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11.1.2015 M.Khorasani Consulting - Persian swords in the State Hermitage Museum (Saint Petersburg 2015)

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Persian swords in theState HermitageMuseum (SaintPetersburg 2015)

Chinese rmor in theMuse de l'Arme (Pris2015)

Ottomn Turkish rmor inthe Muse de lArme(Pris 2015)

Jpnese rmor in theStte Hermitge Museum(Snkt Petersurg 2014)

Indin rmor in the StteHermitge Museum (SnktPetersurg 2014)

Cucsin rmor in theStte Hermitge Museum(Snkt Petersurg 2014)

Ottomn Turkish rmor inthe Stte HermitgeMuseum (Snkt Petersurg2014)

Persin rmor in the StteHermitge Museum (SnktPetersurg 2014)

Shmshirszn Irni(2011)

Shmshirzni Irni (2011)

Gorz-e gvsr (2011)

Plnderung historischerSttte Irns (2010)

EMR; RAN KILICI(2008)

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Luristn Period (2007)

An Introduction to thePersin Sword Shmshir(2006)

The Development of Sword

Persian swords in the State Hermitage Museum (SaintPetersburg 2015)

Next to Irnin museums the Stte Hermitge Museum in SintPetersurg hs one of the most eutiful collections of Persinshmshirs in their collection. The following rticle shows some of these mgnificent pieces:

A mgnificent Persin shmshir with Sfvid period lde nd Qjr-period fittings. the Stte Hermitge Museum provides the followingdescription:"Steel, gold, lether, precios stones, enmel, forging, csting, chsing,crving. Irn, First hlf of the 19th century. Acquired in 1885-1886from the Armoury of Tsrskoye Selo".

The bolq (crossgurd) of the shmsir is mde of gold ndinserted with dimonds nd precious stones s well s thekolhak (pommel cp). The hndle sls re mde of ivory. The ookLexiconof Arms and Armor from Iran: A Study of Symbols and Terminology ,Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni (2010) provides the followinginformtion on the term bolq : : bolq : (Hft Drvi) (n) hndgurd, crossgurd of sword; theterm ol q is lso used in the mnuscript on futuvvt clled HftDrvi (seven dervish) which ws proly written in nskh nd isundted (Afshri & Mdyeni, 1381:123). Afshri nd Mdyeni(1381:123-4) ttriute this ook to the 11 th or 12th century (17 or 18A.D.) s it elonged to the lirry of Etezdol Sltne (the minister of science nd mines) in 1296 hegir (1876 A.D.). Afshri nd Mdyeni(1381:184) quote from this mnuscript which sys tht one dy utcher who ws jwnmrd went to Ali, kissed his hnd nd skedfor help sying tht his k rd ecme lunt very quickly. Ali touchedthe bolq of his Zulfgr (the fmous legendry sword ttriuted toAli), ruing it so long tht krdml ( knife shrpener) ws creted.Afshri nd Mdyeni (1381:184) further explin tht ol q isoriginlly Turkic term descriing the hndgurd which seprtes theqze (hndle) from the swords lde,tiqe-ye amir .

The mgnificent Persin crucile dmscus steel lde s the pttern of Kirk nrden (forty steps/rungs) in the western literture. Persin

mnuscripts cll this ptttern puld-e jhardr-e qerq nardebn : (NewPersin) (n + dj + dj + n) wtered steel with ldder pttern; type of crucile steel with ldder pttern; known s forty ldder rungs(Romnowsky,1967/1346:78). Note tht puld (n) mens steel,

jhar (n) mens wtered steel, dr derives from the verd tn (to hve), qerq (dj) mens fourty, ndnardebn (n) mens ldder This pttern is lso known sehlband (forty strps) (see Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran; A Study

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11.1.20 15 M.Khorasani Consulting - Persian swords in the State Hermitage Museum (Saint Petersburg 2015)

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in Irn: A ShortIntroduction (2006)

Die Geschichte desSchwertes im Irn (2006)

Wves of the Cspin Se(2006)

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of Symbols and Terminology (2010) y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni,Tingen: Legt Verlg. For detiled discussion of this ptternsee Arms and Armor from Iran: The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period (2006) y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni, Tungen: LegtVerlg.

