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International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
1
SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR
MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.) ZOOLOGY
First Semester – Fourth Semester (2-year programme)
I Semester Examination November 2007
II Semester Examination April 2008
III Semester Examination November 2008
IV Semester Examination April 2009
Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the M.Sc.Zoology in the
academic year 2007-08
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
2
SEMESTER I
PAPER-I Biosystematics, Taxonomy & Evolution
Paper Code: ZOL 121
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I • Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and
taxonomy
• Importance and applications of biosytematics in biology
• Material basis of biosystematics-different attributes
• Trends in biosystematics-
• Chemotaxonomy
• Cytotaxonomy
• Molecular taxonomy
10
UNIT
II • Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters
• Dimensions of speciation – types of lineage changes,
production of additional lineage
• Mechanisms of speciation in panmictic and apomictic
species
• Species concept- Species category, different species
concept, subspecies and other infra specific categories
• Theories of Biological classification , Hierarchy of
categories
• Taxonomic characters – different kinds, origin of
reproductive isolation
15
UNIT
III
• Procedure keys in taxonomy
• Taxonomy procedures-Taxonomic collections,
preservations, curetting process of identification
• Taxonomic keys-Different kinds of Taxonomic keys, their
merits and demerits
• Systematic publication-Different kinds of publications
• Process of typification and different zoological types
• International code of Zoological nomenclature(ICZN) – its
operative principles, interpretation and application of
important rules, Zoological nomenclature, formation of
scientific names of various taxa.
• Evaluation of biodiversity indices:
• Shannon-Weinner index, dominance index
15
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
3
UNIT
IV
• Concept of evolution and theories of organic evaluation
with an emphasis on Darwinism.
• Micro and Macro-evolution
• Neo-Darwinism
• Hardy –Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium
• A detailed account of Destabilizing forces:
(i) Natural selection
(ii) Mutation
(iii) Genetic drift
(iv) Migration
(v) Meiotic drive
10
UNIT
V
• Genetics of quantitative traits in populations
• Analysis of quantitative traits
• Quantitative traits and natural selection
• Genotype-environment interactions
• Inbreeding depression and heterosis
• Molecular analysis of quantitative traits
• Phenotypic plasticity
• Molecular phylogenetics
• How to construct phylogenetic trees
• Phylogenetic inference-Distance methods, parsimony
methods, maximum likelihood method
• Immunological techniques
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Readings:
� Principal of animal taxonomy; G.G Simpson; Oxford IBH Publication Co.
� Elements of taxonomy; E.Mayer;
� Molecular markers:Natural history and evolution;J.C. Avise.Chapmann and
Hall.New york.
� Evolution;Strickberger.Jones and Barlett publisher.Boston London
� Threatened animals of India;B.K. Takadar.ZSI Publication .Calcutta.
� Biodiversity;Wilson.Academic press .Washington
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
4
Paper II: Cell Biology
Paper Code: ZOL-122
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Cell Theory
Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bio-membranes
• Molecular composition and arrangement functional
consequences
• Transport across cell membrane: diffusion ,active transport
and pumps, uniports, symports and antiports
• Membrane potential
• Co-transport by symporters or antiporters
9
UNIT
II
Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules-
structure and dynamics
• Cell movements-Intracellular transport,role of kinesin and dynein
9
UNIT
III
Cell –Cell Signaling and Cell Interaction
• Introduction
• Cell surface receptors
• Second messenger system
• MDP kinase pathways
• Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus
Cell junctions
Cell adhesion
15
UNIT
IV
Cell cycle
• Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases
• Regulation of CDK – cyclin activity
Chromosomes, Chromatin, and the Nucleosomes
• Chromosome sequence and diversity
• Nucleosomes
15
UNIT
V
Intracellular protein traffic
• Protein synthesis on free and bound polysomes
• Uptake into ER
• Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, Post translational
modifications
Apoptosis
• Definition ,mechanism and significance
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
5
Suggested Readings:
� Cell Biology; Powar, C.B.; Himalaya Publications.
� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D; Benzamin/ Cummings
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons
� Molecuar Biology of the cell;Alberts,Bray,Lewis
� Gene VI;Benjamin Lewin,Oxford University Press
� Molecular Biology and biotechnology;A comprehensive desk reference.R.A.
Mayers.VCH Publisher.Inc.
� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.
Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.
� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,
Scientific American Books,USA,1994.
� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th
edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
� The cell, (5th
edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., 1990
� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd
edition), P Scheeler and D E Bianchi, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987
� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th
edition), G Karp,
John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005
� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th
edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,
ASM Press, 2007
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
6
PAPER III: Structure and Function of Invertebrates
Paper Code: ZOL-123
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Basis of classification (brief account)-:
• Symmetry, coelom, segmentation, embryogeny and level of
organization
Locomotion
• Flagella and ciliary movement in protozoa
• Hydrostatic movement in coelenterate, annelida and
echinodermata
12
UNIT
II
Nutrition and digestion
• Filter feeding in polychaeta, mollusca and echinodermata
Respiration
• Organs of respiration – gills, lungs and trachea
• Respiratory pigments
• Mechanism of respiration
12
UNIT
III
Excretion
• Organs of excretion: coelom, coelomoducts, nephridia and
Malphigian tubules
• Mechanism of excretion
• Excretion and osmoregulation
Trends in Neural Evolution
• Primitive nervous system -coelenterata and echinodermata
• Advanced nervous system- annelida, arthropoda
(crustacean and insecta)
and mollusca (cephalopoda)
12
UNIT
IV
Invertebrate larvae
• Larval forms of free living invertebrates
• Larval forms of parasites
• Significance of larval forms
12
UNIT
V
Minor Phyla
(Ctenophora,Rhyncocoela,Entoprocta,Rotifera,Bryozoa,Phoronida)
• Concept and significance
• Organization and general characters
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
7
Suggested Readings:
� The Invertebrates; Hyman.L.H.; Mc Graw Hill Co New York
� Invertebrate structure and function. ; Barrington.E.J.W. ThomasNelson & Sons
Ltd.London
� Invertebrate Zoology,III edition.; Barnes.R.D.
� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and
Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras
� Text book of Zoology;Parker T.J. Haswell.Macmillan Co. London.
� Animal Parasitism ;Read C.P..Printice Hall Inc.New Jersey.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
8
PAPER IV: Biochemistry
Paper Code: ZOL-124
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Basic chemical concepts
• A study of chemical bonds
Biocatalysis
• Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
• Mechanism of enzyme action
• Enzyme kinetics
• Inhibition of enzyme
• Isoenzymes and co-enzymes
Energy consideration
• Biological oxidation and reduction
• Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation
• Redox potential and electron transfer system enzymes
10
UNIT
II
Carbohydrates
• Definition , general properties, classification and
configuration of carbohydrates
Metabolism
• Catabolism of glycogen and glucose, details of glycolysis ,
kreb cycle and cori cycle
• Phosphogluconate pathways(pentose phosphate pathway)
Synthesis of glycogen; glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
14
UNIT
III
Lipids
• Definition, general properties and classification
• Structure and importance of -:
1. Simple lipids- fats and wax
2. Compound lipids- phospholipids, glycolipids,
aminolipids and sulpholipids
3. Steroids- cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones
4. Lipoproteins
Lipid Metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism
12
UNIT
IV
General properties and classification of proteins
• Amino acid structure and classification
• Structure of protein-Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and
Quartenary
14
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
9
• Ramachandran plots
• Globular and fibrous protein- motif in globular proteins
• Protein sequencing
UNIT
V
Protein metabolism
• Amino acid degradation:Deamination reaction- Oxidative
and non oxidative deamination reaction, transamination
and transdeamination, Decarboxylation, Ornithine cycle of
urea formation , Fate of carbon skeleton of amino
acids(Metabolism of individual amino acid excluded)
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Readings:
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons
� Outlines of Biochemistry; Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. ; John Wiley, New
York.
