Upload
lamtuyen
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Setting Science and Technology Priorities for Green Growth and Agricultural Biotechnology
to alleviate environmental problems (including hunger & poverty)
Wilhelm Gruissem ETH Zurich
Trends and Drivers in Sustainable Food Security
OECD Workshop on Biotechnology for Environment in Future: Science, Technology and Policy Rimini, 16-17 September 2010
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
2010+: an EXTRAORDINARY time of great concerns
A Bio-Based Economy must be part of the solution!
•! Global food security •!Enhanced productivity + nutrition •!Increased yield •!Sustainable production
•! Water availability •!Drought-tolerant crops •!Crops with improved water use efficiency
•! Bioenergy •!Biomass production to help meet demand for fuel should not compete with food production
•! Climate change •!Reduce CO2 footprint •!Increase fertilizer use efficiency
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
2010+: a PERFECT STORM for agricultural deficits
!! Low stocks of staples !! Reduced funding for plant breeding and training for
several decades !! Declines in world food prices over previous decades
and now sharp increases !! Higher standards of living in China and India !! More people and higher urbanization !! Higher energy prices and demand for biofuel feedstocks !! Climate change !! GMO crisis in Europe
A Bio-based Economy must urgently address these issues!
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
In the next 50 years we have to produce more food than ever before
in the history of humankind
•! World population continues to increase •! Per capita food consumption continues to rise •! Consumers continue to demand improved taste, convenience, and nutrition
GROWING WORLD POPULATION (B)
Source: FAO, WHO
RISING CEREAL DEMAND (MMT)
1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9
1981 1999 2015 2030 500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1981 1999 2015 2030 TRANSITION NATIONS DEVELOPED NATIONS DEVELOPING NATIONS
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Unprecedented demand growth for agricultural commodities
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000 2010 2015 2020 2030
Rice Cotton Soybeans Wheat Corn M
illio
n M
etric
Ton
s
+102%
+40%
+76%
+28%
+125%
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000 2010 2015 2020 2030
Rice Cotton Soybeans Wheat Corn M
illio
n M
etric
Ton
s
+102%
+40%
+76%
+28%
+125%
Unprecedented demand growth meets unprecedented challenges
More production with:
• less water • less fertilizer • less chemicals • not much more land • more extreme weather
• need better varieties • need better agronomy
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Demand for maize will double by 2050
•! Maize production increases 2001 – 2006 : 3.7% annually •! Maize consumption increases > 3.7% annually driven by
–! Economic growth (2004-06 per annum) •! 9% in Asia •! 6% in Africa •! 2% in industrialized countries
–! Livestock revolution: meat & dairy –! Population growth –! Use of maize for biofuel
India: 2000 – 2025
•! Meat: +176%
•! Milk and vegetables +70% Source: IFPRI 2008
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
The impact of manure from increased animal production can be reduced by GM
Corn and Enviropig™ engineered with phytase to be launched commercially
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees
S.L. Doty et al. PNAS 2007, vol. 104, No. 43
Small, volatile hydrocarbons, including trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform, are common environmental pollutants that pose serious health effects. We have developed transgenic poplar (Populus tremula ! Populus alba) plants with greatly increased rates of metabolism and removal of these pollutants through the overexpression of cytochrome P450 2E1, a key enzyme in the metabolism of a variety of halogenated compounds. The transgenic poplar plants exhibited increased removal rates of these pollutants from hydroponic solution. When the plants were exposed to gaseous trichloroethylene, chloroform, and benzene, they also demonstrated superior removal of the pollutants from the air. In view of their large size and extensive root systems, these transgenic poplars may provide the means to effectively remediate sites contaminated with a variety of pollutants at much faster rates and at lower costs than can be achieved with current conventional techniques.
http://www.pnas.org/content/104/43/16816.full?sid=dc531b0e-2f0e-4e36-95a1-475ac32e7c07
http://luirig.altervista.org/photos/p/populus tremula.htm
http://www.aphotoflora.com/DevonandCornwall/page42.html
Transgenic phytoremediation of agricultural land is ready for deployment but constrained by
current regulation
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Challenge to the Bio-Economy: while world cereal markets are expanding,
yield growth and agricultural R&D are stagnating
World Development Report 2008
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Agricultural research: how to do more with less money?