The lde hs eutiful gold-inlid mker's mrk which reds "amal-e Assadollh Esfahni ( Isfahni )" : (the work of Assdoll hEsfh ni).This mkers mrk ppers on numer of high qulity Persinswords. Other vrints of this signture lso exist s ml-eAssdoll h(the work of Assdoll h), Aml-e Assd Esfh ni (the work of Assd Esfh ni), nd Assdoll h Esfh ni (Assdoll h Esfh ni) formore informtion see Moshtgh Khorsni (2006:156-163). Dted swordswith this mkers mrk complicte the issue even more. There re sevendted exmples tht, rther thn solving the mystery ehind the smithAssdoll hs life, only complicte the mtter s the time spn over whichthese swords re purported to hve een constructed is too long for norml humn life, let lone the ctive life of smith. Among the swordsdiscussed in the ook Arms nd Armor from Irn: The Bronze Age to theEnd of the Qjr Period, the erliest dte is 992 Hegir (1583 C.E.), ndthe ltest is 1135 Hegir (1722 C.E.), time spn of 139 yers (MoshtghKhorsni, 2006:156-163). Even the positioning of the individul words inthis phrse vries from sword to sword. Tking ll these fctors intoconsidertion, it seems unlikely or even fundmentlly implusile tht single smith nmed Assdoll h produced ll these ldes. It seemsfesile nd prole tht Assdoll h ws title of honor signifyingthe highest level of mstery in swordmking. The theory tht some of these inscriptions were counterfeited to dd to the vlue of sword mye true of lter swords ering crtouches where one finds poorlyexecuted inlyings or even overlyings, ut ll exmples presented in theook mentioned ove hve inscriptions with finely executed clligrphynd workmnship nd exhiit outstnding inlying techniques. If onessumes tht the nme Assdoll h ws the highest title given to nIrnin smith who hd ttined very high level of mstery in mkingswords, the mystery of the existence of vriety of hndwriting ndclligrphy styles over long period of time ppers to e solved. Asmentioned y Myer (1957-9:1), person counterfeiting frudulentcrtouche would most likely imitte the originl s precisely s possile inorder to deceive uyers since he ttempted to sell his swords under fke nme. Additionlly, counterfeiter would surely hve ensured thtthe dte on forged crtouches exctly mtched the er of h A sSfvid if there were only one fmous smith nmed Assdoll h during therelevnt period. Another fct reinforcing the hypothesis tht Assdoll h

ws presumly n honorry title estowed during the Sfvid periodis tht there re three dted swords ering the phrse of Aml-eAssdollh Esfh ni from the sme time period, nmely Aml-e Assdoll hEsfh ni 116, Aml-e Assdoll h Esfh ni 117 , nd Aml-e Assdoll hEsfh ni nd Bnde-ye h-e vel yt A s sneye 135 (see MoshtghKhorsni, 2006:156-163), ll originting during the period of h SultnHossein Sfvid, who ruled from 1105-1135 Hegir (1694-1722 A.D.).However, ll three swords look different in mny respects, especilly

regrding the hndwriting style. This is further evidence tht, t lestduring the period of h Solt n Hussein Sfvids reign, vrious smithssigned ldes using the signture Aml-e Assdoll h Esfh ni nd furthercorroortes the theory tht Assdoll h ws, indeed, n honorrytitle. . . . . . . . For more informtion on this topic red the entryamal-e

Assadollh Esfahni in the Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran; A Study of Symbols and Terminology (2010) y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni,Tingen: Legt Verlg. For more informtion see:

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Persian Fire and Steel: HistoricalFirearms of IranDr. Manouchehr Moshtagh KhorasaniMore

Persian Archery and

Swordsmanship: The Historical Martial Arts of IranDr. Manouchehr MoshtaghKhorasani More ; Order

Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran: A Study of Symbolsand Terminology
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Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2010). Persin Swordmkers(Armeiros Perss). In: Rites of Power: Oriental Arms (Rituais de Poder:

