migraine, abdominal migraine, hemiplegic migraine)

• They are episodic, and can’t be continuous (but chronic migraine is diagnosed when migraines occur 14 or more days per month, and status migrainosus refers to a migraine lasting longer than 72 hours)

• They are the “obvious” diagnosis, and the fact that 5 other providers didn’t say that this was migraines means that I have a rare disorder, not a common one (but as we saw on the previous slides, VM is VERY underdiagnosed).  

• Migraines can’t be severe/life altering/ruining (this is demonstrably false). 

Page 11: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Patient Attitudes

• 67 Patient Surveys (new patients presenting for CC dizziness at UCSF B&F Center)

• A plurality of subjects feel neutral as to whether or not their provider will figure out the cause of their dizziness (27%).  This is highly correlated with number of providers seen!

• A plurality ‐ 31% ‐ are neutral as to whether or not treatment will help.  

• Among patients who meet ICHD criteria for migraine (24%), nearly 1/3 do NOT believe that migraines can cause dizziness

• Most subjects do not believe that migraines can be chronic

VM‐PATHI: Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory• Development:

• Lit Review• Expert opinion (OHNS, Neurology, Audiology | MD, PA, NP, AuD)

• Patient feedback (N=27)

• Validation:  • Administered to 50 subjects with VM, and 18 control subjects

• Administered at 3 time points:• T0

• One week (test‐retest)

• 3 months (responsiveness)

Page 12: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

VM‐PATHI: Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory• Validation

• Cronbach’s alpha 0.92• Test retest excellent (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) • Discriminant validity good

• Subjects with VM mean score: 42.5, SD = 16.1 

• Controls mean score:  9.6, SD = 8.5 

• VM‐PATHI scores were responsive to treatment (p = 0.01) 

• Concurrent validitity good• DHI: (r = 0.69 )

• Quality of life measures 

Factor Items Theme

1Memory, concentration, work productivity, 

fatigue, photophobia, fear of fallingCognition

2Fear that life won’t be normal again, dizziness 

with busy visual scenes, sadness, social avoidance,  false sensation of movement

Emotion/sense of being overwhelmed

3Phonophobia, imbalance, difficulty with stairs, 

dizziness with motion, difficulty walkingDisequilibrium/central 

audiovestibular disturbance

4 Stress, anxiety, lightheadedness Anxiety

5 Motion sickness, nausea, spinning Motion sensitivity

6 Ear pressure, head pressure, and headaches Headache equivalents

Page 13: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Cognitive Changes in Vestibular Migraine

• 186 subjects at MUSC, presenting with VM, MD, PPPD, or BPPV.  

• All took the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), which measures the rate of everyday cognitive slips (e.g. “Do you find you forget what you came to the shops to buy?”)

Controls PPPD VMMD VM MD BPPV

30 45 44 38 35 30

Treatment‐ Stepwise approach

• Dietary Supplements• Magnesium

• Riboflavin

• Feverfew

• Butterbur

• Co‐enzyme q10

• Trigger avoidance• Stress reduction• Sleep optimization• Regular schedule• Treatment of anxiety• Avoidance of dietary triggers • Stabilization of hormonal fluctuations

• Avoidance of visual triggers (fluorescent lights, bright lights, etc)

Page 14: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

Treatment‐ prophylactic medications

• Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. nortriptyline)

• Mixed reuptake inhibitors (e.g. 

venlafaxine)

• Antiepilepticmedications (e.g. Topiramate)

• Beta Blockers (e.g. propranolol)

• Calcium channel blockers (e.g. Verapamil)

Is treatment Effective?  

• We don’t know!

• A Cochrane review in 2015 found that that there was no evidence from randomized placebo controlled blinded trials to answer that question.  

• Several retrospective studies (with no validated outcome measure!).• Reploeg 2002: 81 patients, retrospective chart review

• 13 felt cured with dietary changes alone• 66% of patients who were treated with a medication (second step) reported complete or significant 

relief of symptoms, and 28% had a partial improvement in symptoms• Mikulec 2012: 32 patients, restrospective chart review

• Caffiene cessation was effective for 15% of patients• Nortriptyline was effective for 47% of patients

• Lepcha 2013: 48 patients‐ prospective randomized trial• Betahistine, and PRN Paracetamol, +/‐ Flunarizine (CCB) • Vertigo control was significantly better in the Flunarizine arm, whereas headache control was similar 

between groups.  • Salvis 2015: 64 patients‐ prospective randomized trial

• Venlafaxine vs. Propronolol‐ no difference seen in treatment efficacy (DHI primary outcome)

Page 15: SHARON Vestibular Migraine...vertigo spells in only about half of cases. •Often the patient has a prior history of migraine headaches, but feels that they have resolved. •Milder

In summary

• VM may be the most common cause of dizziness in the US

• It is likely to be vastly underdiagnosed

• We have scant evidence on which to base treatment decisions, other than retrospective cohort studies and expert opinion

• The current care model for vestibular migraine is inefficient, and frustrating for patients

• It seems likely that we can do better

• Research into treatment effectiveness is ongoing at UCSF

Thank You!

www.ohns.ucsf.edu/balance‐falls

Thank You!