SG Magazine #1

Issue

May 2014 International Communication Issue

Globalization: English as a lingua

franca

Language in the public sphere

Communication without language

Culture proximity and Language

Hybridity: Pidgeons and

creoles

The propaganda model in

Mexico

Cultural imperialism and

industries

ABOUT THIS MAGAZINE

This magazine was created with the

purpose of discussing international

communication topics in a way that is

both enjoyable and easy to understand

for our readers. We want this to be a

space where the vast array of issues on

international communication can be

explored from an academic perspective

but also from a critical point of view.

Additionally, we would like the

magazine to be an innovative and

creative way of presenting new ways of

looking at international communication

and making relations between different

areas of knowledge with the field so

that it may be enriched and benefitted

from the blending of different

standpoints which will help to further

explore and understand international

communication in today’s world.

Enjoy issue #01.

Speaking

Globally

DAVIA TERESA ESQUIVEL CALVO

Feature Writer

She is 20 years old, and she is currently studying her

third year of her bachelor in Multicultural Relations.

She is interested in Geopolitics and Applied

Anthropology. Passionate runner and traveler; some

of her favorite activities are reading mangas and

novels, cooking desserts, especially brownies.

EDUARDO RODRÍGUEZ GARCÍA

Feature Writer

He is 21 years old and he is currently studying the sixth

semester of the Languages major. He is interested in

translation and bilingualism studies. Some of the activities

he enjoys doing in his leisure time include playing the

guitar, writing songs and short stories, meditating and

practicing capoeira.

ALAN MILLA RAFFOUL

Feature Writer

He is 22 years old and he is currently studying his sixth

semester of the Communication major. He is interested in

Business Communication Strategies and Applied

Communication and Research. Some of his hobbies are

watching movies, reading while drinking a cup of coffee,

listening to music and swimming.

CONTRIBUTORS

KAREN MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

Feature Writer

She is 22 years old and she is currently studying the eighth

semester of the applied linguistics major. She is interested

in pragmatics, bilingualism, sociolinguistics and

translation. She enjoys travelling and meeting people from

different cultures. She likes spending her time doing these

activities: dancing, learning new languages, cooking and

listening to music.

THIS ISSUE

In simple terms, international communication may be understood as the

communication process that occurs between nations. The phenomena that derives from

these interactions is quite diverse and at the same time interesting, as it shows that living

in a world where we have access to everything and everyone brings both enormous

advantages as well as complications, in fact, the very statement that we all have access to

everything and everyone is controversial itself. As we have previously stated, we want this

magazine to be committed to creating new and different ways to look at international

communication through different areas of knowledge. This first issue will focus on

language and the ways in which it relates to international communication. We

understand language to be a tool for communication and we acknowledge it is

present in every aspect of human life. We believe that a combination of language studies

and international communication will allow us to better understand the role that language

plays in the different concepts and phenomena that we identify in the study of international

communication. Our articles will touch upon topics such as globalization and its

relation to the concept of lingua franca, cultural proximity between countries that do

not share the same language, hybridity and its consequences reflected on

phenomena such as creoles and pidgins, and cultural industries and the way in which

they overcome language barriers, among other topics. This first issue invites our readers to

identify language as an intrinsic part of studies on international communication.

Contents 6 What is the role of English language in the process of globalization?

10 The Link between Culture and Language

16 The creation of creoles and pidgins as a result of hybridization

20 Why is English very important in the phenomenon that is called

cultural imperialism and globalization?

24 Does language limit our participation in a global public sphere?

28 How can we find cultural proximity even between countries who

speak different languages?

32 The propaganda model, does it work in all societies?

36 Is language a tool that cultural industries use to penetrate different

markets?

39 Conclusion

Nowadays English language has passed

from been just another foreign language

to a language that is not just universal

but important for international

communication. In order to understand

the role of English language in the

process of globalization, we need to

define what we understand for

globalization and what it that implies. As

there are different ways of seeing and

understanding the complexity of

globalization process we are going to

build on the definition of Albrow, who

points out that globalization “refers to all

those processes by which the peoples of

the world are incorporated into a single

world society, global society. (1990: 9)

This definition displays the globalization

process through a perspective of Global

Society approach which “emphasizes the

extent to which all as citizens of the

planet inhabit one society that has

common concerns and possibilities.”

(Devereux 2007: 50) In order for people

to become incorporated into a global

society, first they need to picture

themselves as a part of a global society.

This means that as any other community

a global society needs to share the

construction of similar symbols to

interact with each other.