� Principles of Biochemistry; Smith; Mc Graw hill, New York.
� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.
� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and
Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras
� Practical Biochemistry ;Wilson and Walker J.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
10
Paper V : Practical
Paper Code: ZOL 125
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 9
Contact Hr./week : 18
Contact Hr./semester : 270
Invertebrates:
Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives
from various groups.
Phylum Protozoa- Entameoba,Polystomella,Formanifera,Opalina,Paramecium
(Fission & conjugation),Balantidium,Vorticella,Nyctotherus,Euglena,
Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium, Ceratium, Euplotes, Didinium, Noctiluca
Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucoslenia, Euplectella
Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa),
Millepora,Vellela,Physalia,Pennatula,Metridium,Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia,
Aurelia, Favia
Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria
Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech, Polynoe,Polygordius,Chaetopterus,
Neries ,Heteroneries, Arenicola, Glossiphonia
Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Palinurus, Hippa, Belostoma,
Limulus, Eupagurus
Phylum Mollusca- Tridacna, Onchidium,Olivia, Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella
Phylum Echinodermata- Echinodiscus, Holothuria, Antedon,Asterias
Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma
Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,
Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnria,
Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria
Dissections:
� Cockroach: General anatomy,Reproductive system,Nervous system
� Lamellidens Nervous system
� Mytilus Nervous system
� Sepia Nervous system
� Aplysia Nervous system, General anatomy
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
11
Laboratory Books Recommended: � Practical Biochemistry ;Wilson and Walker J. � An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry;Plummer D.T. Tata McGraw Hill.
New Delhi � Practical Exercises in Cytology, Genetics,Plant Breeding and Bioststistics;Raghuvanshi � Projects Zoology; Tampion-Doreen � Hutchison’s Clinical Methods;Swash and Michaels � Practical Zoology Invertebrates , S.S. Lal, Rastogi Publications.
� Practical Zoology Invertebrates , P.S.Verma, Rastogi Publications.
� Essential techniques in cell biology : Shah-Chinoy, Anada Book Depot
� Laboratory manual in biology : S.C. Maheshwari , Arya Books Depot.
� Practical zoology : Bhatia- Kohli
� Standard methods of Biochemical Analysis;Thimmaiah,S.R.
Biosystematics, taxonomy and evolution
� Composition and assessment of the taxonomic diversity/biodiversity in a habitat
(e.g. grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)
� Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies in light of Hardy-Weinberg law based
on facial traits/thumb prints, ABO blood group data etc.
� Project: Preparation of models showing the status of certain taxa or species in a
particular habitat.
Cell Biology
� Preparation of different cell types: Liver Hepatocytes , Adipocytes, Spleen cells
� Study of Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus larva/Drosophila
� Light microscopic examination and preparation of tissue sections.
� Study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from permanent prepared slides.
� Preparation of slides for mitotic study.
� Preparation of slides for meiotic study in the testis of grasshopper.
� Preparation of multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord of a mammal.
� Barr body preparation in buccal epithelial cells.
Biochemistry
� Qualitative analysis of Lipid, protein and Carbohydrate samples
� Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of :
• Carbohydrate-Glucose,glycogen,cholesterol etc.
• Protein
• Phospholipids
• Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA
� Analysis of enzyme activity
� Study of temperature effect on enzyme action
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
12
PAPER-VI : SEMINAR
PAPER CODE: ZOL 126
Credits 2 Marks :50 ( CA 30%, SEE 70%)
Contact Hours /Semester: 30
Contact Hours /Week: 2
Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the
communication skill of the M.Sc. students.
The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They
will be expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a
presentation will have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of
Zoology.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
13
SEMESTER II
PAPER I : General Physiology
Paper Code: ZOL-221 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Digestion
• Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids-intestinal absorption-co-ordinationof
digestive activities- assimilation and partitioning of food
energy
Physiology of movement
• Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
• Muscle contraction
• Physical properties of muscle
15
UNIT
II
Respiration
• Gases in external environment. Respiratory organs and
their ventilation. Respiratory pigments, BMR- transport of
respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide),nervous and
chemical control of respiration
Circulation
• Vascular pumps.Cardiac muscle properties. Heart beat and
its regulation, coagulation, cardiac rhythm,
Haemoglobin,breathing and its regulation in man.Blood
pressure.Respiratory and cardiovascular responses in
relation to hydrostatic pressure, temperature and high
altitude
15
UNIT
III
Osmotic and ionic regulation
• Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic
and terrestrial vertebrates, air breathing vertebrates
Excretion
• Vertebrate kidney and formation of urine-nitrogen
excretion- renal regulation of acid base balance
10
UNIT
IV
Information processing in sensory and nervous system
• Structural elements – electric,chemical events and
information processing membrane,generator,receptors and
action potential,synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
14
Sensory physiology
• Chemoreception,mechanoreception,thermoreception
,photoreception- specialized visual functions and
adaptations to habitat
UNIT V Chemical correlation and control
• Endocrine glands and hormones
• Hormonal control of male and female reproduction and
implantation ,parturition and lactation in mammals
• Pheromones
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� A Textbook of Animal Physiology; Berry,A.K.; Emkay Publisher, Delhi..
� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.
� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Guyton A.C.;
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet.; John Wiley & sons.
� Molecular Cell Biology; Lodish, H W.H.; Freeman & Company, New York
� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Chatterjje, M.N and Shinde, R.; Jaypee
brothers.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
15
PAPER II: Tools & Techniques
Paper Code: ZOL-222
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Principle and application of :-
• Light microscopy and micrometry
• Phase contrast microscopy
• Interference microscopy
• Polarized microscopy
• Fluorescence microscopy
• Transmission electron microscopy
• Scanning electron microscopy
• Confocal scanning microscopy
15
UNIT
II
Principle and application of :-
• Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient
• Electrophoresis:Paper ,agarose,PAGE, isoelectro-
focussing points and capillary electrphoresis
• Chromatography:Paper,TLC,GLC,HPLC,ion-exchange
and affinity chromatography
• Freeze techniques:Freeze –drying,Freeze
substitution,Freeze fracture and freeze itch
• X-ray diffraction Lamberts – Beer’s Law and
colorimetery,spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,,
ESR,IR, spectrophotometery
• Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter
15
UNIT
III
Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology
• Radiation dosimetry
• Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes
• Tracer techniques in biology
• Auotoradiography
• Cerenkov radiation
• Liquid scintillation
10
UNIT
IV
Principles and technique of :-
• Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves
• Sequencing of nucleic acids
• Blotting techniques(southern,northern and western)
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
16
UNIT
V • Hybridoma technology
• Embryo sexing
• Assisted reproductive technologies
• Cell culture techniques:-
1. Cell proliferation measurements
2. Cell viability testing
3. Culture media preparation and cell harvesting
methods
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications..
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet.; John Wiley & sons.
� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,
International eds.
