ShadowsofEmpire - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/052184/634X/frontmatter/052184634X...Sabaino Aymaraes Yauri Tinta Saman Azangaro ´ Yaurisque Paruro SanBlas Cercado

Shadows of Empire

The Indian nobility of the Andes – many descended from the Inca rulers and otherpreconquest lords – occupied a crucial economic and political position in late colonialAndean society, a position widely accepted as legitimate until the Tupac Amarurebellion. Shadows of Empire traces the history of this late colonial elite and examinesthe preconquest and colonial foundations of their privilege and authority. It brings tolight the organization and the ideology of the Indian nobility in the bishopric of Cuscoin the decades before the rebellion and uses this nobility as a lens through whichto study the internal organization and tensions of late colonial Indian communities.The work further analyzes the collapse of this Indian elite, repudiated by both theIndian commons and the crown in the last years of Spanish rule and marginalized inthe emergence of the creole-dominated republican order after 1825.

David T. Garrett is Associate Professor of History at Reed College. Specializing in theAndes, he researches the social and intellectual history of Spanish colonialism. He isthe author of articles in the journals Revista Andina and Hispanic American HistoricalReview.

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Cambridge University Press052184634X - Shadows of Empire: The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750-1825David T. GarrettFrontmatterMore information

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cambridge latin american studies

General EditorHerbert S. Klein

Gouverneur Morris Professor of History, Columbia UniversityDirector of the Center of Latin American Studies, Stanford University

90Shadows of Empire

The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750–1825

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porary Problems, Celso Furtado and Suzette Macedo9. An Economic History of Colombia, 1845–1930, W. P. McGreevey10. Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763–1810, D. A. Brading11. Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of the

Liberal Revolution, 1856–1875, Jan Bazant12. Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico, 1750–1821, Brian R. Hamnett13. Bolivia: Land, Location and Politics Since 1825, J. Valerie Fifer, Malcolm

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Bakewell

(Continued after index)






Shadows of Empire

The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750–1825

DAVID T. GARRETT

Reed College






CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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Cambridge University Press40West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521846349

c© David T. Garrett 2005

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Garrett, David T.Shadows of empire : the Indian nobility of Cusco, 1750–1825 / David T. Garrett.

p. cm. – (Cambridge Latin American studies ; 90)Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 0-521-84634-X (hardback)1. Incas – Peru – Cuzco – Kings and rulers – Genealogy. 2. Incas – Peru – Cuzco – Politics

and government. 3. Incas – Peru – Cuzco. 4. Nobility – Peru – Cuzco – History.5. Aristocracy (Social class) – Peru – Cuzco – History. 6. Caciques (Indian leaders) –Peru – Cuzco – History. 7. Spain – Colonies – America. 8. Cuzco (Peru) – History.

9. Peru – History – 1548–1820. I. Title. II. Series.f3429.1.c9g37 2005

985′37.00498323 – dc22 2005000259

isbn-13 978-0-521-84634-9 hardbackisbn-10 0-521-84634-x hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of urls for external or

third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on such

Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






To My Parents,

Ann and Bill Garrett

And in memory of

Mario Marcone Flores






Contents

List of Illustrations page xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Pueblos Mentioned in Text xv

Pueblos on Maps, by Province xvii

Introduction 1

PART I INDIAN ELITES AND THE COLONIAL ORDER

1 Spanish Conquest and the Habsburg Reforms 15

2 The Long Seventeenth Century 45

PART II THE INDIAN NOBILITY OF BOURBON CUSCO

3 Cacical Families and Provincial Nobilities 75

4 Communal Economies and Indian Fortunes 114

5 The Politics of the Cacicazgo 148

PART III CRISIS AND COLLAPSE

6 From Reform to Rebellion 183

7 The Breakdown of the Colonial Order 211

Conclusion 257

Appendix 265

Glossary 267

Bibliography 273

Index 289

ix






List of Illustrations

Charts

3.1 The Tamboguacso of Taray page 943.2 Marriages of the Four Quispeguaman–Auccatinco Sisters 99

Tables

1.1 Inca Sovereigns 172.1 Population of the Bishopric of Cusco 612.2 Haciendas in the Intendancy of Cusco 633.1 Adult Male Indian Population, Selected Parishes of

