Chapter 4—Supply and Demand

TRUE/FALSE

1. Differences in the conditions under which the exchange between buyers and sellers occurs make it difficult to precisely define a market.

ANS: T PTS: 1

2. All markets are effectively global in scope.

ANS: F PTS: 1

3. The relationship between price and quantity demanded is inverse or negative.

ANS: T PTS: 1

4. The market demand curve is the vertical summation of individual demand curves.

ANS: F PTS: 1

5. A change in a good’s price does not change its demand.

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6. A change in demand is illustrated by a shift in the entire demand curve.

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7. Because personal tastes differ, what are substitutes for one person may not be substitutes for another person.

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8. Two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one causes an increase in the demand for the other.

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9. Those goods for which falling income leads to decreased demand are called inferior goods.

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10. Either an increase in the number of buyers or an increase in tastes or preferences for a good or service will increase the market demand for a good or service.

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11. A decrease in the price of ice cream would cause an increase in the demand for frozen yogurt, a substitute.

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12. The law of supply states that, other things being equal, the quantity supplied will vary directly (a positive relationship) with the price of the good.

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13. The market supply curve for a product is the vertical summation of the supply curves for individual firms.

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14. A change in the price of a good leads to a change in the quantity supplied, but not to a change in its supply.

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15. An increase in supply leads to a movement up along the supply curve.

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16. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left.

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17. Just as demanders will demand more now if the price of a good is expected to rise in the near future, sellers will supply more now if the price of a good is expected to rise in the near future.

ANS: F PTS: 1

18. Both technological progress and cost-increasing regulations will increase supply.

ANS: F PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is a market?a. a garage saleb. a restaurantc. the New York Stock Exchanged. an eBay auctione. all of the above

ANS: E PTS: 1

2. In a competitive market,a. there are a number of buyers and sellers.b. no single buyer or seller can appreciably affect the market price.c. sellers offer similar products.d. all of the above are true.

ANS: D PTS: 1

3. If the demand for milk is downward sloping, then an increase in the price of milk will result in a(n)a. increase in the demand for milk.

b. decrease in the demand for milk.c. increase in the quantity of milk demanded.d. decrease in the quantity of milk demanded.e. decrease in the supply of milk.

ANS: D PTS: 1

4. Which of the following would be most likely to increase the demand for jelly?a. An increase in the price of peanut butter, which is often used with jellyb. An increase in income; jelly is a normal goodc. The price of jelly fallsd. Medical research that finds that daily consumption of jelly makes people live 10 years

less, on average

ANS: B PTS: 1

5. Which of the following would not cause a change in the demand for cheese?a. an increase in the price of crackers, which are consumed with cheeseb. an increase in the income of cheese consumersc. an increase in the population of cheese loversd. an increase in the price of cheese

ANS: D PTS: 1

6. Ceteris paribus, an increase in the price of DVD players would tend toa. decrease the demand for DVD players.b. increase the price of televisions, a complement to DVD players.c. increase the demand for DVD players.d. decrease the demand for DVDs.

ANS: D PTS: 1

7. Whenever the price of Good A decreases, the demand for Good B increases. Goods A and B appear to bea. complements.b. substitutes.c. inferior goods.d. normal goods.e. inverse goods.

ANS: A PTS: 1

8. Whenever the price of Good A increases, the demand for Good B increases as well. Goods A and B appear to bea. complements.b. substitutes.c. inferior goods.d. normal goods.e. inverse goods.

ANS: B PTS: 1

9. The difference between a change in quantity demanded and a change in demand is that a change ina. quantity demanded is caused by a change in a good’s own price, while a change in

demand is caused by a change in some other variable, such as income, tastes, or expectations.

b. demand is caused by a change in a good’s own price, while a change in quantity demanded is caused by a change in some other variable, such as income, tastes, or expectations.

c. quantity demanded is a change in the amount people actually buy, while a change in demand is a change in the amount they want to buy.

d. This is a trick question. A change in demand and a change in quantity demanded are the same thing.

ANS: A PTS: 1

10. Suppose CNN announces that bad weather in Central America has greatly reduced the number of cocoa bean plants and for this reason the price of chocolate is expected to rise soon. As a result,a. the current market demand for chocolate will decrease.b. the current market demand for chocolate will increase.c. the current quantity demanded for chocolate will decrease.d. no change will occur in the current market for chocolate.