� A Biology Guide to princioples and techniques.Wilson and Gouldings
� Animal Cell Culture ;Freshney
� Practical Biochemistry IV Edition :Wilson and Walker
� Practical Biochemistry IV Edition :Wilson and Walker
� Animal Cell Culture- A practical Approach;John and Masters IRL Press
� Principles of Genetic Engineering ;Primrose
� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by
Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th
Edition),
2007
� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by
Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th
Edition),
2007.
� Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th
Reprint,
1999.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
17
PAPER III: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Paper Code: ZOL-223
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
DNA Replication
• Prokaryotic & eukaryotic DNA replication
• Mechanics of DNA replication
• Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA
replication
• DNA Repair mechanism
9
UNIT
II
Transcription
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription
• RNA polymerases
• General and specific transcription factors
Post transcriptional modification in RNA
• 5’ cap formation
• Transcription termination
• 3’ end processing and polyadenylation
• Splicing
• Nuclear export of mRNA
• mRNA stability
11
UNIT
III
Translation
• Genetic code
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation
• Translational machinery
• Mechanisms of Initiation, Elongation and termination
• Regulation of Translation
• Co and post translational modifications of protein
• Recombination and repair
• Holiday junction, Gene targeting, Gene disruption
• FLP/ FRT and Cre/lox recombination
• Rec A and other recombinases
12
UNIT
IV
Molecular mapping of Genome
• Genetic and physical maps
• Physical mapping and map based cloning
• Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome
analysis
14
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
18
• Chromosome micro dissection and micro cloning
• Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP,RAPD and
AFLP analysis
• Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes
Brief account of Antisense and Ribozyme technology
UNIT
V
Principle and technique of genetic engineering
• Cutting and joining of DNA molecules
• Analysing DNA sequences
• Cloning strategies, gene library and cDNA
• Application of recombinant DNA technology
o Recombination selection and screening
o Nucleic acid probes and their application
o Impact of recombinant DNA technology
Transgenic animals and knock outs
• Bioethics
14
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D.; Benzamin/ Cummings.
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet.; John Wiley & sons.
� Gene VII, Indian eds. Lewin, B. Oxford university press, Bombay
� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.
Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.
� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,
Scientific American Books,USA,1994.
� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th
edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
� The cell, (5th
edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., 1990
� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd
edition), P Scheeler and D E Bianchi, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987
� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th
edition), G Karp,
John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005
� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th
edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,
ASM Press, 2007
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
19
PAPER IV: Environmental Science & Wildlife Management
Paper Code: ZOL-224
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Biogeochemical cycles(C,O,N,P,S)
Population ecology
• Natality and mortality,Population age,
distribution,population growth curves,Density indices of
abundance,Factors affecting population growth, population
regulation
14
UNIT
II
Environmental pollution –air, water, soil and green house effect
Concept of sustainable development
10
UNIT
III
Principles of conservation
• Water conservation- rain water harvesting
• Soil conservation
Biological indicators and their role in environmental monitoring
12
UNIT
IV
Wildlife – definition, zoogeography of India with reference to
reptiles, birds and mammals, reasons for conservation and
destruction of wildlife, value of wildlife in modern civilization
Indian species at risk- endangered , vulnerable, rare and
intermediate (with examples)
12
UNIT
V
Habitat diversity, habit analysis-quadrants, transects and grids
Indian wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere
reserves(definition and differences)
Wildlife (protection) Act of1972. IUCN and Red data book.
CITES(Convention on international trade in endangered
species)Appendices I &II
Biodiversity Act 1982,Biosafety
Conservation
• Remote sensing in conservation of forest and wildlife
• Radiotelemetry in wildlife management
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
20
Suggested readings:
� Fundamentals of ecology; Odum.E.P.; W.B.Saunders, New Delhi.
� Environmental management; Bandhu, D; India Environment society, New
Delhi
� Principles of Wildlife management; James, A. Bailey; John Wiley & sons
� Environmental Science,Santra S.C.,New Central Book Agency Pvt Ltd.,Kolkata
� Environmental Science ,Cunningham
� Wildlife Management in India;Hosetti B.B.
� Principles of animal ecology;AlleeW.C.Park T.,Park O.,Emerson,A.F;W B
Saunders .Philadelphia.
� The development of international Principles and practicals of Wildlife research
and management:Asian and American approaches;Berwick-Saharia.Oxford
University press,Delhi
� Hand book of Indian birds:Ali S.;Bnhs publications
� Fundamentals of Environmental Biology ;Agrawal,K.C.:,2001, Bikaner (India):
Nidhi Publishers
� Ecology: Chapman,J.L. & Reiss, M.J.: Principles and Applications, 1995,
Cambridge University Press
� The Environment Dictionary ;Kemp
� Ecology and Environment Sharma, P.D. :,1996, Meerut : Rastogi Publications
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
21
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 9
Contact Hr./week : 18
Contact Hr./semester : 270
General physiology
� Comparision of RBC and WBC in different groups of Vertebrates. � Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.
� Determination of MCV,MCH,MCHC of the given sample of blood � Demonstration of the following in blood:clotting time,erythrocyte sedimentation
rate,haemolysis and crenation
� Determination of Haematocrit value of blood sample.
Tools and Techniques
� Microscopes
� Surgical techniques Adrenal:ectomy,Thyroidectomy,castration
� Standardisation of occulometer and measurements of tubular diameter,cell heights.
� To study the structure & function of Centrifuge.
� To study the principle of UV & visible light spectroscopy.
� To study the principle of cyclomixer.
� Flow cytometry
� To observe the sub cellular fractionation of rat liver.
� Measurement of diameter of thyroid follicles.
� Alizarin preparation.
Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
� Chromosomal counting in bone marrow cells of a mammal
� Isolation of RNA
� Restriction digestion of DNA
� Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
� Separation of amino acids on paper & thin layer chromatography
� Separation of protein on SDS PAGE
Environmental Science and Wildlife Management Water Evaluation Analysis
� Determination of chloride the given water sample.
� Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.
� To determine the acidity of water.
� To determine the alkalinity of water.
Paper-V : PRACTICALS
Paper Code : ZOL-225
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
22
� To estimate total solid in water.
� To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.
� To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.
� To determine the BOD of given water sample.
� To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.
� To estimate the hardness of water.
� To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.
Soil Analysis
� Determination of organic matter in soil sample.
� Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.
� Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.
� Determination of leaf area index.
� Determination of residual chloride in water sample.
� Determination of moisture in soil.
� Determination of minimum size of quadrant.
� Determination of quadrate in field.
� Study of community of quadrate.
� Determination of dust holding capacity of leaves.
� Determination of bulk density of the given soil sample.
� Determination of water holding capacity of soil.
� Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil.
A visit to a sanctuary/National Park. (Preparation of Report)
Laboratory Books Recommended:
� Laboratory manual in biology : S.C. Maheshwari , Arya Books Depot.
� Practical zoology : Bhatia- Kohli
� Essential techniques in cell biology : Shah-Chinoy, Anada Book Depot
� Practical Zoology vertebrates S.S.Lal , Rastogi Publication
� Practical zoology : Bhatia- Kohli
� The development of international Principles and practicals of Wildlife research
and management:Asian and American approaches;Berwick-Saharia.Oxford
University press,Delhi
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
23
PAPER-VI : SEMINAR
PAPER CODE: ZOL 226
Credits 2 Marks :50 ( CA 30%, SEE 70%)
Contact Hours /Semester: 30
Contact Hours /Week: 2
Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the
communication skill of the M.Sc. students.