Cusco, 1768 783.2 Male Indian Population, San Sebastian and San Geronimo,

1768 794.1 Production for Export in Caravaya, Huancane and

Lampa, 1807 1177.1 Tributary Obligations, Intendancy of Cusco, 1786 214

Maps

1 Area of Study, Topography and Political Boundaries xix2 Area of Study, Major Pueblos xx3 Pueblos in Cusco Area xxi

xi






Acknowledgments

In more than a decade of graduate school, archival research, and writingI have accumulated many debts and bonds that I happily and gratefullyacknowledge. Columbia University, the Social Science Research Council,the Tinker Foundation, Reed College, and the Levine Fund have kindlyprovided the financial support without which this project would have beenimpossible. Of at least equal importance has been the generosity, in time,knowledge, and help, of archivists across Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, andSpain. I am most obliged to those at the Archivo Regional del Cusco underthe leadership of Dr. Jorge Polo y la Borda, and later Dr. Manuel JesusAparicio Vega and Roberto Caceres Olivera; this project was inconceiv-able without the unstinting help of the ARC’s dedicated staff. I have alsobenefited from the dedication and professionalism of those at the ArchivoArzobispal del Cusco, the Archivo Departmental de Puno, the Archivo deLımites at Peru’s Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Peru’s Archivo Gen-eral de la Nacion and Biblioteca Nacional, the Archivo Nacional de Boliviaand the Archivo de La Paz, the Archivo General de la Nacion in BuenosAires, and the Archivo General de la Indias and the Archivo General deSimancas in Spain.This book began as a dissertation, and I was fortunate in the committee

that advised, reviewed, and greatly improved it. At all stages this project hasbenefited from the support, insight, and criticism of Herb Klein. SinclairThomson has been so generous as to labor through various versions of thework from dissertation to manuscript and to offer invaluable commentary.At the earlier stage Pablo Piccato and Martha Howell read through multi-ple drafts and were crucial in giving form to a sprawling project. TerenceD’Altroy’s thoughtful criticism has helped a late colonial historian to grap-ple with the dazzlingly complex topic of the Incas before and immediatelyafter the Spanish conquest. A few other debts require special mention. Thisproject would have been impossible without the skills and unflagging helpof Donato Amado Gonzales and Margareth Najarro in Cusco, from whom Ilearned a great deal about both archival research and the history of Cusco.

xiii






xiv Acknowledgments

At the final stage, Kenneth Andrien’s comments on the manuscript were ofgreat help in clarifying and elaborating tricky sections of the work.More broadly, this work (and I) have benefited greatly from comments

from, conversations with, and the camaraderie of many other Andeanists,including Scarlett O’PhelanGodoy, Donato Amado, Jean-Jacques Decoster,Ramon Mujica, Luis Miguel Glave, Sabine MacCormack, Chuck Walker,Ward Stavig, Kathryn Burns, Carolyn Dean, Catherine Julien, BethPenry, Tom Abercrombie, Ken Mills, Karen Spalding, Roberto ChoqueCanqui, Sergio Serulnikov, Mercedes del Rio, and Ana Marıa Presta. Andmany of my thanks must go to friends and colleagues fromColumbia, Reed,and elsewhere whose expertise is not colonial Peru, but who in countlessconversations and in comments on my work have brought new perspectivesand made demands for rigor and clarification which account for much thatis strongest in the work. Foremost, among many, are Ritu Birla, JulieSchonfeld, Natasha Gray, Joshua Rosenthal, Mario Marcone, DavidMandell, Alex Hrycak, and Laura Lucas.My deepest debts remain to my own family, for whose constant support

I am extremely grateful. I have also had the great good fortune of beingtaken into the family of my late friend and colleague Mario Marcone inLima, and I cannot imagine the past decade without the friendship of theMarcone Flores. It is in acknowledgment of these debts that I dedicate thiswork to my parents and to the memory of Mario Marcone Flores.

Portions of Chapter 6 appeared in modified form in Hispanic AmericanHistorical Review 84:4 (November 2004) and I thank Duke University Pressfor permission to include them here.