Armas Orientais ), Csl de Cmr: Cleidoscpio, pp. 41-55.LINK nd Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2013). Les LgendiresForgerons Irniens Assdollh et Kleli.La Revue de ThranMensuel Culturel Iranien en Langue Franaise . No. 90, 8e Annee, Mi2013, pp. 20-40 . LINK The next gold-inlid crtouch is the symol of odduh in numers; bodduh Dehkhod) (n) the nme of genie or n ngel who cn) :do mirculous things, whose nme is written y letters or numers inoccult sciences. Certin chrcteristics re ttriuted to this ngel. Forexmple, if one writes its nme on n envelope, the letter will certinlyrrive. Therefore, it serves s the ngel for protecting the letters. It is secret telesm (tlismn). The re certin eliefs regrding thissign. For exmple, when trveller hs this sign, he would e le totrvel dy nd night without getting tired, or pregnnt womn woulde le to give irth without fering miscrrige. The term odduh

is lso used to conjure feelings of love. It consists of the evennumers 2, 4, 6, 8 or 8, 6, 4, 2. The numers re equivlent to theletters , , , nd of huruf-e joml Anndej reports tht . odduh is the nme of n ngel who died nd left this world nd whosenme is gold-inlid on swords nd dggers nd is used for protection.(Digitl Lexicon of Dehkhod).For more informtion on this topic redthe entry odduh in the Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran; AStudy of Symbols and Terminology (2010) y Mnouchehr MoshtghKhorsni, Tingen: Legt Verlg.

For nother clssifiction of Persin crucile steel see: Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2011). Tqendi-ye Ful d-de Johrd r r As s-e Nosxeh -ye Xtti (Clssifiction of PersinWtered Steel on the Bsis of Old Mnuscripts). Journal of the IranianStudies. Faculty of Literature and Humanities . hid B honrUniversity of Kerm n. Volume 9, Numer 18, Autumn 2010, pp. 243-281. LINK

Varband (scrd fittings) re lso mde of clled nd inserted withdimonds.

The wooden scrd consists of two prts glued to ech other nd

covered with the precious sqari or kimoxt (shgreenlether), which is the skin of the ck of the horse nd donkey tht isused s specil lether. The ookLexicon of Arms and Armor fromIran; A Study of Symbols and Terminology (2010) (Mnouchehr MoshtghKhorsni, Tingen: Legt Verlg) provides the following entry on thistype of lether:

sqari : (Rostm l Tv rix) (n) shgreen lether ( sef,

Dr. Manouchehr MoshtaghKhorasani More ; Order

Arms and Armor from Iran:The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period Dr. Manouchehr MoshtaghKhorasani More ; Order

The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to OnlineDiscussion ForumsDr. Manouchehr MoshtaghKhorasani More ; Order