The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They
will be expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a
presentation will have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of
Zoology.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
24
SEMESTER III
PAPER I: Structure & Function of Vertebrates
Paper Code: ZOL-321
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Outline classification of vertebrates
Vertebrate integument and its derivatives
• Development, general structure and functions of skin & its
derivatives
• Glands, scales, horns, claws, nails, hoofs, feathers and hair
10
UNIT
II
General plan of circulation in various groups
• Blood
• Evolution of heart
• Evolution of Aortic arches and portal system
Respiratory system
• Characters of respiratory tissue
• Internal and external respiration
• Comparative account of respiratory organs
14
UNIT
III
Skeletal system
• Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body
• Comparative account of jaw suspensorium, vertebral column
• Limbs and girdles
12
UNIT
IV
Evolution of urinogenital system in vertebrates series
Sense organs
• Simple receptors
• Organs of olfaction and taste
• Lateral line system
• Electroreception
12
UNIT
V
Nervous system
• Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its function
• Nerves- Cranial, peripheral and autonomous nervous
system
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
25
Suggested readings:
� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.
� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.
� Modern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.
� The Chordata;Alexander,R.M.;Cambridge University Press.
� Outlines of comparative anatomy of vertebrates;Kingsley J.S.Central
Book Depot .Allahabad.
� Morphogenesis in vertebrates;Torrey T.W.;Chapman and hall Ltd.
London
� Chordate structure and function;Waterman;A.J.;Macmillan Co.New
York.
� Elements of chordate anatomy;Weichert,C.K.,Presch,W. Mac Graw Hall
Book C. New York.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
26
PAPER II: Bioinformatics, Computer Applications & Quantitative Biology
Paper Code: ZOL-322
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I • The Gene bank sequence database
• Structure data base
• Sequence analysis
• Information retrevial from Biological database
• NCBI data model
• Sequence Alignment and database searching
12
UNIT
II • Practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment
• Phylogenetic analysis
• Predictive methods using Protein sequences
• Predictive methods using Nucleotide sequences
Of Mice and Men: Navigating public physical mapping
• ACEDB:A database for genome information
• Submitting DNA sequence to the database
12
UNIT
III • Computer Basics
• MS-Office
• Operating Systems(Unix and DOS)
• Hardware and Software
• Multimedia
• Network Concepts(LAN,WAN)
• Internet
• Web Servers, Web Access
• Security
• HTML,HTTP
12
UNIT
IV • Basic Mathematics for biologist
• Matrices and vectors
• Exponential functions.
• Periodic Functions
• Differential equations, Integration
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
27
Suggested readings:
� Molecular Modeling for Beginners - by Alan Hinchliffe
� Molecular Modeling and Simulation - by Tamar Schlick
� Molecular Modeling - by Warren J. Hehre
� Naveen Prakash, Introduction to Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw
Hill.
� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West
Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)
� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco
� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.
� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.
UNIT
V • Principles and practices of statistical methods in biological
research, samples and population
• Basic statistics – mean, median and mode
• Graphical Representation(manual and computer)
• Statistics of dispersion, range, deviation and coefficient of
variation
• Standard error: Confidence limits
• Probability distribution(Binomial , Poisson and Normal)
• Tests of statistical significance-t-test,Chi-square,ANOVA
test
• Simple correlation of regression
• Analysis of variance
14
Total Teaching Hours 60
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Department of Zoology
28
(A student is required to opt for any one group i.e. A, B or C in Semester III and IV. The paper opted
for in one group in Semester III must correspondent to the same in Semester IV)
SPECIAL PAPER Paper- III (Group-A) : CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY-I
Paper Code: 323
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNIT TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I Introduction : Cancer as a cellular disease.
• Historical perspective.
• Cancer causation.
• Cancer biology.
• Cancer treatment.
• Death due to cancer.
Occurrence of cancer.
• Present day status of cancer in India.
• Status of cancer occurrence in different parts of the
world.
• Cancer of different sex.
• Cancer of different age groups.
Tumor classification.
• Benign and malignant tumors.
• Sarcoma, carcinoma.
• Leukemia and lymphoma.
• Ascites tumors.
• Teratocarcinoma
12
UNIT
II
Staging and grading of cancer.
• In vitro cell transformation.
• Apoptosis
Cancer cell :
• Structural and ultrastructural profiles.
• Biochemical properties.
• Behavior properties.
Genetic basis of cancer :
• Basic concepts of cancer genetics.
• Relationship between cancer incidence and age.
• Cellular and genetic basis of cancer.
• Types of genetic risk factor for cancer.
12
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Department of Zoology
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• Chromosomal abnormalities in tumor.
• Heritable cancer and tumor suppressor.
Unit
III Cancer cell growth patterns and cell kinetics :
• Tumor growth.
• Cell cycle.
• Cell proliferation in tumor tissue.
• Experimental tumor.
• Human tumors.
• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.
• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.
Metastasis
• Introduction.
• Metastatic process.
• Metastatic ability of tumor cell population.
• Properties of metastatic cell.
• Genetic basis of metastasis.
12
UNIT
IV Introduction to radiation
• Types –ionizing and non-ionizing
• Sources- Natural andManmade
• Radiation dosimetry
Radiation
chemistry.
Radiolysis of water.
• Hydrogen peroxide formation.
• Reactions in aqueous organic solutions.
• Direct and indirect effects.
• Oxygen effect.
12
UNIT
V Cellular radiobiology.
• Apoptosis.
• Survival curves.
• Radiosensitivity of cell cycle phases.
• Factors influencing radio sensitivity (oxygen
effect chemical modifiers).
Cytogenetic effects of radiation.
• Chromosomal aberrations.
• Micronuclei induction.
• Radiation mutations.
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
30
UNIT TOPIC
TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT I
Biomembranes.
• Phospholipids : main lipid constituent.
• Cytosolic and exoplasmic face of biomembranes.
• Universality of biomembranes.
• Difference in phospholipid composition in two
membrane leaflets. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins.
• Integral and glycolipids.
• Mobility of lipids and integral proteins in
biomernbrane.
• Fluidity of bio membrane.
• Cell Junctions (Gap, tight and desmosomes etc.)
Transport across cell membrane.
• Diffusion of small molecules.
• Osmosis and water channels.
• Uniporter-catalyzed transport.
• Intracellular ion environment and membrane
electric potential.
• Active Transport.
• Cotransport by syinporters and antiporters.
• Transport across epithelia.
12
UNIT II Cytoskeleton:Structure ,Function and Dynamics of :
• Microfilarnents.
o Actin
o Myosin :
• Microtubles.
• Microtubules and mitosis.
• Kinesin and Dynein.
• Intermediate Filaments
Cilia and Flagella.
• Structure and movements:
Cell-Cell Signaling.
• Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine signaling.
12
SPECIAL PAPER Paper-III (Group B) : Cell and Molecular Biology-I
Paper Code: 324
MM : (CA 30, SEE 70)
Credits : 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr/semester: 60
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Department of Zoology
31
• Receptor Proteins-Cell surface receptors
and intracellular
receptors.
• Cell surface receptors-G-protein coupled
receptors, ion channel
receptors, tyrosine kinase linked receptors
and receptors with
intrinsic enzymatic activity.
• Second messenger system-cAMP and IP3 DAG.
• MAP kinase pathways.
Signal-Mediated transport through Nuclear Pore.
• Nuclear Pore Complex.
• Nuclear export signals.
• Nuclear localization signals
Unit
III Cell-Cell adhesion and communication.
• Cadherin mediated Ca- dependent homophilic
cell-cell adhesion.
• N-CAMs mediate Ca-independeht homophilic
cell-cell adhesion.