WORDS Alan Milla

What is the role of

English language

in the process of

globalization?

This is the part where the English language takes an important role in the process of

globalization.

“English gained the lingua franca status as a result of a series of political events and other

significant historical developments, becoming the language of several domains

[…]”(Björkman 2013: 2) Once English language established as the lingua franca people had

a new tool for global communication and action. It is essential to learn the new lingua franca

to get fully into the global concerns and international labor matters. As Bennett points out

“one of the language industries that has grown exponentially in recent years is the teaching

business, particularly English for Academic Purposes (EAP), which is now present in

universities around the world.” (2014: 43)

However, one of the consequences of English as a lingua franca is hybridization, which in

this case means the mixture of the English language with others creating a new one. As we

know, the global media industry, which results “from the dominant position and the activities

of media conglomerates, using new technologies […]” (Devereux 2007: 69), plays an

important role in carrying English as the main language and spreading it all over the world

causing media English texts get mixed with other local languages. “Media globalization […]

has also resulted in local appropriation and hybridization. “(Devereux 2007: 59) Another

example of hybridization is the communication of some diasporic communities, such as the

Greeks. “The language of communication amongst Greek on Hellas (an online channel) is a

mixture of Greek delivered in Latin fonts, English and a hybrid linguistic concoction known

as a "Greenglish."(Tsaliki 2003: 167)

In conclusion, English language plays an important role in helping local communities to

conceive themselves as a part of a global society through a Global Society approach of

globalization process. Also, it is has become a useful tool for global communication and

action. However, it has several consequences such as hybridization, which have affected

some media audiences and diasporic communities.

References

Albrow, M. (1990) “Introduction.” In Globalization, Knowledge and Society. London: Sage

Bennett, K. (2014). Discourses of knowledge: cultural disjunctions and their implications for

the language industries. Iberica, (27), 35-49.

Björkman, B. (2013). English as an Academic Lingua Franca: An Investigation of Form and

Communicative Effectiveness. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Devereux, E. (2007) Understanding the Media. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Tsaliki, L. (2003) Globalization and hybridity: the construction of Greekness on the Internet.

In The Media of Diaspora, ed. K.H. London: Routledge

Language is closely linked to our social

relationships and is the medium

through which we participate in a

variety of social activities, although,

have you ever thought if it would be

possible to communicate without

language? For instance, human

language differs from the

communicative behavior of every

known organism because none of

them are known to have a system of

communication with that grade of

complexity. For this article, language “is a system

of communication based upon words

and the combination of words into

sentences.” (Eifring & Theil, 2005) It

has two important characteristics, they

are double articulation and syntax.

“Double articulation refers to the

combination between form and

meaning of tens of thousands signs, of

which languages constist. Syntax is

mechanism that enables human

beings to understand and relate an

infinite number of signs.” (Eifring &

Theil, 2005) Returning to my question, the answer

is yes. The main reason is that

communication is a dynamic system of

nonlinguistic and linguistic signs.

Primarily, we communicate with our

body language and through our

environment. At the beginning of

prehistoric age the non-verbal

communication was 98%, actually this

percentage is of 70%, which is still a

high level to communicate with each

other. Body language refers a group of

behaviors that they can include

gestures, body posture, facial

expressions, and tone of voice. It is

important to emphasize that body

language varies depending on the

culture and some behaviors are or not

universally accepted.

WORDS Davia Esquivel

The Link between

Culture and

Language

As language, body language is important to social relationships and communication

because it reveals more information in a conscious or unconscious way, like feelings

and contextual meanings, than verbal communication.

Body language as I said depends on the culture of each region, which this originates

the following question: Does our language (verbal and nonverbal) determine our

culture? Culture is “a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past

have increased the probability of survival and resulted in the satisfaction for the

participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could

communicate with each other because they had a common language and lived in

the same place and time.” (Samovar et al., 2012)

As we can observe, language is an element that composes culture and

communication by the symbolic field, which both are learned and transmitted

generation to generation like a system, that is why Samovar explains (2012)

communication and culture are so intertwined that it is easy to think that culture is

communication and communication is culture.

The answer for this second question is culture determine our language based on the

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, “it states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in

one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language.”

(Kay & Kempton, 1984) In other words, the hypothesis states that the way people

think is strongly affected by their native languages in a cognitive way. For example,

the personal space differs in the United States, Latin America and Europe. Besides

there are untranslated words what could be understand by the local people or

explained by them like the word sobremesa (Spanish) which means the time spent

after or dinner, talking to the people you shared the meal with; or pochemuchka

(Russian) which means a person who asks a lot of questions.