Source: Food: the growing problem, Nature 466, 29 July 2010
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Challenges to the Bioeconomy: surge in cereal and oil Prices
Commodity prices US$ / ton
Source: Von Braun, 2008
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
1990 – 2010: What has not changed …
Paulo Whitaker/Reuters
!! !""#$%&'()*+,%-./0(1%(234-%5'(2%6-3/%7%89))9'/:%
!! ;/4(23,9/0%<'=2(61%9/%>?(943@%A'.6-%>,93%3/*%B&>C>%
!! DEF%'?%6-2%<''(%)9=2%9/%(.(3)%3(23,%
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Society is in transition
Implications for land-use, the environment, rural development, agriculture and the use
of agricultural feedstocks
OIL ECONOMY
BIO ECONOMY
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
As the world is moving towards 2020, there will be increased demands…
Food Animal feed Chemicals Materials Fuel
• Multiple use of crops and agricultural feedstocks • Novel crops for industrial use • Need for productive land • Use of marginal land • Politics / policies of virtual water • Food security and quality
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
‘Science is more essential for our prosperity, our health, our environment and our quality of life than it has ever been before.’
Setting the priorities right
President Barack Obama in a 2010 speech at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Source: Rising Above the Gathering Storm (National Academies, 2006) Scott, G. et al. The Economic Returns of Basic Research and the Benefits of University- Industry Relationships Science and Technology Policy Research (Univ. Sussex, 2001).
From: ‘What science is really worth’, Colin Macilwain, Nature 465, 2010
Year of study Subject Annual rate of return (%)
1979 Tomato harvester 37–46 1968 Agricultural research 35–40 1968 Agricultural research 28–47 1979 Agricultural research 37 1979 Agricultural research 45 1981 Agricultural research 37 1958 Hybrid corn 20–40
1991 All academic science research 28
1993 Agricultural research 43–67 2000 Pharmaceuticals 30+ 1967 Poultry 21–25
Estimates of rate of return on public research & development investments
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Agriculture in a Bio-Based Economy– The Fast-Lane Forward
Bringing the first products to market
!! Agronomic practices and logistics
!! Collaborations
!! Field trialing
!! Seed production
Rapid improvement with advanced plant breeding !!Sequencing and
marker maps
!!Marker-assisted breeding
!!Hybrids
!!Propagation techniques
Sustainable growth with biotech traits
Broad portfolio of traits
!! Biomass
!! Improved nutrition !! Drought tolerance !! Nitrogen use
efficiency !! Disease resistance !! Etc.
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
GM crops contribute to the reduction in herbicide and pesticide use
• 10 of 13 studies show a reduction of mycotoxins in Bt maize compared to conventional maize
• USDA surveys show a reduction in pesticide and herbicide use in GM crops
Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System
Iowa State University Extension
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Several rounds of a representative farm survey reveal that Bt-cotton adopting farmers use 41% less pesticides and obtain 37% higher yields, resulting in an 89% gain in cotton profits on average.
Bt Cotton in India: Development of Benefits and the Role of Government Seed Price Interventions, AgBioForum, 2009.
The true benefits of GM technology are often not known or misrepresented to
the public
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2008, PG Economics
If GM technology had not been available in 2008, maintaining global productions levels would have required additional plantings of millions of hectares of conventional soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. This total area would have been equivalent to about 6% of the arable land in the US.
Soybean + 4.6 million ha
Corn + 3.5 million ha
Cotton + 2.2 million ha
Canola + 0.3 million ha
The true benefits of GM technology are often not known or misrepresented to
the public
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
CORN YIELD POTENTIAL TO 2030 IN THE UNITED STATES
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
BU
SHEL
S PE
R A
CR
E
Germplasm Agronomic Practices Advanced Breeding Biotech
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Biotech crops are major drivers of production increases
I S A A A
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
Paulo Whitaker/Reuters
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Biotech crops are major drivers of production increases, however...
…novel traits from the public domain have little chance to contribute to this optimistic scenario in the near future,
if present regulation is maintained.
Paulo Whitaker/Reuters
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Golden Rice is a good example for the regulatory burden imposed on useful GM crops
developed in the public sector
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Source: IGD Consumer Unit 2008. Base: All adults
How strongly, if at all, would you say that you support or oppose GM food?