• Cadherin containing junctions connect cells.
• Gap junctions and connexin.
Cell matrix adhesion.
• Integrins
• Collagen
• Non-collagen components of extracellular
matrix
Cell cycle.
• Bacterial cell cycle (Helmstetier-Cooper or
I+C+D model).
• Partition and cytokinesis.
• Eukaryotic cell cycle-Gl, S, G2 and M phases.
• Cell cycle and check points.
• Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation.
• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
• Regulation of CDK-cyclin activity.
12
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
32
Unit
IV
Cancer.
• Turnor cells and the onset of cancer.
• Proto-oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes.
• Mutation causing loss of cell cycle.
• Mutations affecting genome stability.
Aging: The biology of senescence.
• Maximum life span and life expectancy.
• Causes of aging:
Cell Death.
Apoptosis and necrosis
12
UNIT
V
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes.
• Molecular definition of gene.
• Chroromosomal organization of genes and non-
coding DNA.
• Mobile DNA.
• Functional rearrangement of chromosomal DNA
• Morphological and functional elements
of eukaryotic
chromosomes.
Regulation of Gene Expression.
• Operon concept.
• Catabolic repression.
• Positive and Negative regulation.
• Inducers and corepressors.
DNA binding proteins and gene regulation.
• DNA binding domains.
• Homeodomain proteins.
• Zinc finger proteins.
• Winged-helix (Forked head) proteins.
• Leucine-Zipper proteins.
• Helix-loop-helix proteins.
12
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
33
SPECIAL PAPER
Paper-III (Group C) : Environmental Toxicology I
Paper Code: 325
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
Units Topics Teaching
Hrs.
Unit
I
History and Scope of Toxicology
Principles of Toxicology
• Different Areas of Toxicology
• Classification of Toxic Agent
• Spectrum of Undesired Effects
Interaction of Chemicals
• Additive
• Synergistics
• Potentiation
• Antagonism
Dose Response
• Individual or Graded
• Response Relationships
• Quantal Dose
• Dose Response Curves
Variation in Toxic Responses
• Selective Toxicity
• Species Differences
• Individual Differences
Animal Toxicity Tests
• Acute
• Subacute
• Subchronic
• Chronic
• Development and Reproductive Toxicology
• Mutagenicity
• Skin and Eye Irritation
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
34
Unit
II
Mechanisms of Toxicity
• Delivery
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Excretion
• Cellular Dysfunctions and resultant toxicities
• Repair or Dysrepair
Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
• Phase I Enzymes (Hydrolysis, Reduction,
Oxidation
• Phase II Enzyme Reactions (Glucuronidation,
Sulfation, Methylation, Acelylation, Amino-acid
conjugation Glutathione Conjugation,
Phosphorylation)
Risk Assessment
• Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of
Chemicals)
• Risk Characterization
• Risk Perception & comparative Analysis of Risk
• Environmental Impact Assessment
15
Unit
III
Specific Responses of Toxicity
• Carcionogenesis
• Mutagenecity (Genetic Toxicology)
• Teratogenecity (Development Toxicity)
10
Unit
IV
Target Organ Toxicity
• Immune System
• Liver
• Kidney
• Nervous System
• Blood
15
Unit
V
Physicochemical nature & Effect of Toxic Agents
• Pesticides
• Metals
• Industrial Solvents
• Radiation & Radioactive materials
• Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of
Toxicants
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
35
Paper-IV : PRACTICAL
Paper Code: ZOL-326 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 8
Contact Hr./week : 16
Contact Hr./semester : 240
Vertebrates
Specimen study
Class- Ascidiaceae
Herdmania, Botryllus, Pyrosomas, Doliolum, Salpa, Oikopleura
Class- Pisces Rhinobatus,Chimaera,Acipensor,Amia,Notopterus,Exocoetus,
Echeneis,Diodon,Triacanthus, Trichurius, Mastacembalus
ClassAmphibia
Ichythophis,Ambyostoma,Rhacophorus,Yeganophis,
Rana
Class- Reptilia
Chelone,Phyronosoma,Chameleon,Draco, Naja, Bungarus, Viper, Alligator
Class- Aves
-Koel(male & female),Indian tailor bird, Kite,Jungle Fowl,
Peacock,Emu,Ostrich,Penguin,Great Indian Bustard, Siberian Crane, Archeopteryx
Class- Mammalia
Loris,Indian Otter,Bat,Pangolin,Ornithorhyncus,Kangaroo,
Whale(any aquatic mammal),Rhesus monkey,Chinkara,Lion
BONES
SKULL
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
MANDIBLES
• Frog
• Fowl
• Rabbit
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
36
VERTEBRAE
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
PECTORAL & PELVIC GIRDLE
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
LIMB BONES
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
DISSECTION
Scoliodon-
• Afferent, Efferent Blood vessels
• Eye muscles
• Internal ears
• Cranial nerves
Rat/ Mice-
• Arterial System
• Venous System
• Digestive System
• Endocrine System
• Cranial nerves
• Reproductive system
Computer Applications
� Exercise Related to Ms-Word.
� Exercise Related to Ms-Powerpoint
� Exercise Related to Ms-Excel
� Exercise Related to DOS
� Exercise Related to Unix
� Exercise Related to Multimedia
� Exercise Related to Web Access
� Exercise Related to HTML
� Exercise Related to HTTP
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
37
Quantitative Biology
� Preparation of frequency tables and graphs manually and with help of computers.
� Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean.
� Calculation of Probability and significance between means using t-test and ANOVA
test.
� Calculation of significance using Chi-square test.
� Plotting the slope of a line on a graph; calculation of the slope of a line, coefficient
correlation and regression.
Bioinformatics
(As per the theory paper)
Laboratory Books Recommended:
� Practical Zoology vertebrates S.S.Lal , Rastogi Publication
� Manual of practical zoology vertebrates: P.S.Verma
� Laboratory manual in biology : S.C. Maheshwari , Arya Books Depot.
� Practical zoology : Bhatia- Kohli
� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West
Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)
� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco
� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.
� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
38
SPECIAL PAPER: CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY I (GROUP A)
• Study and quantization of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of mice.
• Study of micronuclei in bone marrow of mice
• Knowledge & use of various instruments , Geiger muller counter, Scintillation
counter, Single channel Gamma spectrometer
• Finding out the physical half life of a given isotope
• Single isotope method
• From a mixture of two isotopes
• Study of histopathological slides of various types of cancers.
SPECIAL PAPER :CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I (GROUP B)
� Use of Microscopes
� Use of occulometer- Standardization and measurements of cell height,nuclear
diameter and tubular diameters.
� Use of ocular grid- standardization and counting of cells or nuclei in cross section
or epithelium
� Determination of the absorbtion maximum of a solution.