References

Eifring, H., & Theil, R. (2005). Language and Languages: Universals and Typology,

Language Contact and Language Families. Oslo.

Kay, P., & Kempton, W. (1984). What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? American

Anthropologist 86, 65-79.

Samovar, L. A et al. (2012). Communication between cultures. Boston, MA:

Wadworth.

Have you ever stopped to ponder

about the origin of religions or

festivities? What about the origin of

the language you speak? Or even the

way in which you accustom to greet

people? Very often, we walk through

our days and lives without noticing

that every practice, tradition and even

every word we say is the result of

human experiences merging together

to create new ones. This article

introduces this phenomenon known

as hybridization. According to Canclini

(2000) the term hybridization refers to

sociocultural processes in which

different structures or practices, which

already exist separately, combine to

generate new structures, objects and

other practices. In other words,

hybridization is a blending of cultures

and traditions from different places

around the world which result in the

creation of new cultures and

traditions. Hybridization may be the

result of migration, tourism and

economical or communicational

exchange. (Canclini, 2000) We may

find signs of hybridization

everywhere, in art, daily life and

technological development. Canclini

(2000) also states that both individual

and collective creativity play an

important role in the emergence of it.

WORDS Eduardo Rodríguez

The creation of

creoles and pidgins

as a result of

hybridization

This last statement is especially relevant to introduce language as part of this

discussion since it is one of the most creative endeavors accomplished by human

beings. We can find examples of hybridization in language when we see Spanish

and English combining into what we know today as Spanglish. Nonetheless,

language relates to hybridization in more than one way. The necessity of

communication that people hold has brought them to create new ways of carrying

out such task when it is seemingly impossible to do so. Pidgins are creoles are a

good example of this. Holmes (2008) states that pidgins are languages without

native speakers, their origins go back to the slaves brought from Africa into the

Americas. They needed to find a way to communicate with each other and they

created new languages based on grammatical structures from one language and

vocabulary from another one, that is to say, they blended existing languages and a

new one was born. Pidgins were very helpful for traders who lived in multilingual

environments and who needed these languages to communicate. According to

Holmes (2008) when a child acquires a pidgin as a first language it then becomes a

creole, which is another concept that emphasizes the results of hybridization in the

world.

While these pidgins and creoles may be an interesting phenomena to study, it is

important to recognize that they are used in very specific contexts and that they do

not represent a major form of communication in today’s world between nations.

However, as they are the result of blending two different cultures which encompass

their language, we can appreciate what Canclini refers to when he speaks about a

world where nothing can be considered as pure as we go from heterogeneous

forms to more homogenous and back to more heterogeneous. Knowing this may

help us recognize hybridization as a non-detrimental event to social development

and see the importance of having a language to communicate between nations.

References

Canclini, N. G. (2000). La globalización: ¿productora de culturas híbridas? Actas del

III congreso Latinoamericano de la asociación internacional para el estudio

de la música popular, Bogotá, Colombia.

Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Harlow, England: Pearson

Longman.

English is currently one of the most

important languages worldwide; this is

because many non-native speakers

learn English as a second language.

Therefore, it is considered a universal

language and the main element of

communication between the different

cultures around the world. (Sekharan,

Setia, Mohamad, Kadir, Luqman,

Vadeveloo, & Ngah, 2014)

The process of interaction and

exchange of people, information,

money and symbols has caused

societies and identities to transform

and adopt as their own what they

receive from abroad. In other words,

we call this process globalization,

because it makes the world

interconnected. Thus, one of the

factors that has caused this language

to have the strength it has today is

globalization. Another factor is that

this language is spoken by countries

that are considered dominant on the

global scale. Therefore, it is necessary

to speak English to understand other

cultures, traditions, interact with

people outside our own culture, have

greater access to information in

different media and to have better job

opportunities.

WORDS Karen Martínez

Why is English very

important in the

phenomenon that is

called cultural

imperialism and

globalization?

Therefore, if globalization has given

importance to English due to the

interactions that occur in this process

and the participation of dominant

countries, we would be talking about

cultural imperialism that has also

helped this language to acquire

greater importance, that is to say,

thanks to the power of United States

we need to learn English. Also due to

the fact that, cultural imperialism is

the set of processes by which a

society, country or nation impose on

other non-dominant countries all its

social, political and cultural structures.

