Upload
mizell
View
40
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
X Marks the Spot!. Sex-linked Inheritance. Sex Chromosomes. Humans normally possess 23 pairs of chromosomes . 22 of these pairs are identical in both genders. They are called autosomes . 1 of these pairs differs between the genders; this pair is the sex chromosomes (X and Y) . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
X Marks the Spot!
Sex Chromosomes
• Humans normally possess 23 pairs of chromosomes.– 22 of these pairs are identical in both
genders. They are called autosomes.– 1 of these pairs differs between the
genders; this pair is the sex chromosomes (X and Y).• Females possess a homologous pair of X’s
(XX).• Males have one X and one Y (XY; not
homologous).
Sex Chromosomes cont’d
• Since females are XX, all female gametes carry an X chromosome.
• Male gametes may carry either an X or a Y (depending on chance).– So it is the sperm that
determines the gender of the offspring.
Sex Chromosomes cont’d
Sex-Linked Traits
• Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits.–We usually focus on traits
controlled by the X chromosome• This is because it has many more
genes than the Y chromosome!– (Y does code for some traits, too,
but they aren’t as commonly taught.)
Sex-Linked Traits cont’d
Notation for sex-linked genes:• Genes carried on the X
chromosome:–Use the letter X to indicate that
the gene is on the X chromosome–Use a superscript letter for the
trait itself.– Eg: XB = dominant gene for
normal colour visionXb = recessive gene for colour-blindness
Sex-Linked Traits
Examples:• Red-green colour-blindness (X-
linked)– XB = normal; Xb = colour-blindGenotype Phenotype
XBXB
XBXb
XbXb
XBY
XbY
Genotype Phenotype
XBXB Female; normal vision
XBXb Female; normal vision (carrier)
XbXb Female; colour blind
XBY Male; normal vision
XbY Male; colour blind
Sex-Linked Traits cont’d
Examples cont’d:• Hemophilia (deficiency in blood
clotting factors)• Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Some forms of diabetes insipidus
(another form of diabetes – excessive thirst and urination)
• (These are all recessive conditions)
Sex-Linked Traits cont’d
• Note: Because males only have one X chromosome, they cannot be carriers of sex-linked disorders or conditions.– They either have the gene and
show the condition, or don’t have it and don’t show the condition.
Special Cases in Sex Linkage
• X-inactivation:• Females have two copies of the X
chromosome, but males don’t.• The duplicate genes on the second X
chromosome aren’t all necessary! – The body selectively “deactivates” X
chromosomes in some female cells.• Deactivated X’s become inert Barr bodies.
X-Inactivation in Cats
• Coat colour genes are on the X chromosome
• If the cat is heterozygous, then its coat will change from place to place depending on which X chromosome gets inactivated (Calico cat).
Sex-Linked Inheritance Practice Problems
• Both the mother and the father of a colorblind male appear to be normal. From whom did the son inherit the allele for colorblindness? What are the genotypes of the mother, father, and the son?
• A woman is colorblind. What are the chances that her son will be colorblind? If she is married to a man with normal vision, what are the chances that her daughters will be colorblind? Will be carriers?
• Both the husband and the wife have normal vision. The wife gives birth to a colorblind daughter. Is it more likely the father had normal vision or was colorblind? What does this lead you to deduce about the girl’s parentage?
• What is the genotype of a colorblind male with long fingers is s=long fingers? If all his children have normal vision and short fingers, what is the likely genotype of the mother?