� Determination of relationship between absorption & various concentration of a
solution using a colorimeter& Spectrophotometer
� Preparation of Standard curve for protein , Lipid, Carbohydrate & Enzymes
� Separation techniques
• Separation of proteins & DNA by agarose electrophoresis
• Separation of proteins on SDS PAGE & PAGE
• Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
• Separation of amino acids by TLC
� Chromosomal Techniques
• Preparation of Salivary gland chromosomes from Chironomous larva & stain
with Acetocarmine / Acetororicin &Feulgen
• Perparation of mammalian chromosomes from bone marrow or testis &stain
with Giemsa stain
� Permanent slides (for Spotting)- Types of cells( Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
epithelial cells, Nerve cells, Muscle cells, Connective tissue of various
types), Adipose tissues,Mitotic & meiotic chromosomes &their different
phases, Cancer cells of various types etc.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
39
SPECIAL PAPER : ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (GROUP C)
Water Analysis
• Physicochemical Properties
• Bio-assay of polluted water
• Bacterial examination of water for microorganisms; MPN indoor, IMVIC
test
• Analysis of important food contaminants (adulterant)
• Field trip to industrial treatment work plant and sites to study occupational
hazards (case study)
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
Practical examination scheme
Max.Marks:35 Duration: 4hrs
Min.Marks:18
• Exercise I: Microtomy 5 marks
• Exercise II: Haematological studies 5 marks
• Exercise III:Biochemistry 10 marks
• Exercise IV:Chromatography 5 marks
Viva 10 marks
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
40
PAPER-V: DISSERTATION/RESEARCH PROJECT
PAPER CODE: ZOL 327
Credits: 6 MM : 100
Contact Hours/ Semester: 90
Contact Hours/ Week: 6
The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the
supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of
IV semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,
Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
41
Semester IV PAPER I: Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology
Paper Code: ZOL-421
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Introduction to animal development
• Problems of developmental biology
• Developmental patterns in Metazoans
• Development in unicellular eukaryotes
Spermatogenesis
Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation
• Morphology
• Endocrinology
• Oogenesis & vitellogenesis
• Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals
16
UNIT
II
Fertilization
• Prefertilzation events
• Biochemistry of fertilization
• Post fertilization events
Creating multicellularity
• Cleavage types
• Comparative account of Gastrulation
Early Vertebrate development
• Neurulation and ectoderm
• Mesoderm and endoderm
12
UNIT
III
Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification
• Cell commitment and differentiation
• Cell specification in nematodes
• Germ cell determinants
• Germ cell migration
• Progressive cell -cell interaction and cell specification rate
Body axes
• Establishment of body axis in mammals and birds
• Proximate tissue interactions
• Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila
Homeobox concept in different phylogenetic groups
12
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
42
UNIT
IV
Tetrapod limb development
Hormones as mediators of development
Environmental evolution and animal development
10
UNIT
V
Biology of sex determination
Cell diversification in early animal embryo
Stem Cells
Teratology
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� Developmental biology; Gilbert, S.F; Sinauer associates Inc.Massachusetts.
� The cold Spring;Ethan Beir;Cold spring harbour laboratory Press New York
� Developmental Biology;Muller;Springer
� Developmental Biology;Rastogi
� A handbook of Drosophila Development;Ramson ,Robert
� Problems of Developmental biology;Khrushchov
.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
43
PAPER II: Ethology & Applied Zoology
Paper Code: ZOL-422
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Introduction of Ethology:-
• Aims of Behavioural research
• Diversity of animal behaviour
• Historical perspective
Concepts of Ethology
• Fixed action pattern
• ASE
• sign stimulus
• Innate releasing mechanism
12
UNIT
II
Brain and behaviour
Behavioural genetics
Reproductive behaviour patterns:-
• Courtship
• Mating
• Stickleback behaviour
• Parental care
12
UNIT
III
Social organization
• Dominance hierarchies
• Social competition
• Territoriality
Individual social interaction
• Animal communication
• Dance language of Honey bee
• Aggregation
12
UNIT
IV
Learning
• Definition and forms
• Development of learning
• Mechanism
• Imprinting
• Human Ethology –General aspects
12
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Department of Zoology
44
UNIT
V
Elementary Knowledge of :-
• Sericulture
• Apiculture
• Lac culture
• Pisciculture
• Poultry keeping
• Dairy industry
Elements of Pest control
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� Developmental biology; Gilbert, S.F; Sinauer associates Inc.Massachusetts.
� An introduction to behaviour; Manning.A.;.Edward Arnold, London.
� Animal Behaviour; Mathur.R; Rastogi Publications,Meerut.
� Economic Zoology; Shukla & Upadhyaya; Rastogi Publishers.
� Text book of Applied Entomolgy; Shrivastava:, Kalyani publishers.
� Economic Zoology, Venkitaraman, Sudersana publishers.
� A Economic Zoology of Useful Animals;Esdaille,Philippa
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
45
SPECIAL PAPER PAPER-III (Group (A) : CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY II
Paper Code: 423
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNIT TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I Introduction :
• Historical aspects.
• Environmental factors and cancer.
o Tobacco. Alcohol, diets, occupational
exposures, hormones and other exposure.
• Specific types of cancer : Hepatocellular
carcinoma. Melanoma.
• Breast cancer, lung cancer.
Causation of cancer :
• Hereditary cancer.
• Introduction.
• Xeroderma pigmentosum.
• Fanconis Anaemia.
• Bloom syndrome.
• Ataxia telangiectasia.
• Retinoblastoma.
Virus and cancer.
• Introduction.
• Viruses and oncogenes.
• Historical perspective.
• Tumor virus and human cancer.
• Retrovirus.
• DNA tumor virus.
Chemical carcinogenesis.
• Introduction.
• Biological characteristics of chemical
carcinogenesis.
• Initiation, promotion and progression of
carcinogenesis.
• Assay methods for chemical carcinogens.
• Chemical carcinogens in human cancer causation.
12
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
46
UNIT
II Hormones and cancer.
• Introduction.
• Hormone production by tumors
• Hormone and cancer causation.
• Hormones and cancer treatment.
Nutrition and cancer.
• Cancer risks form naturally occurring
carcinogen in food, food
contaminants, additive.
• Micronutrients in diet : Protein, carbohydrate, fat,
fibers.
• Micronutrients in diet : Mineral, salts, green yellow
vegetables, fruits
Radiation carcinogenesis.
• Cell transformation.
• Mechanism of radiation cell transformation.
• Radiation carcinogenesis in animals.
• Human data on radiation carcinogenesis.
12
UNIT
III Therapy of cancer.
• Surgical removal.
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy.
• Immunotherapy.
• Hyperthermia.
• Management of therapy of cancer.
Prevention of cancer.
• Primary prevention : Education, motivation,
legislation.
• Secondary prevention.
o Detection of precancerous and early
cancerous lesions with body.
o chemoprevention.
Oncogen
• Introduction.
• Detection of oncogenes in human cancer cells,.
• Activation of oncogenes.
Antioncogenes
12
UNIT
IV Acute radiation effects.
• Concept of LD50.
• Central nervous system syndrome.
• Gastro-intestinal syndrome.
12
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Department of Zoology
47
• Bone.marrow syndrome.
• Skin reactions.
Delayed effects of Radiation.
• Stochastic and deterministic effects.
• Radiologic aging,
• Life shortening.
• Radiation carcinogenesis.
UNIT
V Radiation safety and regulator) aspects.
• Radiographic installations.
• Enclosed installations.
• Field installations.
• Personnel management.
• Source storage facilities.
• Safe work practice.
• Re-commendations of National/lnternational
statutory bodies
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Readings :
� Ramesha Rao. : Who runs the risk of cancer. Shipra Publication.
� Alberts. B. Bras D. lenis J. : Molecular Biology of the cells. Govland
Publishing New York.
� Devita VT. Cancer Prevention. Hellmos. Rosensey. S.A. J.B. Lippincott.
� Hall. E. J. Radiobiology for the radiobiologists. Lippincott. Philadelphia.
� P.S. Lotran. V. Kumar. T.collins. : Pathology of Diseases Robbins.
� Peekham. M.. Herbert M. Pinedo. Umberto Veronesi. : Oxford textbook of
oncology Vol. I.. Vol. II. Oxford Medical Publication. Oxford University
Press. Inc. New York 1995.