These dominant countries succeed in

imposing their ideology forcefully in

order to absorb and homogenize the

world, that is, create the same culture,

tradition and customs worldwide.

(Heinrich, 2011)

This is convenient for them because

with it they can achieve economic

empowerment, social development

and overall cultural homogenization.

Hence, one of the impositions of this

phenomenon has been English.

Given that, at present there is a big difference between speaking and not speaking

English because if you do not speak this language you will not be able to access

certain jobs, scientific literature, a better education, amongst others. (Dal Yong,

2013)

All these results are no longer questioning whether or not it is important to speak

English, since it is deemed as a necessity in our world imposed by organizations

and countries that have great power in the world, but also by the globalized world

in which we live today. Another problem that is worth mentioning is the acceptance

of multiculturalism in our societies, as we are changing our cultural identity and

therefore losing it because we are combining the foreign with our culture and

creating a new one that is not ours. Consequently, we are creating a homogeneous

global culture that is represented by multicultural characteristics.

References

Dal Yong, J. (2013). The Construction of Platform Imperialism in the Globalization

Era. Triplec (Cognition, Communication, Co-Operation): Open Access Journal

For A Global Sustainable Information Society, 11(1), 145-172.

Heinrich, C. (2011). Cultural Imperialism Versus Globalization of Culture: Riding the

Structure-Agency Dialectic in Global Communication and Media

Studies. Sociology Compass, 5(8).

Sekharan Nair, G., Setia, R., Mohamad, R., Kadir, Z., Luqman, A., Vadeveloo, T., &

Ngah, H. (2014). Attitude, Parental Encouragement and Perception of the

Importance of English in English Language Learning. Asian Social Science,

10(3), 1-8.

The public sphere, understood as “a realm of our social life in which something

approaching public opinion can be formed” (Habermas 1974: 49), needs to be

taken into account on a global context due to the emergence of new global actors

and new media technologies. Some of this actors are the Network state, which "is

characterized by shared sovereignty and responsibility, flexibility of procedures of

governance, and greater diversity in the relationship between governments and

citizens in terms of time and space" (Castells 2010: 43) and the “rise of non-

governmental organization with a global or international frame of reference in their

action and goals” Castells 2010: 40), known as global civil society. By considering a

global public sphere they come into play two important elements that concern its

operation. These are global media and language.

Does language limit

our participation in

a global public

sphere?

WORDS Alan Milla

The global media is an essential

matter for global city society because

as Castells points out “the

contemporary global public sphere is

largely dependent on the global/local

communication system”. (Castells

2010: 44) Despite of having

increasingly broader and horizontal

global media it is hard to think they

operate as public sphere because “of

increased ownership concentration

and conglomeration.” (Devereux 2007:

107) Although global media fails to

represent the base for a global public

sphere, “the Internet has been

heralded by many as having major

potential as a media-based public

sphere” (Devereux 2007: 108)

If we take the Internet as a possible

and potential global public sphere,

there is still a possible threat of

language as a limiting barrier for

global participation in the public

sphere, because “language […] helps

to determine who is “in” and who is

“out”. (Koller 2008: 23) It would mean

that two persons who speak different

languages need to find other ways of

communicating with each other

through the global public sphere,

because if they do not, a critical

debate of similar social interests could

not exist. As Koller mentions “If

people […] could not communicate

because they were linguistically

incomprehensible, a public sphere

cannot be said to exist “(2008: 21)

If people who speak different languages could find other ways of communicating

as sharing images, videos, or other Internet’s media tools, there is still a chance of

misinterpretation. Based on the Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis, which claim

that “people with different languages actually perceive the world differently rather

than perceiving it the same but expressing their perceptions in different languages”

(Koller 2008: 23), the global civil society participation could be affected based on

different perceptions and misinterpretation in the global public sphere.

In conclusion, with new actors on a global context it is necessary to rethink what

Habermas considered to be the space for critical discussion and pressure to the

political power. Since the conglomerate’s interests increasingly infringe on the

global media, the Internet has been seen to have more potential of being the new

global public sphere. However, language it is an essential part of communication

that could limit our participation on a global public sphere.

References

Castells, M. (2010) “The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication

Networks, and Global Governance”. International Communication: A Reader.

Ed. Daya Kishan Thussu. New York: Routledge

Devereux, E. (2007) Understanding the Media. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Habermas, J., Lennox, S., & Lennox, F. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia

article (1964). New German Critique, (3), 49-55.

Koller, V., & Wodak, R. (2008). Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere.

Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Human migration is the flow of people from one place to another with many

intentions, but their main goal is to settle in a new location to live. This movement

has existed since the prehistoric era until today. It may be external or internal, by

individuals or groups.

Thanks to this phenomenon, it is possible to find cultural proximity between

countries who speak different languages. But, at first we need to define it, “cultural

proximity is when the audiences will tend to prefer their own local or national

cultures, or for genres not produced locally, turning to similar cultural producers,

linked by geography, language or culture.” (Straubhaar, 2008)

As we can see, language is implied in the proximity with people who share the

same culture, because it is an element that composes culture. If they speak one or

many native languages, it will be by enculturation. Samovar explains (2012) that

“enculturation is the process in which culture could be learned and transmitted by

generation to generation.”

WORDS Davia Esquivel

How can we find

cultural proximity even

between countries who

speak different

languages?

The people who are dispersed around

the world are still united by “cultural-

linguistic proximity” (Straubhaar, 2008)

One example are the colonial

languages like Spanish, English and

French which are still spoken and

produce in the locations where they

were colonized by explorers of the

Ancient World.

Although, there is another related

kind of transnational cultural space

called “geocultural spaces because it

is constituted by cultures and nations

that share geographic proximity as

well as cultural proximity” (Straubhaar,

2008)

For example, the Hispanic Spanish in the United States of America. The migrants who

were born there, they know English but also Spanish, sharing symbols between these

two languages, and some have even created another one called Spanglish as a hybrid

language.

Another fact we need to consider is the interests of the person. Some persons study

another language in order to know their own better, to interact in the place where

they are living, to work or travel or to have a better understanding of the world. At

some point in my life, one of my friends told me this phrase by Tomáš Garrigue

Masaryk: “The more languages you know, the more you are human.” Learning a

foreign language could give you the proximity with the host culture, but, something

is certain, keeping in touch with your local language will give you the opportunity to

teach in spite of the fact that you will not be living in your place of origin.

However, Straubhaar (2008) identifies something important about the financial

capital that a person has to determine his or her cultural proximity with a foreign

country. It says “This kind of cultural capital is the familiarity based in language,

education, or travel that enables someone to understand a language- and culture-

based (as opposed to more purely visual) program from elsewhere.” With this

statement, the audience in a determined cultural capital will or will not understand

and enjoy anything related to other culture or country, even if they are immersed in

it.

References

Samovar, L. A et al. (2012). Communication between cultures. Boston, MA:

Wadworth.

Straubhaar, J. (2008). Rethinking Cultural Proximity: Multiple Television Flows for

Multilayered Cultural Identities. Conference Papers.

The media is certainly one of the most

controversial and interesting topics in

the studies of international

communication. In 1988 Edward S.

Herman and Noam Chomsky

presented a brand new work of their

own which was the propaganda

model of the media. Herman (2003)

describes what it basically stated, that

the mainstream media really

represent elite interests and that they

serve those elite interests in a way

they can be described as carrying out

a propaganda function. Noam

Chomsky describes propaganda by

making an analogy and saying that it

is to democracy what violence is to

dictatorship, in other words it serves

to control the masses and in the end,

we could say that it does not really

help to perpetuate a real democracy.

According to both of these authors,

Herman and Chomsky, who proposed

the propaganda model, the way in

which the media operate aids to

control the public, society, and the

way in which we think. They have their

own agenda which is to help shape

control by giving us all kinds of

information which attend their own

purposes. They approach the

propaganda model by talking about

the five filters it has. The first of them

is ownership, which refers to how the

companies for being so big and

having their own economic interests,

present biased information.

WORDS Eduardo Rodríguez

The propaganda

model, does it work

in all societies?

The second one is funding, media’s economic support is found in advertising. The

third one is sourcing, sources of information that belong to elites and therefore have

their own interests in mind. The fourth one is flak, which are the measures taken up

against the media. The fifth is anticommunism, which has to do with the controlling

of ideologies. Now we turn to the question whether it works or not in all societies.

To even consider this we would have to first of all, acknowledge that the propaganda

model was created based upon a system that works in a specific society which in this

case, is the one of the United States. We could however, to a certain extent generalize

the way in which the media behaves in the western countries and say that it works in

a very similar way in which it does in the United States. Nevertheless, when we

change the context and we try to apply the model to a different country or society

we need to take into account more than just the concept of the media itself but also

the medium in which it is expressed and through which it is perceived. All of this may

prove to be quite difficult; however, there are other ways to prove that media exert

some control on their audiences.

