Upload
madeleine-lewis
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Shaping the Nation:Launching the New
Ship of StateTopic 5: The Early Republic 1789-1815
APUSH- chapter 10
Martha Washington (1st 1st lady) “I live a dull life…I
never go to any public place. I am more of a prisoner than anything else…” – Martha Washington
1ST “CABINET” Washington’s Advisors: Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox - Secretary of War Edmund Randolph- Attorney General Vice President: John Adams (runner –up)
JUDICIARY ACT, 1789 Established a Supreme Court – “effective Federal Courts” 1 Chief Justice 5 associate justices 13 district courts 3 circuit courts of appeal
ALEXANDER HAMILTON -Secretary of Treasury
Goals: 1. Promote economic
growth 2. Promote
industrialization 3. Strengthen new
nation’s finances
ALEXANDER HAMILTON Believed: monetary & fiscal policy should favor the
wealthy…
Why?
…so that the wealthy could then spend their fortunes… thus : Contributing to the economy and…
Stimulating domestic economic growth!
ALEXANDER HAMILTON Believed
Federal Government should assume all states’ debts:
Larger states w/ more debt Smaller states w/ less debt
State of VIRGINIA (small state) Did not think this was fair Hamilton’s Solution: To build new capital in Virginia/Maryland
border (to help give Virginia prestige) On banks of Potomac River “Washington, D.C.”
HIS FINANCIAL PLAN 1. Boost national credit 2 Create “father /son”
relationship between federal govt. & states
3. Earn Revenue By: -taxing imported goods -taxing distilled liquor
excise taxes (sales taxes) on whiskey
His Financial Plan… 4. Create a National
Bank “Bank of the United
States” Is there any mention
of a national bank in the constitution?
Bank of the United States Q: Why is the creation of a National Bank
Controversial? A: It is Not mentioned in Constitution!
2 VIEWS : BANK OF UNITED STATES
ALEXANDER HAMILTON :
had a “loose” interpretation of constitution
believed in the Constitution’s:
Elastic Clause : “congress shall have the power to pass laws which are necessary & proper”
THOMAS JEFFERSON: “strict constructionist” Literal interpretation of
constitution A bank should be state
controlled Not in the constitution,
=‘s illegal
NATIONAL BANK APPROVED, 1791
Bank of the United States: 1. safe place to deposit government $ 2.uniform currency “bank notes”, or paper
money 3. source for loans to assist government in
emergencies
1790 Census Act meant to determine
House of Reps. Philadelphia largest city in
1790 Total Population in
U.S. 1790: 3,929,625 697,624 slaves 48% of pop. Lived in
Southern states
WHAT ABOUT THE EXCISE TAX ON WHISKEY?
.07 cents a gallon 1794 farmers in
Western Pennsylvania Rebelled against tax!! Forms of protest
included: destruction of property, harassment of Federal Marshalls
WASHINGTON RESPONDED BY Sending 12,000-
13,000 troops Federal government
had POWER to maintain peace
Rebellion crushed
FOREIGN DIPLOMACY French Revolution
1789-1793 Should US Get
involved? France helped
American colonists…
FOREIGN DIPLOMACY Thomas Jefferson: HELP THE FRENCH! Alexander Hamilton: STAY NEUTRAL! Washington Decided… “Neutrality Proclamation 1793” Jefferson & French Furious : x
1794 DANGER AT SEA! French & British Hostile towards U.S. Attacked American
Ships “impressments” of
sailors (kidnap) Forced them to join
French & British military
TREATIES :FOREIGN DIPLOMACY
1. JAY’S TREATY: (1795) Eliminated threat of another war between
Britain & U.S. Eliminated British control of western ports Addressed impressment of sailors
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS, 1797
“ The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations…is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connections as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith.” - G. Washington
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL, 1797
“Farewell Address” warned the nation: 1. remain neutral in European affairs 2. avoid alliances 3. avoid formation of “factions” or political
parties “ I can clearly see that nothing but the rooting
out of slavery can save the union”
JOHN ADAMS, 2ND PRESIDENT Was Washington’s
Vice President For 2 terms
Had to fix relations with France
Remember the impressments of poor American sailors?
XYZ AFFAIR Adams sent delegation to Paris, 1797 To negotiate agreement The Delegation was approached by…
XYZ affair French agents
demanded: 1. large sum of $ =
bribe 2. No money, no
conference With French officials!
AMERICANS REFUSED!