Oriental and Arab AntiqueWeapons and Armour: TheStreshinskiy CollectionDr. Manouchehr MoshtaghKhorasani More
https://www.academia.edu/897627/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2010_._Persian_Swordmakers_Armeiros_Persas_._In_Rites_of_Power_Oriental_Arms_Rituais_de_Poder_Armas_Orientais_Casal_de_Cambra_Caleidosc%C3%B3pio_pp._41-55https://www.academia.edu/5062548/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2013_._Les_L%C3%A9gendaires_Forgerons_Iraniens_Assadoll%C8%83h_et_Kalbeali._La_Revue_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran_Mensuel_Culturel_Iranien_en_Langue_Fran%C3%A7aise_._No._90_8e_Annee_Mai_2013_pp._20-40_._https://www.academia.edu/5008310/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2011_._Classification_of_Persian_Watered_Steel_on_the_Basis_of_Old_Manuscripts._Journal_of_the_Iranian_Studies._Faculty_of_Literature_and_Humanities._%C5%A0ahid_B%C4%81honar_University_of_Kerm%C4%81n._Volume_9_Number_18_Autumn_2010_pp._243-281._Place_of_publication_Iranhttp://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/lexicon-of-arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.amazon.com/Lexicon-Arms-Armor-Iran-Terminology/dp/3932942310/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-2http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.amazon.com/Arms-Armor-Iran-Bronze-Period/dp/3932942221/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-1http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/the-development-of-controversies/http://www.amazon.com/The-Development-Controversies-Discussion-Communication/dp/3039117114/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-3http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/antique-oriental-and-arab-weapons/http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.amazon.com/Lexicon-Arms-Armor-Iran-Terminology/dp/3932942310/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-2https://www.academia.edu/5062548/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2013_._Les_L%C3%A9gendaires_Forgerons_Iraniens_Assadoll%C8%83h_et_Kalbeali._La_Revue_de_T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran_Mensuel_Culturel_Iranien_en_Langue_Fran%C3%A7aise_._No._90_8e_Annee_Mai_2013_pp._20-40_._http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818961.jpg?t=1420891904http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/lexicon-of-arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454819022.jpg?t=1420892001http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/lexicon-of-arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454819012.jpg?t=1420891952https://www.academia.edu/5008310/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2011_._Classification_of_Persian_Watered_Steel_on_the_Basis_of_Old_Manuscripts._Journal_of_the_Iranian_Studies._Faculty_of_Literature_and_Humanities._%C5%A0ahid_B%C4%81honar_University_of_Kerm%C4%81n._Volume_9_Number_18_Autumn_2010_pp._243-281._Place_of_publication_Iranhttp://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/the-development-of-controversies/https://www.academia.edu/897627/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2010_._Persian_Swordmakers_Armeiros_Persas_._In_Rites_of_Power_Oriental_Arms_Rituais_de_Poder_Armas_Orientais_Casal_de_Cambra_Caleidosc%C3%B3pio_pp._41-55http://www.amazon.com/Arms-Armor-Iran-Bronze-Period/dp/3932942221/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-1http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/antique-oriental-and-arab-weapons/http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/the-development-of-controversies/http://www.amazon.com/The-Development-Controversies-Discussion-Communication/dp/3039117114/ref=la_B001JOJHLY_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1341829431&sr=1-3http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/arms-and-armor-from-iran/http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/books/antique-oriental-and-arab-weapons/


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2003/1382:90). Shgreen lether ws often mde from the skin of jckss (donkey) hindqurters. According to Dehkhod, sqri is type of lether mde of the hide of jckss hindqurters. Its surfceis rough. Saqari cn e otined from the hindqurters of horse s well s zer hide. With regrd to the processing nd tnningof shgreen lether, Chrdin (268) sttes tht significnt mounts of this lether ws mde in Irn nd exported to the Indies (Indi),Turkey, nd neighoring kingdoms. He sttes tht shgreen wsmde from jckss (donkey) hindqurters, nd seed clled toxmcsini, (seed of csin tht is sid to e lck, hrd, nd lrger thnthe mustrd seed). Toxm stnds for oth egg nd seed in Frsis Chrdin rightly sys. He further sttes tht the nme shgreencomes from the Persin word sqri, mening hindqurters.According to Chrdin, this ws the nme of ny niml they rode on,similr to the English word steed, nd this nme ws given to thissort of hide ecuse it ws mde of n jcksss hindqurters. Thecorse hides were dressed y tnners with lime. They used slt ndglls in the tnning process insted of rk, which, ccording toChrdin, ws sufficient due to the hot Irnin climte. Floor(2003:383) quotes Olmer, who stted tht sgri ws primrilyprepred in Yzd nd descries it s type of tnned lether mde of the skins of horse or donkey nd, sometimes, even tht of cow.The clening of the skin ws performed using lmost the sme methods tht used for sheepskin. Olmer explined tht efore pplying therley tretment to the skin, the tnners covered them with smll,dried grins nd let them dry. The grins worked their wy into theskin, resulting in unevenness of the surfce nd grinedppernce. After the skins dried, they were soked in wter withfermenting rley, cusing them to swell. The workers, then, usedsomq leves (rhum coriri) for the tnning process. Olmerreports tht these leves contined much tnnin. Floor (2003:383)lso quotes Consul Aot, who provides more informtion on themking of shgreen lether in Esfh n. He sid tht this lether wsmde from the rw hides of horses. They spred the wet skin on level surfce, threw smll, round seeds over it, nd trod upon it. Afterthe skin prtilly dried, they shook off the seeds, shving the surfceof the hide to remove ll ut the indented prts tht grdully rosegin to their former level, producing the umps on the shgreen.Then, they pplied preprtion of copper nd sl mmonic to thereverse side, which penetrted to the front, coloring it green.