European consumers continue to be opposed to GM food
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
The GM regulation process in the EU is complex and time consuming
Forward documents to European Food Safety Agency
Submit application to national authorities
Report with recommendation within 6 months to European Commission and member states
Report is open for public comments
Decision within 3 months Sent for approval by Standing committee on the food chain and animal health
Authorisation/no authorisation
confirm
Council of Ministers If no qualified majority can be found: recommandation passed to Council of Ministers
If council cannot agree on decision within 90 days, decision of European commission is adopted
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
A threat to the European Bioeconomy: The number of GM field trials in the EU
has drastically decreased
Source: GMO Compass
European GM field trails 1992 - 2008
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Destroyed field trials in Germany
GMO field trial blocked
Other criminal activity
Field destruction
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
There has to be a paradigm shift in the way we move research into application
Discovery Development Demonstration Deployment
Plant science
Crop science
The need to integrate research into application
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Key traits to be managed for food and energy crops
Stand Establishment !!Germination rate !!Cold germination !!Cold growth !!Herbicide tolerance
Nitrogen Economy !!Uptake and translocation !!Reduction and partitioning
Stress Tolerance !!Drought tolerance
and recovery !!Heat !!Cold !!Salt !!Photoperiod
Photosynthesis !!Planting density !!Light harvesting / utilization !!Chloroplast position and
number !!PEP carboxylase, SBPase,
FBPase
Plant Architecture !!Branching !!Stalk thickness !!Root length !!Stature !!Leaf size / angle
Improved Processing !!Lignin content !!C6/C5 ratio !!Cell structure !!Organ structure
Hormone biology !!Brassinolides !!Gibberellins !!Auxin
Reproduction !!Heterosis !!Genetic confinement
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Model plants are useful to screen for high-priority traits
•! Ozone •! High CO2 •! High Nitrogen •! Carbon/Nitrogen •! Seed morphology •! Biotic, fungal •! Composition
•! seed oil •! seed protein •! lignin •! sterols
•! and others
•! Drought (including surrogates) •! Low Nitrogen (including surrogates) •! Cold and Freezing •! Heat (all stages) •! Light (e.g., shade tolerance) •! UV tolerance •! Photosynthetic efficiency •! Low pH and aluminum •! High pH •! Growth rate •! Flowering time •! Stay green and maturity •! Plant architecture •! Fertility •! Organ size •! Stature •! Stalk thickness
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
High-throughput pipelines move traits efficiently from model plants to crops
Transform into Model Plant
Arabidopsis
Hundreds of candidate trait genes identified !! Biomass yield
!! Plant architecture !! Tolerance to environmental stresses
!! Nitrogen use efficiency !! Disease resistance
Gene-Trait Associations
DNA Sequencing
Various Plant Species Rice
Evaluate in Model Crop
Energy Crops Switchgrass,
Miscanthus, etc.
Food Crops Corn, Soybean, etc.
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Nutrient utilization Cold germination
Heat tolerance
Drought recovery
Flowering time
Increased yield
Increased biomass
Shade tolerance
Drought tolerance
Salt tolerance Stature control
Root growth
New trait development: assessing gene – trait associations
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Jiao et al., Nature Genetics, 42, 541–544 (2010)
By introducing a mutated rice gene that suppressed branching of shoots, but increased branching in panicles, rice yield in field trials was improved by 10%.
Single genes can have strong effects on crop performance
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
New trait development: Improved drought tolerance
Control Science 320: 171-173, 2008
New Trait
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Of 24 strains of drought-tolerant GM wheat tested in field trials, two lines exceeded the yield of the non-GM variety by 20% under drought conditions. G. Spangenberg, Bio2008, San Diego
Drought tolerance in wheat
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Control
New Trait
New trait development: Better nitrogen use efficiency
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Figure 3. Comparison between OsAnt1/AlaAT transgenic rice and control plants (a–c). Transgenic plants (AGR-1/7) produced more tillers and showed more vigorous growth than control plants in hydroponic solution containing ammonium as nitrogen source (a). Transgenic plants in hydroponic solution showed bushier, finer and more branched root systems than control plants (b, c).
Genetic engineering of improved nitrogen use efficiency in rice by the tissue-specific expression of alanine aminotransferase, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2008.
Rice (cv. Nipponbare) was engineered by introducing a barley AlaAT cDNA (Muench and Good, 1994) under the control of a tissue-specific promoter (OsAnt1) (Figure 1a). Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, 82 independent OsAnt1/AlaAT transgenic rice lines were produced. When compared with control plants, the majority of T1 transgenic plants (67%) showed an increased biomass and grain yield (data not shown). To determine the impact of the OsAnt1/AlaAT construct on the plant phenotype and seed production, three independent single-insertion transgenic homozygous lines were selected (AGR-1/7, AGR-1/8 and AGR-3/8). At maturity, all three lines showed a significant increase in biomass and grain yield compared with controls: 30%–34% (P < 0.05) and 31%–54% (P < 0.05), respectively (Figure 2a,b).
Single genes can increase efficient use of nitrogen
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Fundamental plant research is still needed for arable agriculture and food crops
• increased yield • defence and resistance • drought tolerance • low inputs • higher utility
Close working relationship between the research community, the growers, and the users of the feedstocks
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
Plant biotechnology is becoming increasingly important for development of novel
bio-based products and non-food crops
• increased yield • bulk chemicals • energy • higher utility • improved processing
Close working relationship between the research community, the growers, and the users of the feedstocks
September 16, 2010 W. Gruissem / OECD Workshop / [email protected]
The Fast-Lane-Forward: key messages for the Bio-based Economy
!! Urgency of addressing world needs –! food, feed and energy
!! Facilitate what have we learned from past and current breeding programs –! Integration, synthesis, scale, co-ordination, innovation
!! Achieving sustainable food security requires public trust in novel traits
!! Urgent R+D investments to develop new crops for food and feedstocks, and facilitate biomass production for biofuel
Time is short!