Setting a course of Setting a course of

ExpansionisExpansionismm

1796-19171796-1917

Continental expansion Continental expansion complete!complete!

Now what?Now what?

Beginnings of ImperialismBeginnings of Imperialism

►AmericanAmerican Business leaders were Business leaders were eager eager to open new markets to open new markets with China and with China and JapanJapan

►Meanwhile, many Meanwhile, many EuropeanEuropean nations nations were were expanding their markets expanding their markets by by acquiring colonies in Africa and Asia.acquiring colonies in Africa and Asia.

So what is Imperialism?So what is Imperialism?

►(Def.) (Def.) empire building, empire building, the economic and the economic and political domination of a strong nation political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.over weaker nations. ProtectorateProtectorate – territory in which an imperial – territory in which an imperial

power allowed the local ruler to stay in power allowed the local ruler to stay in control in return for ensuring support for the control in return for ensuring support for the imperial powerimperial power’’s policies.s policies.

► Imperialism was a major reason for the Imperialism was a major reason for the outbreak of WWIoutbreak of WWI

Expansion DebateExpansion Debate

RealismRealismForeign policy should Foreign policy should benefit the American benefit the American peoplepeople

►National securityNational security► Increase tradeIncrease trade► Increase access to Increase access to

resourcesresources

IdealismIdealism

Foreign policy Foreign policy should should promote promote American American values and values and idealsideals

DemocracyDemocracy

LibertyLiberty

RightsRights

ImperialistImperialist

► For ExpansionFor Expansion►Must expand to Must expand to

compete economically-compete economically-””Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism”” - -Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge

►Must spread our Anglo-Must spread our Anglo-Saxon Civilization to Saxon Civilization to uncivilizeduncivilized

► ““Christianize and Christianize and civilizecivilize”” Josiah StrongJosiah Strong

►Must become a Must become a major world powemajor world power. r. Build a strong navy.Build a strong navy.(Would need to acquire (Would need to acquire islands to be used as supply islands to be used as supply

stations for US Navystations for US Navy)- )- Alfred Thayer Alfred Thayer MahanMahan

Anti-ImperialistAnti-Imperialist

► Against ExpansionAgainst Expansion Un-American, Un-American,

America should use America should use its powers for its powers for peacepeace - - Carl ShurtzCarl Shurtz

Expansion will not Expansion will not allow the US to allow the US to remain neutral remain neutral in in world affairsworld affairs

Trouble in CubaTrouble in Cuba

► Cubans Cubans struggle for independence struggle for independence from from SpainSpain

► Americans begin investing in sugar plantationsAmericans begin investing in sugar plantations

► Spanish General Spanish General Valeriano Weyler Valeriano Weyler sent to sent to Cuba to Cuba to crush rebellioncrush rebellion

►WeylerWeyler puts Cuban rebels into puts Cuban rebels into Reconcentration campsReconcentration camps

► American people sympathize, American American people sympathize, American investors worryinvestors worry

Spanish American War Spanish American War (4/19/98 – 8/12/98)(4/19/98 – 8/12/98)

President McKinley President McKinley sends sends USS Battleship USS Battleship Maine Maine to Cuba to to Cuba to ““protect American protect American interestsinterests””

USS Maine USS Maine sinkssinks in Havana Harbor in Havana Harbor April 25, 1898 April 25, 1898 Congress declares war Congress declares war on on

SpainSpain

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

►MAJOR cause of Spanish American WarMAJOR cause of Spanish American War►Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism – – sensationalist sensationalist reporting in which writers often exaggerate reporting in which writers often exaggerate or make up stories to attract readersor make up stories to attract readers

Stories of the poor Cuban people being Stories of the poor Cuban people being persecuted at the hands of ruthless Spaniardspersecuted at the hands of ruthless Spaniards

Newspapers blame Spain for the sinking of Newspapers blame Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine the USS Maine

USS MaineUSS Maine

First battle in the First battle in the PhilippinesPhilippines

►WhyWhy? Philippines ? Philippines are are Spain's Spain's largestlargest remaining colonyremaining colony

►So…So… 1.Naval blockade of 1.Naval blockade of

CubaCuba 2.Commodore Dewey 2.Commodore Dewey

destroys the Spanish destroys the Spanish Fleet in ManilaFleet in Manila

3. 20,000 US troops 3. 20,000 US troops sent to the Philippinessent to the Philippines

4. 4. Manila surrenders Manila surrenders

Fighting then moves to Cuba.Fighting then moves to Cuba.

► Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt and the and the Rough Rough Riders Riders charge and charge and capture San Juan Hill.capture San Juan Hill.

► American American navy sinks navy sinks Spanish shipsSpanish ships in the in the harborharbor

► The The Splendid Little Splendid Little War War is over in 4 is over in 4 monthsmonths

Results of Spanish American Results of Spanish American WarWar

► AmericaAmerica is now seen as is now seen as ““Major World PowerMajor World Power””

► Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris CubaCuba becomes becomes

independentindependent►US naval base at US naval base at

Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay

US gains US gains Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico and GuamGuam

US buys US buys PhilippinesPhilippines for for $20 million$20 million

Philippines' fight for Philippines' fight for independence from USindependence from US

► Filipino leader Filipino leader Emilio Emilio AguinaldoAguinaldo helped US helped US defeat Spaindefeat Spain

► Aguinaldo asks for Aguinaldo asks for IndependenceIndependence

► US wants the Philippines US wants the Philippines – – ““uplift, civilize, and uplift, civilize, and ChristianizeChristianize””

► Guerilla fighting eruptsGuerilla fighting erupts► US captures AguinaldoUS captures Aguinaldo► 200,000 Filipinos/5,000 200,000 Filipinos/5,000

Americans deadAmericans dead

JingoismJingoism

►(def.) an aggressive form of (def.) an aggressive form of nationalismnationalism Major cause of WWIMajor cause of WWI

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

► Expands involvement Expands involvement overseasoverseas

► Big Stick Policy Big Stick Policy -speak -speak softly but carry a big softly but carry a big stick stick

► Roosevelt Corollary - Roosevelt Corollary - the the U.S. would intervene in U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to Latin American affairs to keep the Western keep the Western Hemisphere Hemisphere economically and economically and politically stable.politically stable.

China and China and ““Open Door PolicOpen Door Policyy ””

US Interest in ChinaUS Interest in China► US wanted to US wanted to increase increase

trade trade with Chinawith China► US wanted to US wanted to prevent prevent

foreign colonizationforeign colonization of of China.China.

► Open Door Policy Open Door Policy allows allows free trade in Chinafree trade in China

► Chinese tried to restore Chinese tried to restore national control –national control –Boxer Boxer Rebellion, Rebellion, but were but were crushed by US, Europe, crushed by US, Europe, JapanJapan

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

► $10 million yearly rent $10 million yearly rent offer to Columbiaoffer to Columbia

► US helps panama US helps panama overthrow Columbian ruleoverthrow Columbian rule

► US Builds US Builds Panama canalPanama canal, , a a shortcutshortcut for warships for warships and commercial shipping and commercial shipping between Atlantic and between Atlantic and Pacific oceanPacific ocean

► US pays Republic of US pays Republic of Panama$10 yearly rentPanama$10 yearly rent

8,000 miles shorter trip

HawaiiHawaii

►US planters prosper in US planters prosper in Hawaii –Hawaii –sugarcane and pineapplesugarcane and pineapple

►US military forces help US military forces help planters overthrow Queen planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani (1891) Liliuokalani (1891)

►Hawaii Hawaii becomes a becomes a US US territoryterritory Sanford B. Dole becomes the first Sanford B. Dole becomes the first

head of governmenthead of government

The Great White FleetThe Great White Fleet

► the popular nickname for the popular nickname for the United States Navy the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the circumnavigation of the globeglobe

► Ordered by Theodore Ordered by Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

► Designed to demonstrate Designed to demonstrate growing growing American military American military powerpower

ResultsResults

►Cuba is Cuba is ““freefree”” (Platt Amendment) (Platt Amendment)►US gets Guam and Puerto RicoUS gets Guam and Puerto Rico►and the Philippines for $20 millionand the Philippines for $20 million

►Filipinos not very happyFilipinos not very happy Reconcentration camps established to Reconcentration camps established to

make them happymake them happy