Pueblos Mentioned in Text

Pueblo Province Pueblo Province

Abancay Abancay Colquemarca ChumbivilcasAccha Paruro Colquepata PaucartamboAchaya Azangaro Conima HuancaneAcomayo Quispicanchis Copacabana OmasuyosAcora Chucuito Coporaque TintaAcos Quispicanchis Corca ParuroAndaguaylillas Quispicanchis Cotabambas CotabambasAnta Abancay Coya Calca y LaresAsillo Azangaro Crusero CaravayaAyavire Lampa Cupi LampaAzangaro Azangaro Curaguasi AbancayBelen Cercado Guaquirca AymaraesCacha Tinta Guanoquite ParuroCalapuja Lampa Guarocondo AbancayCalca Calca y Lares Guasac PaucartamboCaminaca Azangaro Guayllabamba UrubambaCapacmarca Chumbivilcas Hatuncolla LampaCarabuco Omasuyos Hospital CercadoCatca Paucartambo Huancane HuancaneCathedral Cercado Ilave ChucuitoCavana Lampa Jesus de Machaca PacajesCavanilla Lampa Juli ChucuitoCaycay Paucartambo Juliaca LampaChinchaypucyo Abancay Laja OmasuyosChinchero Calca y Lares Lamay Calca y LaresChucuito Chucuito Lampa LampaCoasa Caravaya Layo TintaCotaguasi Chumbivilcas Livitaca ChumbivilcasColcha Paruro Macarı Lampa

xv






xvi Pueblos Mentioned in Text

Pueblo Province Pueblo Province

Mamara Cotabambas San Taraco AzangaroMaras Urubamba Sandia CaravayaMaranganı Tinta Sangarara QuispicanchisMoho Huancane Santa Ana CercadoMollepata Abancay Santa Rosa LampaMunani Azangaro Santiago CercadoNicacio Lampa Santo Tomas ChumbivilcasNunoa Lampa Sicuani TintaOllantaytambo Urubamba Sorata LarecajaOmacha Paruro Soraya AymaraesOropesa Quispicanchis Taray Calca y LaresPacarectambo Paruro Tiquillaca HuancaneParuro Paruro Tungasuca TintaPaucartambo Paucartambo Umachire LampaPisac Calca y Lares Urcos QuispicanchisPomata Chucuito Urubamba UrubambaPucara Lampa Usicayos CaravayaPucarani Omasuyos Velille ChumbivilcasPucyura Abancay Vilcabamba UrubambaPusi Azangaro Vilquechico HuancaneQuiquijana Quispicanchis Yanaoca TintaSabaino Aymaraes Yauri TintaSaman Azangaro Yaurisque ParuroSan Blas Cercado Yucay UrubambaSan Cristobal Cercado Yunguyo ChucuitoSan Geronimo Cercado Zepita ChucuitoSan Salvador Calca y Lares Zurite AbancaySan Sebastian Cercado






Pueblos on Maps, by Province

Cusco Cercado Paucartambo AzangaroSan Geronimo Caycay AchayaSan Sebastian Colquepata Asillo

Guasac AzangaroParuro Paucartambo CaminacaColcha PusiCorca Quispicanchis SamanGuanoquite Accha San TaracoOmacha AndaguaylillasParuro Acomayo HuancaneYaurisque Acos Conima

Oropesa HuancaneAbancay Quiquijana MohoAbancay Sangarara TiquillacaAnta Urcos VilquechicoChincheroCuraguasi Aymaraes ChucuitoGuarocondo Guaquirca AcoraPucyura Soraya ChucuitoZurite Ilave

Cotabambas JuliUrubamba Cotabambas PomataGuayllabamba Mamara YunguyoMaras ZepitaOllantaytambo ChumbivilcasUrubamba ColquemarcaYucay Livitaca

Santo TomasVelille

xvii






xviii Pueblos on Maps, by Province

Calca y Lares Tinta LampaCalca Cacha AyavireCoya Layo CalapujaLamay Coporaque CavanaPisac Layo CavanillaTaray Sicuani Cupi

Tinta JuliacaTungasuca LampaYanaoca MacarıYauri Nicacio

NunoaPucaraSanta RosaUmachire

CaravayaCoasaCruseroUsicayos






Map 1. Area of Study, Topography and Political Boundaries






Map 2. Area of Study, Major Pueblos






PisacTaray

Oropesa

Chinchero

CalcaLamayCoya

Ollantaytambo

Yucay

Guayllabamba

Pucyura

Maras

Zurite

Guarocondo

Corca

San SebastiánSan Gerónimo

Guanoquite

Colcha

Urcos

AndaguaylillasCaycay

Guasac

Colquepata

AntaCusco

AcosAcomayo

Sangarará

QuiquijanaParuro

Yaurisque

UrubambaPaucartambo

0km 25 5040 30 20 10

Map 3. Pueblos in Cusco Area






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ShadowsofEmpire - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/052184/634X/frontmatter/052184634X...Sabaino Aymaraes Yauri Tinta Saman Azangaro ´ Yaurisque Paruro SanBlas Cercado