The scrd chpetah-e qalf is lso mde of gold.

This Persin shmshir hs engrved nd gold-inlid sptulted quillons. The pommel cp is lso gold-inlid. The hndle sls re mde of wlrusivory. The lde is mde of Persin crucile dmscus steel. The ldehs three crtouches. The upper nd middle crtouches re the originlones from the Sfvid period to the lde nd re gold inlid. The lowercrtouche is gold-overlid nd dded to the lde during the erly Qjrperiod.The upper crtouche redsbande-ye h-e velyat Safi . The ook"Lexicon of Arms nd Armor from Irn: A Study of Symols ndTerminology" provides the following entry for this phrse:

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bande-ye h-e velyat Safi : (New Persin)(n + n + n + n) literllymens, The suject/ slve of the kingdom/ dominion/trusteeship of Ali,Sfi. This trnsltes into the following: Sfi is the representtive of Alis rule nd cts on his ehlf. Note tht nde (n) mens

slve/suject, h n) mens king, nd vel) yt (n) mens country, trusteeship, nd Sfi ...... .n) is kings nme) For the sme crtouche on royl pieces of Irnin Militry Museums see"Arms nd Armor from Irn: The Bronze Age to the End of the QjrPeriod" (Moshtgh Khorsni, 2006444, ct.80; 446, ct.81; 448, ct.82).

The gold-inlid crtouche inthe middle reds YekanbeHell ahr Kr Mehr Ali which mens Sundy thefirst dy of the month thework of Mehr Ali. Note tht smithnmed Mehr Ali mde dted piqabz in 1109hijr, dedicted toMohmmd Mehdi KhnZnd. For moreinformtion nd to see thedgger consult the ook"Arms nd Armor fromIrn: The Bronze Age tothe End of the QjrPeriod", MnouchehrMoshtgh Khorsni, 2006,which explins: The dte, 1190 hegir, is1776 A.D.[1] Additionlly,the nme of the owner isengrved on the ck of the lde close to thehndle: SheeMohmmd Mehdi KhnZnd (The owner

Mohmmd Mehdi Khn Znd). The nme of the smith is gold inlidon the lde nd reds, Mehr Ali. There is spde-shped eyelet tthe se of the hndle with engrved inscriptions on one side, HowlKfi (one of the nmes of God, mening tht God is independent ndwithout needs), nd on the other side, Howl Bgi (nother ttriuteof God, mening tht he is eternl).

[1] This is within the reign of Krim Khn Znd, who ruled from 11631193 A.D. (17501779 A.D.) (see Sfrz & Avrzmni,2004/1383:275).

The lowest crtouche is the royl sel of Fth Ali Shh Qjr whichreds "Abu al Seif al Soltn Fath Ali h Qjr " (The fther of thesword Fth Ali Shh Qjr). A numer of royl shmshirs ttriuted toFth Ali Shh Qjr which re kept in the Militry Museum of Tehrnhve the sme crtouche which is the royl sel of Fth Ali ShhQjt. To see these exmples see "Arms nd Armor from Irn: TheBronze Age to the End of the Qjr Period", Mnouchehr MoshtghKhorsni, 2006, Tingen: Legt Verlg.

A Persin shmshir with typicl wedge-shped lde with highcurve. The hndle sls re mde of ivory.

