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/ ©ECOFYS, A Navigant Company. All rights Reserved1
Alternatives and policy options
SF6
in power transmission and
distribution
September 2017
/ ©ECOFYS, A Navigant Company. All rights Reserved2 / ©2016 Navigant Consulting, Inc. All rights Reserved22 / ©ECOFYS, A Navigant Company. All rights Reserved
Key Messages
Considering equipment in power transmission and distribution, further reduction of SF
6usage and emissions is possible. Even with the progress of
the last decade in mind, realistic targets still may be ambitious.
Applications and technology challenges are diverse. Reduction potentials which are easily accessible are partly limited in volume. Important volumes require more effort and time.
For that reason, emission reduction policies are more a process than an action. Applications and technologies should be tackled in parallel rather than one by one.
For successful efforts, industry needs a clear and stable policy framework. Targets and performance criteria for comparing the benefits of alternative solutions have to be set with vision.
Replacing old existing plants and introducing new technologies are two separate fields of importance.
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SF6
is the industrially used gas with the highest global warming potential (GWP): 235001). As other F-gases it is subject to regulation under the Kyoto protocol (1997).
SF6 has an extremely long life in atmosphere of 3200 years2) → atmospheric concentration increases linearly with emissions
EU F-Gas regulation and reports of the Commission:
Regulation (EC) 842/2006 | Report on application, effects and adequacy COM (2011) 581
Regulation (EC) 517/2014 | Assessment of alternatives for new medium voltage (MV) switchgear due 2020 | Report on effects due 2022
1) Time horizon 100 years2) Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22. Source graph: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/iadv/graph.php?code=MLO&program=hats&type=ts
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SF6 represents a significant share of the EU’s GHG emissions related to F-gases
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SF6 Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs PFCs HFCs
GH
G e
mis
sio
n in
Mt
CO
2 e
qu
iva
len
t
Source: European Environment Agency: Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2015 and inventory report 2017 Submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat
5% of total
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In the EU, equipment for Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) is one of the last eligible applications for SF
6.
SF6
emissions from electrical industry are a major component in the total
EU regulation (EC) 517/2014
does not yet restrict application
of SF6
in equipment for power
T&D;
defines requirements for
handling, training of staff,
labeling of equipment and
reporting.1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
other applicat ions (sound insulat ing windows) metal industry
semiconductor industry chemical industry
T&D electrical equipment
kt C
O2-
equ
ival
ents
(sta
cked
)
Source: Monitoring Umweltbundesamt / German Environment Agency
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German SF6
emissions from T&D industry currently account for about 30...40% in this sector. Legal restrictions do not exist.
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
2
4
6
8
10
12
emissions HS equipment SV 2005emissions HS&MS equipment SV 2005emissions total equipment SV 2005
annual em
issio
ns [
t]
voluntary self-commitment of indus-try
A voluntary self-commitment of electrical industry (users and manufacturers, 2005) aims on emission reduction, monitoring and research for alternatives.
Substantial emission reductions have been reported, despite increasing use of SF
6.
Source: Monitoring Umweltbundesamt / German Environment Agency
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The Project – Objective and Scope
In preparation of the 2020 report the German Ministry for the Environment (BMU) wanted to get an informed position on:
State of the art of T&D equipment and alternatives to SF6
Existing developments and expected progress
BMU contracted the study „Concepts for SF6-free transmission and distribution of electrical energy“. Contractors are Ecofys and ETH Zurich, High Voltage Laboratory (Prof. Chr. Franck).
The scope covered new equipment exclusively.
An intense stakeholder involvement was a dedicated purpose of the project.
Running form February 2016 (kick off) until February 2018. (Draft technical report available at website Umweltbundesamt1). Final report to be published in early 2018.
1) http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/economics-consumption/products/fluorinated-greenhouse-gases-fully-halogenated-cfcs/application-domains-emission-reduction/switchgear#textpart-2
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The T&D industry initiated developments and proposed various alternatives. SF6 has three different functions – alternatives have to meet combined needs.
Isolating conductors
Options
Alternative gases
Solid compounds
Fluids
Cooling current carrying conductors
Options
Alternative gases
Fluids
Extinguishing electrical arcs when breaking current carrying contacts
Options
Alternative gases
Vacuum
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The technology categories and their reduction potentials
Medium voltage switchgear (primary and secondary distribution)
Various commercial alternatives exist for secondary, to a lesser extent for primary distribution
High voltage switchgear
Prototype solutions are being demonstrated
Open questions (±5 years)
Others (voltage and current transducers, MV capacitors etc.)
Alternatives and measures depend on application
MS HS sonst ige02468
10
em
issio
ns [t], 2014
others
Manufacturing
Operation
HVMVSource: Monitoring Umweltbundesamt / German Environment Agency
SF
6-e
mis
sio
ns [t],
2014
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Considerations for dedicated policies
Possible policy objectives:
Further reduce emissions of SF6
Further replace SF6 by alternatives
Important: pay sufficient attention to other criteria than GWP (health safety / toxicity of alternatives and by-products, lifetime)
Economic incentives at reasonable values have limited effect.
National policies have limited effect and imply the risk of market distortion
Not scope of the project, BUT substantial potential for reduction of emissions from existing assets exist
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The voluntary self-commitment of the German industry works. Improvements are still possible.
Implement a SF6 register.
Replace generalized modeling results by structured data.
Discrepancies exist between reported emissions and atmospheric measurements. Verify industry monitoring by inverse modeling based on atmospheric measurements.
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Invitation to discussion
Do you think that the EU should regulate application of SF6
also in power T&D?
What policies do you consider appropriate?
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