ANS: B PTS: 1

11. An upward-sloping supply curve shows thata. buyers are willing to pay more for particularly scarce products.b. suppliers expand production as the product price falls.c. suppliers are willing to increase production of their goods if they receive higher prices for

them.d. buyers are willing to buy more as the product price falls.

ANS: C PTS: 1

12. Along a supply curve,a. supply changes as price changes.b. quantity supplied changes as price changes.c. supply changes as technology changes.d. quantity supplied changes as technology changes.

ANS: B PTS: 1

13. All of the following factors will affect the supply of shoes except one. Which will not affect the supply of shoes?a. higher wages for shoe factory workersb. higher prices for leatherc. a technological improvement that reduces waste of leather and other raw materials in shoe

productiond. an increase in consumer income

ANS: D PTS: 1

14. The difference between a change in quantity supplied and a change in supply is that a change ina. quantity supplied is caused by a change in a good’s own price, while a change in supply is

caused by a change in some other variable, such as input prices, prices of related goods, expectations, or taxes.

b. supply is caused by a change in a good’s own price, while a change in the quantity supplied is caused by a change in some other variable, such as input prices, prices of related goods, expectations, or taxes.

c. quantity supplied is a change in the amount people want to sell, while a change in supply is a change in the amount they actually sell.

d. supply and a change in the quantity supplied are the same thing.

ANS: A PTS: 1

15. Antonio’s makes the greatest pizza and delivers it hot to all the dorms around campus. Last week Antonio’s supplier of pepperoni informed him of a 25% increase in price. Which variable determining the position of the supply curve has changed, and what effect does it have on supply?a. future expectations; supply decreasesb. future expectations; supply increasesc. input prices; supply decreasesd. input prices; supply increasese. technology; supply increases

ANS: C PTS: 1

16. Which of the following is not a determinant of supply?a. input pricesb. technologyc. tastesd. expectationse. the prices of substitutes in production

ANS: C PTS: 1

17. If incomes are rising, in the market for an inferior good,a. demand will rise.b. demand will fall.c. supply will rise.d. supply will fall.

ANS: B PTS: 1

18. If a farmer were choosing between growing wheat on his own land and growing soybeans on his own land,a. an increase in the price of soybeans would increase his supply of soybeans.b. an increase in the price of soybeans would increase his supply of wheat.c. an increase in the price of soybeans would decrease his supply of soybeans.d. an increase in the price of soybeans would decrease his supply of wheat.e. an increase in the price of soybeans would not change his supply of either wheat or

soybeans.

ANS: D PTS: 1

19. A supply curve illustrates a(n) ____ relationship between ____ and ____.a. direct; price; supplyb. direct; price; quantity demandedc. direct; price; quantity suppliedd. introverted; price; quantity demandede. inverse; price; quantity supplied

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20. A leftward shift in supply could be caused bya. an improvement in productive technology.b. a decrease in income.c. some firms leaving the industry.

d. a fall in the price of inputs to the industry.

ANS: C PTS: 1

PROBLEM

1. Using the demand curve, show the effect of the following events on the market for beef:a. Consumer income increases.b. The price of beef increases.c. An outbreak of “mad cow” disease occurs.d. The price of chicken (a substitute) increases.e. The price of barbecue grills (a complement) increases.

ANS:a). Assuming that beef is a normal good, demand for beef increases with consumer income,

causing the equilibrium price and quantity exchanged to increase.

b). An increase in the price of beef, ceteris paribus, decreases the quantity of beef demanded.

c). Ceteris paribus, an outbreak of mad cow disease is likely to decrease the demand for beef, leading to both a decrease in the equilibrium price and the quantity of beef exchanged.

d). An increase in the price of a substitute increases the demand for beef. The equilibrium price and quantity of beef traded both increase.

e) If the price of a complement, barbecue grills, increases, the demand for beef will likely decrease. Both the equilibrium price and quantity of beef exchanged will decrease as a result.

PTS: 1

2. Draw the demand curves for the following goods. If the price of the first good listed rises, what will happen to the demand for the second good, and why?a. hamburger and ketchupb. Coca-Cola and Pepsic. camera and film

d. golf clubs and golf ballse. skateboard and razor scooter

ANS:a) Hamburger and ketchup are complements. An increase in the price of hamburger will

decrease the demand for ketchup.

b) Coca-Cola and Pepsi are substitutes. An increase in the price of Coca-Cola will increase the demand for Pepsi.

c) Cameras and film are complements. An increase in the price of a camera will decrease the demand for film.

d) Golf clubs and golf balls are complements. An increase in the price of golf clubs will decrease the demand for golf clubs, ceteris paribus.

e) Assuming that skateboards and razor scooters are substitutes, an increase in the price of skateboards will increase the demand for razor scooters.