The lde hs eutiful crucile dmscus lde with the
http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818883.jpg?t=1420891615http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818879.jpg?t=1420891572http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818894.jpg?t=1420891658


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pttern puld-e jhardr-e moabak, wtered steel with net pttern; type of crucile steel with woodgrin pttern(Romnowsky, 1967/1346:78). For more informtion on thispttern see Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran; A Study of Symbolsand Terminology (2010) y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni, Tingen:Legt Verlg.For nother clssifiction of Persin crucile steel see: Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2007). The Mgnificent Beutyof Edged Wepons Mde with Persin Wtered Steel. Journal of AsianMartial Arts, 9 Volume 16, numer 3, pp. 821. LINK

The Persin lde hs three ctouches: The upper crtouche is bodduh sin in numers. The lower is mker's mrkamal-e Assadollh (Work of Assdollh), The crouche in themiddle

reds: bande-ye h-e velyat AbbsFor the mening of this phrse see the entry bande-ye h-e velyat Abbs from the ook Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran; A Study of Symbols and Terminology (2010) y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni,Tingen: Legt Verlg: bande-ye h-e velyat Abbs : (New Persin) (n + n + n + n)literlly mens, The suject/ slve of the kingdom/dominion/trusteesh ip of Ali, A s. This trnsltes into the following:

A s is the representtive of Alis rule nd cts on his ehlf. Notetht nde (n) mens slve/suject, h n) mens king, nd) vel yt (n) mens country, trusteeship, nd A s (n) is kings nme. For this inscription see Moshtgh Khorsni (2006:430,ct.70; 432, ct. 73, 434, ct. 74; 435, ct. 75; 436, ct. 76; 438,ct. 78; 441, ct. 79; 451, ct.85; 453, ct.86; 454, ct.87; 456,ct.89; 475, ct.107; 481, ct.112; 526, ct.151; 541, ct.162).

Also prt of the next entry from the sme ook:bande-ye h-e velyat : (New Persin) (n + n + n) theslve/suject of the king of tht country/trusteeship. Note tht nde

(n) mens slve/suject, h n) mens king, nd vel) yt(n) mens country, trusteeship. This is phrse tht frequently

ppers on Sfvid ldes is nde-ye h-e vel yt... in comintionwith the nme of the Sfvid king who ruled t tht time. The phrseml-e Assdoll h ppers often with the phrse nde-ye h-evel yt A s . According to Digitl Lexicon of Dehkhod, ndemens suject or slve. Oviously, people who serve or inhitthe relm ruled y king re his sujects. vel yt mens

kingdom or ruled lnd; therefore, king hs vel yt torule. Dehkhod further sttes tht the person to whom vel yt-e Alireltes considers himself the representtive of Im m Ali nd,consequently, rules nd governs on his ehlf. ....................

A Persin shmshir with steel hndle nd highly curved lde. TheStte Hermitge Museum sttes tht this shmshir ws cquired in 1885-1886. It ws formerly held in the Armoury of Tsrskoye Selo.
https://www.academia.edu/5411431/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2007_._The_Magnificent_Beauty_of_Edged_Weapons_Made_with_Persian_Watered_Steel._Journal_of_Asian_Martial_Arts_9_Volume_16_number_3_pp._8_21http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818908.jpg?t=1420891725http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823086.jpg?t=1420900261https://www.academia.edu/5411431/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2007_._The_Magnificent_Beauty_of_Edged_Weapons_Made_with_Persian_Watered_Steel._Journal_of_Asian_Martial_Arts_9_Volume_16_number_3_pp._8_21


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A Persin shmshir with curved lde nd rised ckedge (yalman ).The hndle is the shpe of krel hilt. The downwrd quillons end up indrgon heds. The Stte Hermitge Museum ttriutes this shmshir tothe lte 17 century (or erly 18th century) nd dds tht it ws cquiredin 1885-1886. It ws formerly held in the Armoury of Tsrskoye Selo.

The hndle sls re mde of ivory. the steel crossgurd is decortedwith gold-overlid florl design.