This is where studies of language may prove to be very useful, in this case, critical discourse

analysis. This discipline critically analyses texts relevant to social problems with the purpose

of pointing out the ways in which people are controlled so that they can be aware of the role

that power plays and free themselves from it. I see the propaganda model working well

along with critical discourse analysis.

References

Herman, E. S. (2003). The propaganda model: a retrospective. Against all Reason, 1, 1-14.

Pedro, J. (2009). Evaluación crítica del modelo de propaganda de Herman y Chomsky.

Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 12(64), 1-14.

Cultural industries were born to create and mass diffusion of books, records, films,

videos, magazines, radio and television, in other words, the cultural industries diffuse

and take advantage of the cultural merchandise. (Lund, Scheer, & Kozlenkova, 2013).

The questions that catch attention to understand the functioning and success of

cultural industries are: what happens when a product turns out to be a hit in one

culture? Do they try to sell it in a different culture or country? Do they adapt it or

translate it? How do the cultural industries deal with the language barrier problem?

Once defined the concept of cultural industries and the questions raised. We have

to realize that language is a tool that was used to penetrate industries in different

countries. For that reason, it has been taken as a strategy. (Lund et al., 2013)

As we know, in the world there are thousands of languages, but for cultural industries

that is not relevant, this is because they know that there are nations that have

imposed an official language against other minority languages. (Lund et al., 2013)

Therefore, in order for the consumption of cultural products to be feasible, industries

have to adapt in different ways the products if they pretend to sell it to a particular

culture or country.

WORDS Karen Martínez

Is language a tool that

cultural industries use

to penetrate different

markets?

On the other hand, the cultural

industry brings benefits to the world's

population, not only does it give us

entertainment, but it also manages to

include new and different cultures and

artistic and intellectual expressions

that help to evolve and accept the

external products. Thus, the

consumption of cultural products

helps to increase and stimulate

learning, and provide access to major

cultural works in history. (Ward, 2008)

However, not everything is beneficial

given that industries make people

consume and conform with the

exchange of products for these

convenient exchanges, in other words,

managing to turn a great work either

musical or literary in merchandise

consumption. Hence, the products we

receive are edited it into our language

or fail to take English as a universal

language to introduce them into

different markets. (Ward, 2008)

In this way, these products

account for social inequality because

they are not for the general public,

they are for those who can consume,

people with better purchasing power.

Although, these people can consume

these cultural products, at the same

time, they are still part of a society that

modifies and adapts lifestyles that

therefore modify cultural identity.

(Chiloane-Tsoka, 2013).

Finally, we can say that although

the strategy used by cultural industries

is the language, they present problems

and benefits for the population.

Resulting in the intellectual property

and the increase of this consume.

As a result, cultural products are created for a certain population with a

specific goal, whether informational, cultural or entertainment.

References

Lund, D. J., Scheer, L. K., & Kozlenkova, I. V. (2013). Culture's Impact on the

Importance of Fairness in Interorganizational Relationships. Journal Of

International Marketing, 21(4), 21-43.

Ward, D. (2008). The European Union and the Culture Industries: Regulation and the

Public Interest. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.

Chiloane-Tsoka, E. (2013). The influence of corporate culture on organisational

change of first national bank of Namibia. International Journal Of Business &

Economic Development, 1(3), 15-24.

SG Magazine is pleased to have

presented its first issue on

international communication along

with language as an area of

knowledge intrinsically related to it. A

variety of topics have been presented

here with the purpose of creating a

discussion from a point of view in

relation to some of the most relevant

topics in international communication.

As university students and

collaborators from SG Magazine it has

been our intention to give both a

fresh and a critical perspective on

these matters that we have presented

in our first issue. Because we now live

in a globalized context we think it is

important and necessary to discussed

and be informed about specialized

topics related to international

communication. Therefore in our first

issue we focused on writing about the

crucial role of language in a global

context. Our ideas and analysis were

based upon opinions and arguments

of academic experts and authorities in

the field. The topics we chose to write

about in relation to international

communication and language were

important to represent the intention

we hold regarding the creation of this

magazine. International

communication may be studied and

approached from different areas of

knowledge and it may benefited from

this interaction as it helps us expand

our knowledge and it help us

understand in a deeper way the

different components in this complex

process and phenomenon from which

we are all part. We hope you have

enjoyed this first issue and we look

forward to new ones in the futures.

Conclusion

SPEAKING

GLOBALLIY