THE HUMILIATION! Alex Hamilton wanted IMMEDIATE
MILITARY action against France! “undeclared “ “quasi war “ (casi guerra)
ensued … Between French and American sailors in
West indies (at sea!) 1798-1800
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
1.FEDERALISTS: Led by Hamilton Political party represents: investors,
merchants, manufacturers “big business” More conservative Disappeared by 1816
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
2. Anti-Federalists or Democratic-Republicans:
Led by Thomas Jefferson Represented: farming population, small
business people, some city workers More liberal Dominant 1800-1824
1798 CONGRESS ELECTIONS A Federalist majority Now in Congress
Was STILL UPSET @ French Passed 2 laws …
ALIEN ACTS , 1798 1. raised residency requirement for
citizenship from 5-14 years 2. gave Pres. power to deport “enemy
aliens” at times of war Meant to upset French
SEDITION ACTS, 1798 1. illegal to criticize the President or
Congress ! 2. heavy fine or threat of imprisonment! 3. includes opinions of newspaper editors!! Meant to upset Republicans
THOMAS JEFFERSON “WHAT ABOUT 1ST AMMENDMENT?” Encouraged states to overturn ruling Both sides argued… Through the Presidential campaigns of
1800
HOUSE OF REPS. HAD TO DECIDE!
Alexander Hamilton DISLIKED Aaron Burr More than he DISLIKED Thomas Jefferson Urged all to vote for Jefferson “the lesser
of 2 evils” And he Spread chisme (gossip) about
BURR.
Hamilton vs. Burr The mutual “dislike” escalated Hamilton continued to publically express his
dislike towards Burr, so…
THE SCANDAL! Burr shot Hamilton Hamilton died ! Burr Arrested in 1807 –
“disunionist plot” ( unrelated offense)
Tried for treason Acquitted
THE MARSHALL COURT Judiciary Act 1801: 16 new judgeships
created 2nd President Adams appointed them B4
Jefferson took office late at night 16 = “midnight judges”
JEFFERSON Fought to keep these judges off the bench Ordered his Secretary of State JAMES
MADISON “not to deliver appointments” William Marbury, a “midnight judge” sued James Madison
MARBURY VS. MADISON (1803)
Chief Justice of Supreme Court : John Marshall, (Jefferson’s cousin) Should he issue a writ of mandamus?
(means “we command” in Latin) In other words, Force Madison to deliver
commission?
Marshall’s Dilema: If he issues writ (order), Jefferson will
ignore order If he doesn’t issue writ Supreme court will
be seen as “weak”
MARSHALL’S SOLUTION He ruled: Yes, Madison should have delivered appointment However… The Power of Supreme Court to issue writ
mandamus exceeds authority and is un-constitutional !
Judicial Review: right of Supreme Court to declare an act of congress unconstitutional.
JEFFERSON WANTED LAND Offered Napoleon
(French) $10 million For New Orleans &
land connected to Florida
Napoleon & French asked for:
$15 MILLION OR .03 cents and acre $3.12 an acre modern
currency For New Orleans, and
ENTIRE Louisiana Territory!
Size of U.S. DOUBLED!!!!
LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONS 1804-1806
Jefferson’s Goals: 1. Find a route to the
Pacific Ocean 2. Explore the territory Meriwether Lewis &
William Clark entrusted with expedition
The Expedition, 1804-1806 Began: St. Louis
Missouri Ended in: Oregon
Coast Field notes & sketches
“Journals” Accounts w/ various
Native American Tribes
SIGNIFICANCE 1. L & C educated Americans about land
“out west” 2. Warned about hardships future settlers
would face (rough terrain, weather, native Americans)
3. Found a route which led to Pacific Ocean
Jefferson: Personal Life Widower Relationship w/ slave -
Sally Hemmings At least 1 of her 4
children were his ! Never acknowledged
child (ren) as his own Never freed Sally
Jefferson’s Social Perspective Most Virtuous people = farmers Hard working and independent The key to westward expansion
Land+ Farmers = Expansion & growth
Expansion (Louisiana purchase) Guaranteed land for American farmers “backbone” of nation True guardians of liberty military conquest not needed for expansion
Problems w/ Britain 1807 British ship fired @ U.S. ship
Chesapeake 3 Americans died, 4 sailors forced into
impressment Sound familiar?
Embargo Act, 1807 Prohibited U.S. ships
from anchoring in foreign ports
Jeff hoped to cripple Britain’s (& France’s) economy
Good or bad plan?
“Peaceable Coercion” Plan backfired; U.S. hurt economically 30,000 sailors out of work Hundreds of merchants went bankrupt Jails could not hold debtors Farmers in debt
Americans Could Not Export Products
So… Americans began to
make products 87 textile mills built
1809
Chapter 12- The Second War for Independence and the
Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824
APUSH CHAPTER 12
1808 James Madison 4th President Immediate policies: 1. 1809 non-intercourse
act – opened trade with all nations except Britain & France
2. Macon’s Bill #2 : opened trade w/ Britain & France
But only if nations agreed to honor U.S. neutrality
Warhawks Criticized Madison Militant republicans =
warhawks led by Henry Clay
Demanded aggressive policies (war)
Called for expulsion of British from Canada
Other Problems 1809 federal government split Indiana
territory: Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana Indiana could not achieve statehood unless
it attracted more settlers
William Henry Harrison Governor of Indiana territory Convinced weakest tribe to give up land .02
cents an acre!
Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief & Other Tribes outraged! Insisted Indian lands belonged “collectively”
to all tribes
Tenskwatawa- “The Prophet” Tecumseh’s brother Preached to tribes : “return to old ways” “avoid contact with
whites”
Battle of Tipecanoe, 1811 Without Tecumseh knowing, “The Prophet” attacked Harrison’s camp Native Americans defeated Tecumseh then formed alliance with British
in hopes of stopping Americans from settling in his territory.
War of 1812- “Mr. Madison’s War”
Official Causes: 1. British Impressment 2. British violations of
U.S. neutrality 3. British alliance with
Native Americans
U.S. Declared War on Britain 6/1/1812
Underlying Causes: 1. Economic recession- British trade policy
affected American Economy 2. Tension between U.S & Britain following
the Revolutionary War 3. “Warhawks”- want territory
Madison’s Plan: decided to send
troops to Canada, Summer 1812
American troops burned buildings in Toronto
The British are Coming! The British
descended upon Washington D.C.!
The Battle of “Bladensburg”
American troops fled without firing a shot
Dolley Madison’s Letter- August 23-24, 1814
“Will you believe it sister? We have had a battle near Bladensburg, and here I am still within sound of Cannon!...At this late hour a wagon has been procured, and I have filled it with plate and most valuable portable articles belonging to the house…”
Dolley Madison’s Letter August 23-24, 1814
“…I insist on waiting until the large picture of George Washington is secured…”
Historical debate-Did Dolly Madison compose the letter in 1814? Or 20 years later?
August 1814- War ended Treaty of Ghent – Peace
Treaty signed 1814 restored status quo ante
bellum (the state of things before the war)
Established boundary between U.S. & Canada
SIDENOTE! Battle of New Orleans
December, 1814 British Troops attacked
New Orleans No one told them war
was over!! American General
Andrew Jackson defeated British…
(helped him become 7th President)
OUTCOME… 1. Increased
nationalism/American Identity
2. Francis Scott Key inspired to compose
“The Star Spangled Banner”
3. Presidential mansion re-named “white house
James Monroe, “Era of Good Feelings”
Served 2 administrations
1817-1825 Conscious effort to
avoid political controversies
Controversy: Missouri Statehood 1820-1821
1819 House of Reps Considered admitting
Missouri as a state 16% inhabitants were
slaves
ISSUE In 1819 Union had: 11 Free states 11 Slave states If Missouri admitted as
slave state ,It would Upset balance
Missouri Compromise, 1820 1820 congress admits: Missouri as a slave
state Maine as a Free State Prohibited slavery in
the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory
North of latitude 36-30’
Also in 1819… Adams- Onis Treaty : U.S. purchases
Florida from Spain Spain abandoned claim to Oregon Territory
Foreign Policy Latin American
Countries = independence movements (1810-1821)
Leaned towards democratic forms of government
Monroe Doctrine,1823 Basis of U.S. foreign
policy 1. U.S. to abstain from
European wars 2.”American Continents” not
subjects for future European
colonization” 3. European
colonization in New World = “Unfriendly Act”
Economic & Social Revolution 1820-1860 1.U.S. population grew 2.Advancements in
transportation led to 3.Creation of market
economy
Regional Economies 1. West – grew grains 2. East – Industrial
Powerhouse 3. South – Plantation
economies
Transportation Revolution 1820’s Emphasis on
building roads and canals
To facilitate movement & trade
The Steamboat Invented by Robert
Fulton & Robert Livingston,
First Steamship: Clermont 1807
Established New York- New Jersey Ferry service
Only service provider = Monopoly!
Gibbons v. Ogden Does a transportation
business have the right to create a monopoly?
Ruling: Supreme Court has constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce
Also applies to navigation Broke up monopoly
Erie Canal, 1825 Constructed 1817-
1825 Linked Great Lakes to
Hudson River 363 miles long Connected New York -
Ohio
The Erie Canal – Why is it Significant?
1. Facilitated shipping of goods2. Shipping costs dropped = more business
3. Brought mid-west products to Atlantic ports4. Growth of port cites along canal routes
5. Promoted Migration along route6. New York Grew overnight.
Other Canals Built by state
governments Reduced shipping
costs “canal” building boom
1820’s-1830’s Thanks to Erie Canal
Success
Railroads Cheaper method of
transportation Could traverse
mountains and plains quickly
By 1860 30,000 miles of railroads in U.S. !