The lde hs n engrved nd gold-inlid mker's mrkamal-e Mesri Moalam . For this mker's mrk seethe ook Lexicon of Arms and

Armor from Iran; A Study of Symbols and Terminology (2010) yMnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni, Tingen: Legt Verlg which providesthe following entry:amal-e Mesri Moalam or amal-e Moalam Mesri : (New Persin)(n + n + n) the work of Mesri Molm or the work of Molm Mesri.Note tht ml (n) mens work nd Mesri Molm (n) is nme. Asword signed y ml-e Mesri nd ttriuted to S h Sfi is kept in theMilitry Museum of Tehrn. For more informtion see MoshtghKhorsni (2006:444, ct. 80; 538, ct.159).The forte of the lde is lso gold-overlid in florl design nd lso theinscription in Persin reds:Ze hue Faltun doma tiztar [upper prt]Ze abruye deldr xunriz tar [lower prt]Its edge [literlly, til] is shrper thn the intelligence of Plto! Itsheds more lood thn the eyerows[1] of the eloved.

[1] Persin literture lwys refers to eyerows s one of the physicleuties of women (uthors oservtion). For the sme inscription onPersin qdd res see Arms nd Armor from Irn: The Bronze Age tothe End of the Qjr Period y Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni,2006, Tingen: Legt Verlg.

A highly curved Persin shmshir with hndle with wlrus ivory sls. Iths wooden scrd covered with shgreen lether. The Stte

Hermitge Museum ttriutes this shmshir to the first hlf of the 18century nd dds tht it from the Winter Plce. The crossgurd (bolq )hs n engrved inscriptionBismellah al Rahman al Rahim (In the nmeof God, most enevolent, ever-merciful) in the gilded ckground.


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A highly curved Persin shmshir with hndle with wlrus ivorysls. The Stte Hermitge Museum ttriutes this shmshir to the 17- 18century nd dds tht it from the Winter Plce.The crossgurd (bolq )is eutifully gold-overlid with the inscriptionBismellah al Rahman al Rahim (In the nme of God, most enevolent, ever-merciful).
http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823070.jpg?t=1420900167http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823057.jpg?t=1420900127


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A Persin shmshir mde of crucile steel with rised ckedge(ylmn). The hndle sls re mde of wlrus ivory. The steelcrossgurd is decorted with gilded imge of lion hunting deer (for detiled explntion of this symol see "Arms nd Armor from Irn:The Bronze Age to the End of the Qjr Period" y MnouchehrMoshtgh Khorsni (2006).

The upper gold-overlid crtouche reds Bismellah al Rahman al Rahim (In the nme of God, most enevolent, ever-merciful). The lengthof the lde is gold-overlid with Persin poem.
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For technicl nlysis of Persin crucile steel see: Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr and Zahra Karamad(2008). The Microstructure nd Elements of Persin CrucileSteel, Pym-e Bstnens ( Journal of the Archaeology of the Islamic

Azad University of Abhar ), Volume 5, No. 9. Spring nd Summer 2008,pp. 626. LINK
https://www.academia.edu/5537331/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_and_Zahra_Karamad_2008_._The_Microstructure_and_Elements_of_Persian_Crucible_Steel_P%C4%81y%C4%81m-e_B%C4%81st%C4%81n%C5%A1en%C4%81s_Journal_of_the_Archaeology_of_the_Islamic_Azad_University_of_Abhar_Volume_5_No._9._Spring_and_Summer_2008_pp._6_26http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454839319.jpg?t=1420933313https://www.academia.edu/5537331/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_and_Zahra_Karamad_2008_._The_Microstructure_and_Elements_of_Persian_Crucible_Steel_P%C4%81y%C4%81m-e_B%C4%81st%C4%81n%C5%A1en%C4%81s_Journal_of_the_Archaeology_of_the_Islamic_Azad_University_of_Abhar_Volume_5_No._9._Spring_and_Summer_2008_pp._6_26http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454818847.jpg?t=1420891481


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A highly-curved Persin shmshir with typicl wedge-shped lde.The wooden scrd is covered with shgreen lether.

The hndle sls re mde of wlrus ivory nd the steel crossgurdnd pommel cp re engrved. The Stte Hermitge Museumttriutes this shmshir to the 18 century nd dds tht it wscquired in 1885-1886. It ws formerly held in the Armoury of Tsrskoye Selo.