PTS: 1

3. Show the impact of each of the following events on the oil market.

a. OPEC becomes more effective in limiting the supply of oil.b. OPEC becomes less effective in limiting the supply of oil.c. The price for natural gas (a substitute for heating oil) rises.d. New oil discoveries occur in Alaska.e. Electric and hybrid cars become subsidized and their prices fall.

ANS:a) The supply of oil decreases, reducing the quantity exchanged and pushing up the price

of oil.b) The supply of oil increases, increasing the quantity exchanged and decreasing the

market price of oil.c) The demand for heating oil increases. The price and quantity of oil exchanged will

increase as a result.d) The market supply of oil increases. The quantity exchanged will increase and the

equilibrium price of oil will decrease as a result.e) Fewer people will drive gasoline-powered automobiles, decreasing the demand for oil.

The equilibrium price and quantity of oil exchanged will decrease as a result.

PTS: 1

4. Which of the following will cause an increase in the quantity of cell phones demanded? In the demand for cell phones?a. The prices of cell phones fall.b. Your income increases.c. The price of cell phone service (a complement) increases.d. The price of pagers (a substitute) falls.

ANS:a) If the price of cell phones falls, it will increase the quantity of cell phones demanded,

ceteris paribus.b) Assuming that cell phones are normal goods, an increase in income will increase the

demand for cell phones (and therefore the equilibrium price and quantity exchanged.)c) An increase in the price of cell phone service (a complement) will decrease the demand

for cell phones, reducing both their price and the quantity exchanged.d) A decrease in the price of pagers (a substitute) will also decrease the demand for cell

phones, decreasing both the price and the quantity exchanged.

PTS: 1

5. Which curve (supply or demand) would shift which way in the following cases?a. an increase in income and a decreasing price of a complement, for a normal goodb. a technological advance and lower input pricesc. an increase in the price of a substitute and an increase in income, for an inferior goodd. producers’ expectations that prices will soon fall, and increasingly costly government

regulations

ANS:a) Demand would increase, since both changes increase demand.b) Supply would increase, since both changes increase supply.c) Both changes shift demand, but the net result on the demand curve is indeterminate,

since the increase in the price of a substitute increases demand and an increase in income for an inferior good reduces demand.

d) Both changes shift supply, but the net result on the supply curve is indeterminate, since

the producers’ expectations of lower prices in the near future increases current supply and increasingly costly government regulations decreases supply.

PTS: 1

6. If the price of ice cream increased,a. what would be the effect on the demand for ice cream?b. what would be the effect on the demand for frozen yogurt?

ANS:a) It would reduce the quantity of ice cream demanded but not the demand for ice cream.b) It would increase the demand for frozen yogurt, which is a substitute for ice cream.

PTS: 1

7. If the price of corn rose,a. what would be the effect on the supply of corn?b. what would be the effect on the supply of wheat?

ANS:a) It would increase the quantity of corn supplied, but not increase the supply of corn.b) Since corn is a substitute in production for wheat, and increase in the price of corn will

reduce the supply of wheat.

PTS: 1

8. Using the graph above, answer the following questions:a. What is the shift from D1 to D2 called?b. What is the movement from b to a called?c. What is the movement from a to b called?d. What is the shift from D2 to D1 called?

ANS:a) The shift from D1 to D2 is called an increase in demand.b) The movement from b to a is called a decrease in the quantity demanded.c) The movement from a to b is called an increase in the quantity demanded.d) The shift from D2 to D1 is called a decrease in demand.

PTS: 1

9. Using the graph above, answer the following questions:a. What is the shift from S1 to S2 called?b. What is the movement from a to b called?c. What is the movement from b to a called?d. What is the shift from S2 to S1 called?

ANS:a) The shift from S1 to S2 is called an increase in supply.b) The movement from a to b is called an increase in the quantity supplied.c) The movement from b to a is called a decrease in the quantity supplied.d) The shift from S2 to S1 is called a decrease in supply.

PTS: 1