� Tannode. 1 F and Richand P. : The Basic science of oncology. Th II .
MacGraw-Hill
� Vinay Kumar. Ramzi. S. Cotran and Stranley L. Robbins. : Basic pathology.
Thomson press Ltd.. NOIDA. 1999.
� Weiss. L. : Principles of metastases. Acdemic press.
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SPECIAL PAPER
Paper-III (Group B) : Cell and Molecular Biology II
Paper Code: 424
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
UNITS
TOPIC
TEACHING
HOURS
Unit
I Molecular Immunology.
• Discovery of humoral and cellular immunity.
• Innate (nonspecific) immunity.
• Adaptive (specific) Immunity.
Cells and organs of immune system.
• Hernatopoiesis.
• B-lymphocytes, T-lymphoctes, Null cells.
• Mononuclear cells
• Granulocytic cells
• Mast Cells.
• Dendritic cells.
Organs of immune system.
• Primary lyrnphoid organs
• Lymphatic system.
• Secondary lymphoid organs
Antigens.
• Irnmuuogeuicity versus autigeuicity.
• Factors that influence imrnuiogenicity
• Contribution of the immunogens (foreignness,
molecular size, chemical composition and
heterogenesity, susceptibility to antigen processing
and presentation).
• Contribution of Biological system.
(Genotype of the recipient animal,
immunogen dosage and route of
administration, adjuvants).
• Epitopes
• Haptans.
12
Unit
II
Immunoglobulins : structure and function.
• Molecular structure of Ig, Light chain and Heavy
chain
12
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• Immunoglobulin domains.
• Immunoglobulin classes
• Immunoglobulin-mediated effector functions
(Opsonization,activation of complement,
antibody dependent cell mediated
cytotoxicity).
• Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulin
(isotype, allotype andidiotype).
• Monoclonal antibodies.
Generation of antibody diversity.
• Multiple germ line V, D and J gene segments.
• Combinatorial V-J and V-D-J joining.
• Juntional flexibility.
• P-addition and N-addition.
• Association of heavy and light chain.
Class switching among constant region genes.
• Expression of Ig genes.
• Regulation of Ig gene transcription.
• Antibody genes and antibody engineering.
UNIT
III Antigen-Antibody Interaction.
Major Histocompatibility complex.
• General organization and inheritance of MHC.
• MHC molecules and genes.
• Genornic maps of MHC genes.
• Cellular distribution of MHC molecules.
• Regulation of MHC expression.
• MHC and immune responsiveness.
• MHC and disease susceptibility.
12
UNIT
IV Antigen Processing and Presentation.
• Role of antigen presenting cell.
• Evidence for two processing and presentation
pathways.
o Endogenous antigens : The cytosolic
pathways.
o Exogenous antigens : The endocytic pathway.
12
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• Presentation of noupeptide bacterial antigens.
Cytokines.
• Properties of cytokiues.
• General structure of cytokiues.
• Functions of cytokiues.
• Cytokine related diseases.
Immune system in Health and Disease.
• Immune response to infectious disease.
o Viral infections.
o Bacterial infections.
o Protozoa and diseases.
o Diseases caused by helminthes.
UNIT
V Vaccine.
• Active and passive inummization.
• Types of vaccines
AIDS and other immunodeficiencies.
Autoimmunity.
• Organ specific autoimmune disease.
• Systemic autoimmune diseases.
Proposed mechanisms for
induction of autoimmunity.
12
Suggested reading:
� De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell andiEMolecular Biology.
K. M. Varghese Cop. Bombay, 1998.
� Adams RLP. knowler J.T. and Leader D.P. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic
Acids. Chapman and Hall, London, 1986
� Walker J.M. and Gingold E.B. Molecular BIology and Biotechnology Parnima
Educational Book Agency, New Delhi, 1992.
� Alhberts B, Bray D, LewioJ, RaffM, Roberts K and Watson J.D. Molecular
Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York, 1994.
� Glick B. R. and Pasternak 1.1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and
Applications of Recombinant liDNA. ASM Press, Washington, 1998.
� Bolrover S.R. Hyams J.S., Jones S. Shephard E.A. and White H.A. From genes
to cells. Wiley-liss, New York, 1997.
� Winnacker E.L. From genes to clones Introduction to gene technology Panima
Education BookAgency, New Delhi. æ VCH Publishers, New York, 1987.
� Gerbare J. and Kirschner M. Cells, Embryos and Evolution. Blackwell science,
Inc. Massachusetts, 1997.
� Giese A. C. Cell Physiology, WB. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1979
� Freifelder D. Molecular Biology, Naroja Publishing House, New Delhi, 1997.
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� Frieerg E.C., Walker G.C. and Siede, W DNA Repair and Mutagen- esis. ASM
Press Wadbington DC, 1995.
� Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley
and sons. Inc. New York, 1999
� Malacinski G.M. and Freifelder D. Essentials of Molecular Biology Jones and
Bartlett Publishers Boston, 1999
� Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC,
2000.
� Shelve P. and Blanch DEW, Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wile) and Sons
Inc., New York, 1994.
� Darnell, J.L. Lodish, H and Baltimore, D. Molecular Cell Biology, Scien tific
American Books Inc. New York.
� Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.H. Roberts, J.W Steitz, J.A. and Weiner A.M.
Molecular Biology of the Gene. The Benjamin/Cumings Pub. Co. Inc.
California
� Gardner, EJ. Simons, MJ. and Snustad, D.P. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley
.& Sons Inc. New York
� Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons Inc New York.
� Zubay, G.L. Parson, WW and Vance, D.E. Principles of Biochemistry. Wm.C.
Brown Publishers, Oxford, England.
� Goldsby, RA.. Kindt, T.J. and Osborne, B.A. Kuby Immunology, WH Free- I
man & Co. New York.
� Abbas. AK Lichtman, AR. and Pahes, J.S. Molecular Immunology, WB
Saunders & Co, London
� Cruse. J.M. and Lewis, RE. Atlas of Immunology, CRC Press,New York.
� Talwar, G.P. and Gupta. S.K A HandbookofPractical and Clinical Immu
nology. Vall & II. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
� Dabre, D.D. Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons
lnc; New York.
� Micklos D.A. and Freyer G. A. DNA science A first course in
recombinantDNA Techanology. Carolina Biological supply compo and Cold
Spring Harbour Lahovatoy Press, Burhington , North corolina, 1990.
� Lucent Micklos D.A. and Freyer G. A. DNA science A first course in
recombinantDNA Techanology. Carolina Biological supply compo and Cold
Spring Harbour Lahovatoy Press, Burhington , North corolina, 1990B. Genes
VII. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
� Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction
to genetic engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.
� Twyman R. M. and Wisden W. Advanced Molecular Biology A Concise
Reference Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi: 1999
� Gasque, C. E. A. Manual of laboratory experiences in Cell Biology Uni versal
Book Stall New Delhi.
� Meyers R.A. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology A comprehen- sive desk
Reference. VCH Publishers, Inc. New York, 1995
� Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3.
Molecular Cell Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
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SPECIAL PAPER
Paper-III (Group C) : Environmental Toxicology II
(Applied Toxicology)
Paper Code: 425 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 4
Contact Hr./week : 4
Contact Hr./semester : 60
Units Topics Teaching
Hrs.