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A highly-curved Persin shmshir with downwrd quillions nd krell hilt. The crossgurd is mde of steel nd decorted withgilded florl design. The hndle sls remde of stg horn.

The lde is mde of Persin crucile dmscus steel nd hs centrlfuller. The Stte Hermitge Museum in Sint Petersurg ttriutes thisshmshir to the 19 century nd sttes tht it is from the WinterPlce.

A stright sword amir-e mostqim from the second hlf of the19th century. It ws cquired in 1926 from the Mrle Plce. Thehndle is mde of steel with downwrd quillons. For detiled nlysisof this types of swords see "Arms nd Armor from Irn: The BronzeAge to the End of the Qjr Period" (Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni,2006, Tingen: Legt Verlg):"Leedynsky (1992:56) provides rief nlysis on Qjr strightswords . He sttes tht the lter stright swords (such s Qjr strightswords) shre the sme fetures s their medievl ncestors. TheseIrnin swords of the 17th nd 18th century hve ldes with roundedtip, downwrd quillions, nd three-loe pommel nd, thus, shre thesme feture of the grip s on some older swords".For more informtion on Irnin stright swords lso see: Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr and Ivn Sznt (2012).Stright Swords in Irn: A Continuing Trdition (A perzs pllos: egytretln hgyomny). In: Persin Tresures - Hungrin Collections(Perzs Kincsk - Mgyr Gyjtemnyek), pp. 39-51.LINK

A 19 century ritul sword ( amir-e mostqim : stright sword) fromIrn. It is from the Winter Plce. For nother rticle on Irnin
https://www.academia.edu/6529565/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_and_Iv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3_2012_._Straight_Swords_in_Iran_A_Continuing_Tradition_A_perzs_pallos_egy_t%C3%B6retln_hagyom%C3%A1ny_._In_Persian_Treasures_-_Hungarian_Collections_Perzsa_Kincsk_-_Magyar_Gy%C3%BCjtem%C3%A9nyek_pp._39-51https://www.academia.edu/6529565/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_and_Iv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3_2012_._Straight_Swords_in_Iran_A_Continuing_Tradition_A_perzs_pallos_egy_t%C3%B6retln_hagyom%C3%A1ny_._In_Persian_Treasures_-_Hungarian_Collections_Perzsa_Kincsk_-_Magyar_Gy%C3%BCjtem%C3%A9nyek_pp._39-51http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454819405.jpg?t=1420893070http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823165.jpg?t=1420900385http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823179.jpg?t=1420900424http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823413.jpg?t=1420900527http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823357.jpg?t=1420900495


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stright swords see: Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2008). Drgons Teeth: TheStright Swords of Persi.Classic Arms and Militaria, Volume XV Issue1, pp. 2125. LINK

A 19 century ritul sword ( amir-e mostqim : stright sword) fromIrn. It ws cquired in 1931 nd ws formerly held in the collection of Count Sergey Sheremekev's colllection. Dr. Mnouchehr Moshtgh Khorsni
http://popupfenster%28%27http//www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/online-articles/persian-swords-in-the-state-hermitage-museum-saint-petersburg-2015/?print=1%27);http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/sitemap/https://login.1and1-editor.com/677864710/www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/de?pageId=929422700https://www.academia.edu/5264562/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2008_._Dragons_Teeth_The_Straight_Swords_of_Persia._Classic_Arms_and_Militaria_Volume_XV_Issue_1_pp._21_25http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/s/cc_images/teaserbox_2454823424.jpg?t=1420900566http://www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/sitemap/http://popupfenster%28%27http//www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/biography/online-articles/persian-swords-in-the-state-hermitage-museum-saint-petersburg-2015/?print=1%27);https://www.academia.edu/5264562/Moshtagh_Khorasani_Manouchehr_2008_._Dragons_Teeth_The_Straight_Swords_of_Persia._Classic_Arms_and_Militaria_Volume_XV_Issue_1_pp._21_25https://login.1and1-editor.com/677864710/www.moshtaghkhorasani.com/de?pageId=929422700

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