Railroads By 1830 investment in railroads – huge! Cheaper to build, faster, reach more places Canals built by state funding Railroads built by private corporations
Growth of Cities 1820-1860 Transportation sped
the growth of cities & towns
Most rapid urbanization between 1820-1860
Prominent Cities Developed around waterways, canals,
railroads. After 1820: these gained importance: 1. River ports: Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Louisville, St Louis, New Orleans 2. Lake Cities: Buffalo (NY), Cleveland,
Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee
Shift to a Market Economy An economic system that allows for… 1. Freedom of consumer to choose
between products & services 2.Freedom of producer to start or expand
business 3. Freedom of worker to choose job &
employer
Change… Market “Revolution” 1.people increasingly
began to work outside home-
Factories Businesses Other people’s farms
Greater Productivity = More Profit!
“Industrial Capitalism” – expanding factories, investing new businesses
“Factory System”- workers & machines under control of managers
Textile Mills, North Example: Lowell,
Massachusetts Recruited young, single
women to work in factories
Why? Cheaper labor Familiar with cloth
making
Waltham & Lowell Textile Mills Lowell Girls -
“operatives” (operadoras)
Worked 12 hour shifts
No ventilation, dangerous machinery, no breaks.
No labor or safety laws
Why Work in Factories? Shelter provided
- Lived in company “boardinghouses”
Independence Left farm moved to
city Helped out family
economically
Life of a Textile Worker Boarding House rules: Curfews, no guests,
must attend church on Sunday
Boss controled every aspect of girls lives!
Harassment by male managers
Child Labor As young as 6 yrs old 2 out of 5 factory
workers in New England children (1830’s)
Children hired to work in mines
12 + hour shifts
Conclusion: 1815-1840 1. Expansion of white settlement out “west” 2. Transportation facilitates movement of people goods 3. Creation of a Market economy 4. Early Industrialization 5. Early Urban Growth
William Miller “The end of the
world is near!!” – cited the Bible
Predicted World would end October 22, 1843
Followers Called: “Millerites”
Rise of Popular Religion The Second Great
Awakening – a revival of interest in religion
Unity amongst various Protestant denominations
Open air sermons
Charles G. Finney Religious
conversion in 1821 Became
Presbyterian Minister
“Father of modern revivalism”
Charles G. Finney’s Beliefs 1. Revivals “human
creations” 2. Sin a “voluntary act” 3. Human could “will
themselves free of all sin” Evangelical
Protestantism
1. Methodists Successful along
frontier By 1844 largest
Protestant denomination
Preachers preached in houses, open fields, not churches.
2. Unitarians “critics of revival”
movement Each should model
his/her behavior after God
And achieve… “the perfection of human
nature the elevation of
men into higher beings”
Joseph Smith’s Vision Revelation 1827:
an angel led him to “book of revelation”
was given “seer stones” helped him translate text
3. Mormons Move west New York –
Ohio – Missouri 1843 controversial
revelation : polygamy is allowed !
Did Joseph Smith have 27 wives??? Wife #1 denied allegations
4. Shakers est 1774
Founder: Mother Ann Lee Vision”: God expelled Adam &
Eve from garden of Eden” Shaker communities ban
marriage Rely on converts and orphans Shaker villages apart from
society
The Age of Reform Organizations aim
to improve society: 1. Temperance 2. Public School Reform 3. Better treatment of
criminals & insane 4. Women’s rights 5. Abolition
1. Temperance Movement By 1820’s the average
male adult drank ½ pint of liquor a day!!!
Men buy liquor instead of food, spousal abuse
The American Temperance Society, 1834
1. Temperance Movement 1874 Women’s
Christian Temperance Union
aim to prohibit sale of alcohol
Prohibition passed 1919-1933
2. Public School Reform Late 1800’s Compulsory
Elementary education
Literacy Rates rise to 90% by 1900’s
2. Public School Reform Horace Mann Secretary of
Massachusetts state board of education, 1837
“father “ of public education
What is the Function of Public Education?
“skills” future factory workers will need:
1. Punctuality & discipline
2. Basic Literacy 3. Basic Arithmetic
Critics of Public Education 1. The Working
Poor – need child’s wages
2. “Prison like” discipline
3. Memorization 4. Protestant
Emphasis
3. Abolition & Women’s Rights Society deems race
and gender as “unequal”
White middle class women join abolition movements
4. Crime & Penitentiaries Parents are
responsible for raising “criminals”
Lack of discipline Criminals can be
“cured” and can “repent”
4. Crime & Penitentiaries 1. New York
System: prisoners work
together by day are Solitary
Confinement - small windowless cell by night.
4. Crime & Penitentiaries 2. Pennsylvania
System: Prisoners in solitary
confinement at all times
Kept isolated form others, including visitors.
5. Mental Asylums Dorothea Dix
pioneered the rights of the insane
Encouraged the construction of insane asylums