Unit
I
Air-Pollution
• Epidemiologic Evidence of Health effects
• Outdoor air pollution
• Indoor air pollution
• Pollutants of outdoor ambient air
• Type of air pollution (SO2, particulate matter,
photochemical air pollution, smog)
• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
Water Pollution
• Important water pollutants
• Infectious agents
• Human waste disposal
• Waste water treatment
10
Unit
II
Food Toxicology
• Nature and complexicity of food
• Safety standards for food, food ingredients and
contaminants
• (Food, drug & cosmetics Act, food and colour
additives, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)
• Tolerance setting for substances in food (Pesticide
residues, drugs used in food producing animals,
unavoidable contaminants (heavy metals,
chlorinated organics, Nitrosamine, food-borne
molds & mycotoxins)
• Microbiologic Agents
• Substances produced by cooking
• BSEC (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)
Forensic / Analytic Toxicology
• Analytical role in general toxicology
• Analytical role in Forensic Toxicology
• Toxicologic investigation of a poison death
• Criminal poisoning of the living
15
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Unit
III
Occupational Toxicology
• Workplace, exposures, and standards (Nature of the
work force, Determinants of dose occupational
exposure limits)
• Occupational diseases
• Toxicological Evaluation of Occupational agents
Regulatory Toxicology
• Programs for regulating chemical hazards (Food &
Drug Administration, EPA, Occupational Safety
and Health Administrations)
• Regulatory Control over Toxicity
• Animal Welfare Requirement
• Wild Life Toxicology
10
Unit
IV
Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds
• Persistent Compounds
• Developing the Microorganisms
• Degradation Mechanism
• Genetics & Evolution of Bio-degradation
Bioremediation
• Microorganisms in Bioremediation and their role
in bioremediation
• Bioremediation Processes and Technologies
• Monitoring the efficacy of bioremediation
• Bioremediation of Marine Oil pollutants and air
pollutants
15
Unit
V
Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
• Biofertilizers in Agrosystem
• Biopesticides
• Microbial and Antimicrobial pesticides
• IPM
Composting
• Types
• Materials
• Process
• Physicochemical Characteristics of the
Environment
• Decomposting Stages
• Methods
• Vermicomposting
Bioleaching
• Microorganisms Used
• Biochemistry
• Extraction from Mixture
10
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• Types
• Methods
• Metal Precipitation
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Readings:
� Casarett and Daull’s Toxicology : The basic science of poisons. By : Curtis D.
Klaassen 6th
Edn., McGraw-Hill (Medical Publishing Div. NewYork
� Environmental Biotechnology – by. Indu Shekhar Thakur, I.K. International
Pub.(2006)
� Toxicology, Principles and Applications: Raymond I.M.. CRC Publication.
� Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications by Atlas Bartha (An imprint of
Addison Wesley Longman Inc)
� Environmental Microbiology: Maier R.M., Academic Press. 2000 Press,
Cambridge. .1993.
� Environmental Science- A global concern; Cunningham W.P. and Saigo B.W Win.
C. Brown Publishers, London, 1995.
� Advances in Industrial Waste Water Treatment; P.K. Goel; Technoscience
Publications. Jaipur, 1999.
� An Introduction to Air Pollution; Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Technoscience
Publications, Jaipur, 1995.
� Problems of Environment Management in India; Goel M.M., Sharma M.C. and
Purohit N.K; Anupriya Publishing House, Jaipur, 1999.
� Environmental Science (A study of interrelations); Enger E.D. and Smith B.F.;
Win. C. Brown Pub. (Latest Edition).
� Botkin D. And Keller E. Environmental Science. Earth as a Living Planet; Botkin
D. And Keller E
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Paper-IV : PRACTICALS
Paper Code: ZOL-426
MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)
Credits: 8
Contact Hr./week : 16
Contact Hr./semester : 240
Genes & Differentiation • Study of development of Frog:
• Preserved Material available:
• Egg, cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud, Hatching, Mature tadpole
larva, Metamorphic stages, Froglet
• Histological slides: cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud stage
• Study of development of Chick
• Whole mounts: 18, 21, 24, 33, 72 & 96 hrs of incubation period embryos
• Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window
in the egg shell
• Exercise to demonstrate developmental stages of living embryo after removal of
blastoderm from the egg
• Study of various foetal envelopes in a 10-12 day old chick
embryo(Amnion,Chorion,Allantois,Yolk sac)
Ethology
• To study the food preference and feeding behaviour of Tribolium.
• To study the light response of Tribolium.
• To study the process of learning in rats with the help of animal maze and analyse
the result of the experiment.
• To study the communication in Earthworm by chemical stimuli i.e. extruding a
substance called “Pheromone” that can transmit message.
• To study imprinting during critical period.
• Study of social organization of Rhesus (Macaca mulata) and Langurs (Presbetis
entellus).
• A visit to Zoo: To study the behaviour
Applied Zoology
• A visit to:
o Poultry farm
o Dairy Industry/Distillary plant
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Suggested readings:
� Spreadsheet exercises in conservation biology and landscape ecology;
Donovan, Therese, M.
� Inbred and genetically defined strains of laboratory animals Part 1:Mouse and
Rat; Altman, Philip, L
� Insect pests of Crops; Pradhan
� Instant notes on developmental biology; Twyman,R.M.
� A practical guide to Developmental Biology;Gibbs , Melisa,A.
� Economic Zoology, Venkitaraman, Sudersana publishers.
� A Economic Zoology of Useful Animals; Esdaille, Philippa
SPECIAL PAPER: CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY II (GROUP A)
(Radiotherapy and Cancer Prevention)
• Histopathological , Histochemical & Biochemical studies of various tissues
after external & internal radiation
• A visit to Radiology Deptt. SMS Medical College, Jaipur
• Calculation of LD50/30 in mice after exposure to different radition doses.
• Histopathological studies of various organs after radiation treatment-
liver,kidney,spleen,intestine and testis.
• Biochemical estimation of:
• DNA
• RNA
• Glucose
• LPO
• GSH
• Study of various cell types by blood smear preparation
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
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SPECIAL PAPER : CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY II (GROUP B)
SPECIAL PAPER : ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (GROUP C)
Water Analysis
• Physicochemical Properties
• Bio-assay of polluted water
• Bacterial examination of water for microorganisms; MPN indoor, IMVIC test
• Analysis of important food contaminants (adulterant)
• Field trip to industrial treatment work plant and sites to study occupational
hazards (case study)
Practical examination scheme
Max.Marks:35 Duration : 4 hrs
Min.Marks:13
• Physicochemical studies 5 marks
• Identification of organisms in polluted water 5 marks
• Bacteriological examination of water 10 marks
• Report on trip / case study 5 marks
Viva 10 marks
� Quantitation of antibodies-
• Precipitation Techniques
• Immunodiffussion method.
� Preparation of biological tissues and sectioning for paraffin wax histology by
microtomy
� Histochemistry
• Carbohydrate- PAS method
• Proteins- Ninhydrin method
• Nucleic acid- Feulgen method
• Localization of acid & alkaline phosphatase &Ascorbic acid
� Determination of optimum concentration of enzyme for kinetics studies
� Estimation of acid & alkaline phosphatase by biochemical method
� Immunoassays- ELISA
� Permanent slides (for Spotting)- Blood cells, Thymus, Spleen, Liver
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PAPER-V: DISSERTATION/RESEARCH PROJECT (Contd..)
PAPER CODE: ZOL 427
Credits: 6 MM : 100
Contact Hours/ Semester: 90
Contact Hours/ Week: 6
The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the
supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of
IV semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,
Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.