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“The environmental impact of
settling refugees in refugee
hosting areas in Uganda”
September 20th, 2018
Kampala, Uganda
Study Objectives
• To assess the impact of settling refugees and their
energy use on the environment with emphasis on forests
and vegetation cover in the surrounding;
• To assess the impact of environmental changes and their
energy use on the livelihoods and well-being of refugees
and host communities (men, women & children);
• To prospectively examine existing and potential mitigation
measures against the misuses of energy conservation
and the continued deforestation and vegetation loss.
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Overview of
Study Area
5,392 study respondents
13 settlements
67% refugees : 33% host
49% male : 51% female
Study Demographics
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Study Demographics
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Majority, 46.9% female headed households
Satellite mapping
Findings
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Kyangwali
Key issues and implications- Reductions in natural cover 2006, 2010, 2014- Increase in land use activities ( settlements, hunting
and farming activities)- Influx of refugees (Burundi, DRC, Rwanda etc)- Increased pressure on land resources- Loss and degradation of natural cover- Increase on the districts food security - Development (social, economic) – Win-win situation
-0.800
-0.600
-0.400
-0.200
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ND
VI
valu
es
No. of observations
2018
2014
2010
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Commercialfarming
Grassland Open water Settlement Small scalefarming
TropicalHigh Forest-
WellStocked
Wetland Woodland
%
Land use/cover types
2006
2010
2014
2018
Findings
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Rwamwanja and Kyaka II
Key issues and implications- Reductions in natural cover (bushlands, wetland,
grasslands)- Increase in land use activities ( settlements, farming
activities)- Influx of refugees, demand for firewood, land- Increased pressure on land resources
-0.400
-0.300
-0.200
-0.100
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120ND
VI
valu
es
No. of observations
2018
2014
2010
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Settlements Bushland Grassland Open water Small scalefarming
Tropical HighForest
degraded
Tropical HighForest Well
Stocked
Wetland Woodland
%
Land use/cover types
2006
2010
2014
2018
Climate Change Shocks in last 5 years
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Conclusion on Perceptions
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
The dwellers of the refugee Settlement areas do
confirm experiencing climate change
They experience climate changes in various ways
among which include, prolonged dry spells, droughts,
erratic rains, strong winds, increased air temperatures
The dwellers experience scarcity of wood fuel
There are various ways they experience the scarcity
of wood fuel. These include walking longer distance
to gather firewood, skipping cooking meals, using
other resources to cook.
Energy Use
Livelihoods
Paid labour
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
0%
30%
5%
34%
2%
1%
11%
17%
1%
74%
1%
1%
3%
3%
16%
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Pension or government allowances
Farming
Gifts/begging
Humanitarian organisationremittances
Remittance from family members
Institutional employment
Employment-self employed
Others
Hosts Refugees
Fuel consumption per settlement
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Fuel Use
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
A random one day survey of about 82 households in the settlements
of Bidi Bidi & Adjumani revealed the following:
• Estimated average firewood consumption: 2 kgs/person/day
• Firewood consumption ranged from 0.8 – 4 kgs/person/day
• A bundle of wood (6-7 pieces) costs UGX 500
• Estimated average charcoal consumption: 0.2kgs/person/day
• In most households, charcoal is used as an alternate fuel
Change in distance
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
62% reported that the distance walked to collect firewood had increased over
the last one year. 59% of the respondents reported the cause being
unavailability of firewood in the old place.
54%68%
36%58% 61% 49% 60%
88% 88%
46% 56% 61%75%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Nak
ival
e
Oru
chin
ga
Kya
ka II
Kya
ngw
ali
Rw
amw
anja
Kir
yan
do
ngo
Rh
ino
cam
p
Ad
jum
ani
Lob
ule
Pal
ori
nya
Pal
abe
k
Bid
ibid
i
Imve
pi
South West West Nile
Increased Decreased Remained the same
No change mentioned Not applicable
Fuel coping mechanisms
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Due to the scarcity of fuel for cooking many of the
respondents resort to various mechanisms
• 51% skip meals,
• 19% change the diet to greens, porridge
• 18% find other means of survival either by
looking for it from far places selling food or
another item to begging from the neighbours
• 8% undercooking the food
• 5% cooked with their neighbours
Challenges faced using firewood
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Nak
ival
e
Oru
chin
ga
Kya
ka II
Kya
gwal
i
Rw
amw
anja
Kir
yan
do
ngo
Rh
ino
cam
p
Ad
jum
ani
Lob
ule
Pal
ori
nya
Pal
abek
Bid
ibid
i
Imve
pi
South West West Nile
Smoke Long distance Threats from the host
Health issues No challenge
Health challenges related to fuel
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Health challenges related to fuel
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Stove Technologies Used
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Stove used Refugees Vs Hosts
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
57% 64%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Refugees Hosts
Unimproved cook stoves Improved cook stoves
Common stoves used
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Recommendations
Proposed interventions
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
• Stove for work principle
• Tree growing and wood lot planting
• Alternative fuels
• Market led solutions such as PAYG, micro
enterprise offer a stronger basis for energy
sustainability.
• Involving both men and women in the design
process.
Promotion of energy efficient cook stoves
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
• Lorena stove: adoption rate and feedback are positive
Laws and Regulations
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug
Marking of trees
1
Selling charcoal
2
Cuttingtrees
3
Thank you!
Eileen Lara
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
Makerere University
P.O. Box 7062,
Kampala, Uganda
Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda - www.creec.or.ug